三丁基氯化锡对鱼类粘膜免疫的影响
|
摘要
三丁基氯化锡是一种有毒的有机锡化合物,其应用广泛且难以降解,能对生物的呼吸系统、神经系统、生殖系统和免疫系统产生严重影响。
本研究选择鲤鱼为研究对象,通过急性毒性实验检测48小时三丁基氯化锡对鲤鱼的半致死浓度,以评价三丁基氯化锡对鲤鱼的毒性强度。实验结果表明三丁基氯化锡对鲤鱼有较强的毒性作用,其对鲤鱼的48h的半致死浓度为7.62μg/L。
用0.1μg/L、1.0μg/L和3.0μg/L三丁基氯化锡处理鲤鱼28天后,进行血液学分析。用白细胞稀释液处理采集的新鲜血液后,在显微镜下计数对照组和各浓度三丁基氯化锡处理组鲤鱼血液中白细胞的数量。结果发现,与对照组相比,低浓度处理组对鲤鱼血液中白细胞数目无显著影响,中浓度处理组的鲤鱼白细胞数目显著减少,高浓度处理组鲤鱼白细胞数减少最为明显。
取三丁基氯化锡处理28天的各组鲤鱼的血清,用以检测三丁基氯化锡对血清中补体活性的影响。用绵羊红细胞作为抗原,抗绵羊红细胞抗体作为特异性抗体,以鲤鱼血清中的补体来介导抗原与抗体反应,以发生溶血百分率来计算血清中补体的活性。统计学方法分析发现,与对照组相比,低浓度组对鲤鱼血清补体活性无显著影响,中浓度组鲤鱼血清中补体活性显著降低,高浓度组对鲤鱼血清补体活性影响最为显著。
取对照组和处理组鲤鱼,每组各三条,腹腔注射绵羊红细胞,免疫10天后,解剖鲤鱼,取头肾组织,用组织匀浆器将头肾充分磨碎,制备单细胞悬液。当再次与绵羊红细胞接触,抗体生成细胞就能产生抗绵羊红细胞的抗体,在外源补体的参与下使红细胞溶解形成溶血空斑。每一个溶血空斑的中央都是一个抗体生成细胞,由此计算出头肾中抗体生成细胞的数目。统计学分析知,与对照组相比,低浓度处理组和中浓度处理组鲤鱼头肾中的抗体生成细胞数目未受到显著影响,但高浓度处理组鲤鱼头肾的抗体生成细胞数目显著减少。
用灭活的嗜水气单胞菌浸泡刺激对照组和处理组鲤鱼后,在嗜水气单胞菌刺激前和刺激后6h、24h、72h、120h和168h,分别取正常组和处理组鲤鱼,每组各取3条。解剖,取肝脏、脾脏、头肾、鳃、前肠和后肠组织,液氮充分研磨后,提取各组织的RNA,反转录成cDNA,每组3条鲤鱼的cDNA等量混合后进行PCR,半定量法测定对照组和处理组鲤鱼的脾脏、前肠和后肠组织中免疫相关基因hepcidin、MHCⅡβ和pIgR mRNA的表达。结果发现,低浓度的三丁基氯化锡对鲤鱼相关组织的相关基因mRNA的表达无显著影响;中浓度处理组对鲤鱼相关组织的相关基因mRNA的表达的影响仅限于表达峰值;高浓度处理组鲤鱼相关组织的相关基因mRNA的表达受到明显显著抑制。
Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride is a kind of organictin compounds, and which is toxic and refractory. It widely spreads in the water environment and can bring serious harm to the respiratory system, nervous systerm, reproductive system and immune system.
In this study, the median lethal concentration of Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride in 48 hours was done research with carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to evalue the toxicity of Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride, and themedian lethal concentration is 7.62μg/L. The result suggests that Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride has strong toxicity to carp.
Treated the carp with Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride of different concentrations (0μg/L, 0.1μg/L, 1.0μg/L and 3.0μg /L) for 28 days and then collected blood. Diluted the blood and counted the number of WBC. Compared with the control, the number of WBC had no significant difference in the low concentration group, but the number significantly reduced in the middle concentration group and decreased most in the high concentration.
Treated the carp with Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride of different concentrations for 28 days and then collected blood and prepared for serum, following with detecting the complement activity in the serum. In this experiment, sheep red blood cells were used as antigen, and reacted with anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody with the preparation of serum, which was used as complement source, and then counted the complement activity according with the percentage hemolysis. The statistical ananlysis showed that the lowest group had no significant different compared with the control, the complement activity of the midlle group decreasted significantly, and the chang of the high concentration group was most significant.
Sampled randomly 3 fish from each of group, and intraperitonael injected of sheep red blood cells. Eleven days post-SRBC immunization carp were sacrificed, head kidney cells suspended in Hank’s solution at 2×10~7 cells/ml, and a modified Jerne plaque assay performed to determind antibody forming cell (AFC) numbers. Each hemolytic plaque represented an AFC. The statistical ananlysis showed that the AFC numbers had not been affect in the low and middle concerntration groups, while the numbers decreased significantly in the high concertration group.
Immuned each group carp with inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila, at the time of before and after stimulation 6 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours, took out of 3, and sacrificed. Extract RNA of each tissue and reversed to cDNA. Detected the expression of hepcidin, MHCⅡβand pIgR mRNA in spleen, forgut and hindgut with PCR. The results suggested that the three genes’expression had not been effected in the low concentration group, the expression was only been effected on the peak value in the middle concentration group, and the expression was been effected at all the time in the high concentration group.
本研究选择鲤鱼为研究对象,通过急性毒性实验检测48小时三丁基氯化锡对鲤鱼的半致死浓度,以评价三丁基氯化锡对鲤鱼的毒性强度。实验结果表明三丁基氯化锡对鲤鱼有较强的毒性作用,其对鲤鱼的48h的半致死浓度为7.62μg/L。
用0.1μg/L、1.0μg/L和3.0μg/L三丁基氯化锡处理鲤鱼28天后,进行血液学分析。用白细胞稀释液处理采集的新鲜血液后,在显微镜下计数对照组和各浓度三丁基氯化锡处理组鲤鱼血液中白细胞的数量。结果发现,与对照组相比,低浓度处理组对鲤鱼血液中白细胞数目无显著影响,中浓度处理组的鲤鱼白细胞数目显著减少,高浓度处理组鲤鱼白细胞数减少最为明显。
取三丁基氯化锡处理28天的各组鲤鱼的血清,用以检测三丁基氯化锡对血清中补体活性的影响。用绵羊红细胞作为抗原,抗绵羊红细胞抗体作为特异性抗体,以鲤鱼血清中的补体来介导抗原与抗体反应,以发生溶血百分率来计算血清中补体的活性。统计学方法分析发现,与对照组相比,低浓度组对鲤鱼血清补体活性无显著影响,中浓度组鲤鱼血清中补体活性显著降低,高浓度组对鲤鱼血清补体活性影响最为显著。
取对照组和处理组鲤鱼,每组各三条,腹腔注射绵羊红细胞,免疫10天后,解剖鲤鱼,取头肾组织,用组织匀浆器将头肾充分磨碎,制备单细胞悬液。当再次与绵羊红细胞接触,抗体生成细胞就能产生抗绵羊红细胞的抗体,在外源补体的参与下使红细胞溶解形成溶血空斑。每一个溶血空斑的中央都是一个抗体生成细胞,由此计算出头肾中抗体生成细胞的数目。统计学分析知,与对照组相比,低浓度处理组和中浓度处理组鲤鱼头肾中的抗体生成细胞数目未受到显著影响,但高浓度处理组鲤鱼头肾的抗体生成细胞数目显著减少。
用灭活的嗜水气单胞菌浸泡刺激对照组和处理组鲤鱼后,在嗜水气单胞菌刺激前和刺激后6h、24h、72h、120h和168h,分别取正常组和处理组鲤鱼,每组各取3条。解剖,取肝脏、脾脏、头肾、鳃、前肠和后肠组织,液氮充分研磨后,提取各组织的RNA,反转录成cDNA,每组3条鲤鱼的cDNA等量混合后进行PCR,半定量法测定对照组和处理组鲤鱼的脾脏、前肠和后肠组织中免疫相关基因hepcidin、MHCⅡβ和pIgR mRNA的表达。结果发现,低浓度的三丁基氯化锡对鲤鱼相关组织的相关基因mRNA的表达无显著影响;中浓度处理组对鲤鱼相关组织的相关基因mRNA的表达的影响仅限于表达峰值;高浓度处理组鲤鱼相关组织的相关基因mRNA的表达受到明显显著抑制。
Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride is a kind of organictin compounds, and which is toxic and refractory. It widely spreads in the water environment and can bring serious harm to the respiratory system, nervous systerm, reproductive system and immune system.
In this study, the median lethal concentration of Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride in 48 hours was done research with carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to evalue the toxicity of Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride, and themedian lethal concentration is 7.62μg/L. The result suggests that Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride has strong toxicity to carp.
Treated the carp with Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride of different concentrations (0μg/L, 0.1μg/L, 1.0μg/L and 3.0μg /L) for 28 days and then collected blood. Diluted the blood and counted the number of WBC. Compared with the control, the number of WBC had no significant difference in the low concentration group, but the number significantly reduced in the middle concentration group and decreased most in the high concentration.
Treated the carp with Chlorotributylstannane Tributyltin chloride of different concentrations for 28 days and then collected blood and prepared for serum, following with detecting the complement activity in the serum. In this experiment, sheep red blood cells were used as antigen, and reacted with anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody with the preparation of serum, which was used as complement source, and then counted the complement activity according with the percentage hemolysis. The statistical ananlysis showed that the lowest group had no significant different compared with the control, the complement activity of the midlle group decreasted significantly, and the chang of the high concentration group was most significant.
Sampled randomly 3 fish from each of group, and intraperitonael injected of sheep red blood cells. Eleven days post-SRBC immunization carp were sacrificed, head kidney cells suspended in Hank’s solution at 2×10~7 cells/ml, and a modified Jerne plaque assay performed to determind antibody forming cell (AFC) numbers. Each hemolytic plaque represented an AFC. The statistical ananlysis showed that the AFC numbers had not been affect in the low and middle concerntration groups, while the numbers decreased significantly in the high concertration group.
Immuned each group carp with inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila, at the time of before and after stimulation 6 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours, took out of 3, and sacrificed. Extract RNA of each tissue and reversed to cDNA. Detected the expression of hepcidin, MHCⅡβand pIgR mRNA in spleen, forgut and hindgut with PCR. The results suggested that the three genes’expression had not been effected in the low concentration group, the expression was only been effected on the peak value in the middle concentration group, and the expression was been effected at all the time in the high concentration group.
引文
[1] Fent K. Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds [J]. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1996, 26: 113-117.
[2]曾怀才,陈锋.环境雌激素与健康[ J ].实用预防医学,2003,10 (5):818 -820.
[3] JIANG G B, ZHOU Q F, LIU J Y, et al. Occurrence of butyltin compounds in the waters of selected lakes, rivers and coastal environments from China [J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 2005, 304: 179–189.
[4] Chau Y K, Maguire R J, Brown M. Occurrence of organotin compounds in Canadian aquatic environment five years after the regulation of antifouling uses of tributyltin [J]. Water Qual Res J Canada, 1997, 32(30): 453–521.
[5]高尚德,吴以平,赵心玉.有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应:Ⅱ三苯基锡和三丁基锡对扁藻和金藻光合作用的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,1994,25 (4):362-367.
[6]高尚德,吴以平.有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应:Ⅲ三苯基锡和三丁基锡对扁藻和金藻呼吸作用的影响[J].海洋学报,1995,17(4):112-117.
[7] Strand J, Jacobsen JA.Accumulation and trophic transfer of organotins in a marine food web from the Danish coastal waters. Sci Total Environ, 2005, 350: 72–85.
[8] Press C M, Evensen O. The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes [J]. Fish and Shellfish Immunol, 1999, 9: 309 - 318.
[9]王珊珊,冯流.有机锡化合物的毒性效应及其影响因素[J].安全与环境学报,2005,5(3) :12-15.
[10] Waldock M J , Thain J E , Waite M E. The distribution and potential toxic effects of TBT in U K estuaries during 1986 [J]. JAppl Organomet Chem, 1987, 1: 287-301.
[11]周明江,李正炎,颜天等.海洋环境中的有机锡及其对海洋生物的影响[J].环境科学进展,1994,2(4):67-76.
[12] Zhou Q F, Jiang G B, Liu J Y, et al. Acute and chronic effects of tributyltin on Chonese rare minnow[J]. Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol, 2002, 16(6): 418-419.
[13]韩雅莉,管云燕,李兴暖.三丁基锡(TBT)对牡蛎细胞基因组DNA影响的RAPD分析[J].海洋科学,2005,29 (5):29-32.
[14]张朝红,臧树良,苏欣等.三丁基锡化合物与DNA相互作用的光谱研究[J].光谱实验室,2005,22 (4):819-823.
[15]张朝红,臧树良,方禹之等.丁基锡系列化合物与脱氧核糖核酸的相互作用[J].分析化学,2005,33 (9):1235-1238.
[16]黄周英,陈奕欣,赵扬等.三丁基锡对文蛤鳃酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和Na+, K+-ATP酶活性的影响[J].海洋环境科学,2005,24(3):56-59.
[17]范利民,马晓燕,甘居利等.三丁基锡(TBT)对罗非鱼精巢细胞凋亡的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(5):1801-1805.
[18] McAllister BG, Kime D E. Early life exposure to environmental levels of the aromatase inhibitor tributyltin causes masculinisation and irreversible sperm damage in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) [J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2003, 65 (3): 309- 316.
[19]吕华东,林麒.有机锡污染及其毒性作用研究现状[J].海峡预防医学杂志,2007,13(3):27-29.
[20]谭燕,李远友,杜永兵等.三丁基锡对孔雀鱼的毒性效应研究[J].环境化学,2006,25(3):315-319.
[21]曾怀才,贺庆之,贺性鹏.氯化三丁基锡对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响[J].中国职业医学,2010,37(1):26-28.
[22]陈海刚,马胜伟,林钦等.氯化三丁基锡对黑鲷鳃和肝组织SOD、MDA和GPx的影响[J].南方水产,2009,5(2):23-27.
[23]阿那尼,陈叙龙,张毓琪.氯化三丁基锡对鲤鱼味蕾的影响[J].南开大学学报:自然科学版,1996,29 (2):83-88.
[24] Kei N, Yuji O, Ken N, et al. Early-life-stage toxicity in offspring from exposed parent medaka, oryzias latipes, to mixtures of tributyltin and polychlorinated biphenyls[J]. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2005, 24(3): 591- 596.
[25] Kim Y M, Lee J J, Yin S Y, et al. Inhibitory effects of tributyltin on dopamine biosynthesis in rat PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett, 2002, 33(2): 13- 16.
[26] Boyer I J. Toxicity of dibutyltin and other organotin compound to human and to experimental animals [J]. Toxicology, 1989, 55(3): 253- 298.
[27]曾怀才,贺庆之,陈峰.氯化三丁基锡致巨噬细胞凋亡作用[J].中国公共卫生,2010,26(1):84-85.
[29]曾怀才,陈锋,龙鼎新等.氯化三丁基锡对体外培养小鼠胚胎毒性研究[J].中国职业医学,2005,32 (6):11-13.
[30]曾怀才,贺庆芝,李小玲等.氯化三丁基锡对体外培养小鼠胚胎组织MDA、SOD、GSH的影响[J].美国中华临床医学杂志,2005,7(3):186-188.
[31] Gennari A, Viviani B, Galli CL, et al. Organotins induce apoptosis by disturbance of [Ca (2 +)] (i) and mitochondrial activity, causing oxidative stress and activation of caspases in rat thymocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2000, 169: 185-190.
[32] Mizuhashi S, Ikegaya Y, Mat suki N. Cytotoxicity of t ributyltin in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Neurosci Res, 2000, 38: 35-42.
[33] Mizuhashi S, Ikegaya Y, Nishiyama N, et al. Cortical astrocytes exposed to tributyltin undergo morphological changes in vitro. Jpn J Pharmacol, 2000, 84: 339-346.
[34] RANTAKOKKO P, TURUNEN A, VERKASALO P K, et al. Blood levels of organotin compounds and their relation to fish consumption in Finland[ J ]. Sci Total Environ, 2008, 399 (1/3): 90– 95.
[35] Cima F, Marin M G, Matozzo V, et al. Biomarkers for TBT immunotoxicity studies on the cultivated clam tapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve, 1850). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1999, 39: 112-115.
[36] Heidrich D D,Steckelbroedk S,Klingmuller D.Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 aromatase activity by butyltins[J]. Steroids, 2001, 66(10): 763-769.
[37] Whalen M M, Loganathan B G, Kannan K. Immunotoxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of butyltins on human natural killer cells in vitro[J]. Environ Res, 1999, 81(2): 108-116.
[38] Whalen M M, Loganathan G B. Butyltin exposure causes a rapid decrease in cyclic AMP levels in human lymphocytes[J]. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2001, 171(3): 141-148.
[39] De Santiage A, Aguilar-Santelises M. Organotin compounds decrease in vitro survival, proliferation and differentiation of normal human B lymphocytes[J]. Hum Exp Toxicol,1999, 18(10): 619-624.
[40] Saitoh M, Yanase T, Morinaga H, et al. Tributyltin or tripheyltin inhibits aromatase activity in the human granulose-like cell line KGN[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 2001, 289: 198-204.
[41] Yamabe Y, Hoshino A, Imura N, et al. Enhancement of androgen-dependent transcription and cell proliferation by tributyltin and triphenyltin transcription and cell proliferation by tributyltin and triphenyltin in human prostate cancer cells[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2000, 169: 177-184.
[42] Nishikawa J, Mamiya S, Kanayama T, et al. Involvement of the retinoid x receptor in the development of imposex caused by organotins in gastropods [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2004, 38: 6271-6276.
[43] Nishikawa J. Imposex in marine gastropods may be caused by binding of organotins to retinoid X receptor [J]. Maeine Biol, 2006, 149: 117-124.
[44]郭素珍,钱丽娟,刘青坡等.三丁基锡对非洲爪蟾的肥胖激素效应[J].环境与健康杂志,2009,26(2):98-100.
[45] Fast M D, Sims D E, Burka J F, et al. Skin morphology and humoral non-specific defence parameters of mucus and plasma in rainbow trout, coho and Atlantic salmon [J]. Comp Biochem Physiol, 2002, 132A:645-657.
[46] Secombes CJ. Cellular defences of fish: an update[A]. In: Pike AW, Lewis JW, ed. Parasitic Diseases of fish Samara[M]. Britain: Publishing Limited, Dyfed, 1994:209-224.
[47]刘云,姜国良,姜明等.牙鲆鳃淋巴样组织内免疫相关细胞的超微结构[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2001,31(6):872-876.
[48] Lin S H, Ellis A E, Davidson G A , et al. Migratory, respiratory burst and mitogenic responses of leucocytes isolated from the gills of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1999, 9: 211-226.
[49] Cain K.D., Jones D.R. & Raison R.L. Characterisation of mucosal and systemic immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using surface plasmon resonance. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2000, 10, 651–666.
[50] C M Swan et al. Localized mucosal response in a teleost fish. Journal of Fish Diseases, 2008, 31, 383–393.
[51]王彩虹,高齐瑜,孙斌.禽类粘膜免疫系统的一种研究模型[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(7):839-843.
[52] Schwaiger J, Bucher F, Ferling H, Kalbfus W, Negele RD.A prolonged toxicity study on the effects of sublethal concentrations of bis(tri-n-butyl-tin)oxide (TBTO): histopathological and histochemical findings in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Aquat Toxicol, 1992, 23: 31–48.
[53] Stebbing A R. Hormesis the stimulation of growth by low levels of inhibitors [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 1982, 22: 213– 234.
[54] Jones D R, Hannan C M, Russell-Jones C J, et al. Selective B cell non-responsiveness in the gut of the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Aquac, 1999, 172: 29-39.
[55] Lefrancois L. Extrathymic differentiation of intraepithelial lymphocytes: generation of a separate and unique T cell repertoire [J]. Immunol Today, 1991, 12: 436-438.
[56] Lafrentz B R, Lapatra E, Jones G R, et al. Characterization of serum and mucosal antibody responses and relative percent survival in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following immunization and challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum [J]. J Fish Dis, 2002, 25: 703-713.
[57] Loghothetic P N, Austin B. Immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) to Aerontonas hydrophila [J]. Fish and shellfish immunol, 1994, 4: 239-254.
[58] Kennethk D. cain, Darren R. jones, Robert L. Raison. Characterisation of mucosal and systemic immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus myiss) using sueface plasmon responance [J]. Fish andshellfish Immunology, 2000, 10: 651-666.
[59] Joosten P H M, Tiemersma E, Threels A, et al. Oral vaccination of fish against Vibrio anguillarum using alginate microparticles [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1997, 7: 471-485.
[60] Ema M, Harazono A. Adverse effects of dibutyltin dichloride on initiation and maintenance of rat pregnancy [J]. Reprod Toxicol, 2000, 14 (5): 451–456.
[61] Ana Castillo, Carmen Sanchez, Javier Dominguez, Stephen L. Kaattari, Alberto J. Villena. Ontogeny of IgM and IgM-bearing cells in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J]. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1993, 17(5): 419-424.
[62] Ayako Nakayama, Yuko Kurokawa, Hiroya Harino, et al. Effects of tributyltin on the immune system of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) [J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2007, 83: 126-133.
[63] Andrew J. Harford, Kathryn O’Halloran, Paul F.A. Wright. Effect of in vitro and in vivo organotin exposures on the immune functions of murray cod (Maccullochella peeliipeelii) [J]. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2007, 26: 1649-1656.
[64] Lumsden J S, et al. Detection of a distinct gill-surface antibody response following horizontal infection and bath challenge of brook trout S alvelinus fontinalis with Flavobacterium branchiophilum, the causative agent of bacterial gill disease[J]. Dis Aqua Org, 1993, 16: 21-27.
[65] Ichiro Misumi, Takashi Yada, Jo-Ann C. Leong, Carl B. Schreck. The effect of in vitro exposure to Tributyltin on the immune competence of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) leukocytes[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 2009, 56: 229-237.
[66] O′Halloran K, Ahokas J T, Wright P F A. Response of fish immune cells to in vitro organotin exposures [J]. Toxicology, 1998, 40: 141–156.
[67] Saitoh M, Yanase T, Morinaga H, et al. Tributyltin or tripheyltin inhibits aromatase activity in the human granulose-like cell line KGN [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 2001, 289: 198- 204.
[68] Andrew J. Harford, Kathryn O’Halloran, Paul F.A. Wright. The effects of in vitro pesticide exposures on the phagocytic function of four native Australian freshwater fish. Aquatic Toxicology, 2005, 75: 330-342.
[69] Tryphonas H, Cooke G, Caldwell D, et al. Oral (gavage), in utero and post-natal exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats to low doses of tributyltin chloride. Food Chem Toxicol, 2004, 42: 221-235.
[70] Dalmo R A, Ingebrigtsen K, Bogwald J. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES) [J]. J Fish Dis, 1997, 20: 241-273.
[71] Ken NAKANO, Masashi TSUNODA and Nobuhiro KONNO. Tributyltin (TBT) increases TNFαmRNAexpression and induces apoptosis in the murine macrophage cell line in vitro. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 2004, 9: 266-271.
[72] Regala, R.P., Rice, C.D., Schwedler, T.E. et al. The effects of tributyltin (TBT) and 3,3’,4,4’,5- pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) mixtures on antibody responses and phagocyte oxdative burst activity in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2001, 40: 386-391.
[73]阿那尼,陈叙龙,张毓琪等.几种有机锡化合物对小鼠外周血T和B淋巴细胞的影响[J].南开大学学报(自然科学),2000,33(3):67-69.
[74]高俊敏,胡建英,郑泽根.有机锡的人体暴露分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2005,22(1):72-75.
[75] Whalen M M, Loganathan B G, Kannan K. Immunotoxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of butyltins on human natural killer cells in vitro[J]. Environ Res, 1999, 81 (2): 108–116.
[76] McMillan D N, Secombes C J. Isolation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and measurement of their cytotoxic activity [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1997, 7: 527 -541.
[77]吴荷花,张振军,陈庆等.三丁基氯化锡对小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2006,23(2):137-139.
[78] Whalen M M, Loganathan G B. Butyltin exposure causes a rapid decrease in cyclic AMP levels in human lymphocytes[J]. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2001, 171(3): 141–148.
[79] Kimura K, Kobayashi K, Naito H, et al. Effect of lactational exposure to tributyltin chloride on innate immunodefenses in the F1 generation in mice [J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2005, 69 (6): 1104 -1110.
[80]陈庆,张振军.三丁基氯化锡对小鼠免疫毒性及其作用机制[J].毒理学杂志,2007,19(3):222.
[81] Ogata R, Omura M, Shimasaki Y, et al. Two-generation rep roductive toxicity study of tributyltin chloride in female rats [J]. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 2001, 63 (2): 127-144.
[82] Tryphonas H, Cooke G, Caldwell D, et al. Oral (gavage) , in utero and post-natal exposure of Sp rague-Dawley rats to low doses of tributyltin chloride: Part II: effects on the immune system [J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2004, 42 (2): 221-235.
[83] Wu H H, Zhang Z J, Chen Q, et al. Effects of TBTCl on immune function on mice [J]. J Environ Health, 2006, 23 (2): 137-139.
[84] Hart S, Warthmell A B,Harris J E, etal, Gut immunology in fish: a review[J]. Development and Comparative Immunology, 1988, 12: 453-480.
[85]南京大学环境科学系环境生物学教研室,环境生物学实验技术与方法.南京:南京大学出版社,1989,54-68.
[86]张毓琪,陈叙龙.环境生物毒理学.天津:天津大学出版社,1993,85-86.
[87] PARTULA S. Surface markers of fish T-cells: [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1999, 9: 241-257.
[88] SCAPIGLIATI G, ROMANO N, ABELLI L , et al. Immunopurification of T-cell from sea bass Dicenrarehus labrax[J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2000, 10: 329-341.
[89]谢湘筠,张原秋,柯才焕.甲醛和三丁基锡对方斑东风螺幼体的急性毒性实验[J].集美大学学报:自然科学版,2007,4(3):124-129.
[90]袁仕取,张永安,姚卫建等.鳜鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察[J].水生生物学报,1998,22 (1):39-47.
[91] Press C M, Evensen I. The morphology of the immunesystem in teleost fishes [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 1999, 9: 309-318.
[92]张永安:,孙宝剑,聂品.鱼类免疫组织和细胞的研究概况[J].水生生物学报,2000,24(6):648-654.
[93] DALMO R A, INGEBRIGTSEN K, BOGWALD J. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system [J]. J Fish Dis, 1997, 20: 241-273.
[94]张宝东,张毓琪,陈叙龙.氯化三丁基锡对鲤鱼的急性毒性[J].交通环保,1994,16:18-19.
[95] Ohhim S, Watanabe M, Matsui H. Metabolism of tributyltin and triphenyltin by rat, hamster and human hepatic microsomes[J]. Archives of Toxicology, 2003, 77:138-144.
[96]杨倩,聂其灼.鲤鱼抗体形成细胞分布的研究[J].南京农业大学学报,1989,12(4):94-99.
[97]张静,詹勇,苏彬.鱼类补体系统的研究进展[J].中国饲料,2008,5:8-11.
[98] CASTILLO A, RAZQUIN B, VILLENA A J, et al. Thymic barriers to antigen entry during the post- hatching development of the thymus of rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1998, 8: 157– 170.
[99]王云,许善超,赵正平等.三丁基锡对黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的致死效应与生殖阻碍[J].淮南师范学院学报,2010,12(4):143-145.
[100] Gasque P. Complement: a unquine innate immune sensor for danger signals [J]. Mol Immunol, 2004, 41: 1089.
[101] Carroll M C. The complement system in regulation of adaptive immunity [J]. Nat Immunol, 2004, 5: 981.
[102] Boackle S A, Morris M A, Holers V M, et al. Complement opsonization is required for presentation of immune complexes by resting peripheral blood B cells[J]. Immunol, 1998, 161: 6537.
[103] Jacquier- Sarlin M R, Gabert F M, Villiers M B, et al. Modulation of antigen processing and presentation by covalently linked complement C3b fragment[J].Immunology, 1995, 84: 164.
[104] Dempsey P W, Allison M E, Akkaraju S, et al.C3d of complement as a molecular adjuvant: bridging innate and acquired immunity [J].Science, 1996, 271: 348.
[105]李素萍,付玉明,常彦忠,吴跃峰.Hepcidin在哺乳类及鱼类中的表达和作用[J].四川动物,2007,26 (1):221-226.
[106] Wijburg O L, Uren T K, Simpfendorfer K, et al. Innate secretory antibodies protect against natural Salmonella typhimurium infection[J]. J Exp Med, 2006, 203(1):21-26.
[107]Alfsen A, Iniguez P, Bouguyon E, et al. Secretory IgAspecific for a conserved epitope on gp41 envelope glycoprotein inhibits epithelial transcytosis of HIV-1[J]. J Immunol, 2001, 166(10): 6257-6265.
[108] Huang Y T, Wright A, Gao X, et al. Intraepithelial cell neutralization of HIV-1 replication by IgA [J]. J Immunol, 2005, 174(8):4828-4835.
[109] Kaetzel C S, Robinson J K, Chintalacharuvu K R, et al. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (secretory component) mediates transport of immune complexes across epithelial cells: a local defense function for IgA [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88(19): 8796-8800.
[2]曾怀才,陈锋.环境雌激素与健康[ J ].实用预防医学,2003,10 (5):818 -820.
[3] JIANG G B, ZHOU Q F, LIU J Y, et al. Occurrence of butyltin compounds in the waters of selected lakes, rivers and coastal environments from China [J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 2005, 304: 179–189.
[4] Chau Y K, Maguire R J, Brown M. Occurrence of organotin compounds in Canadian aquatic environment five years after the regulation of antifouling uses of tributyltin [J]. Water Qual Res J Canada, 1997, 32(30): 453–521.
[5]高尚德,吴以平,赵心玉.有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应:Ⅱ三苯基锡和三丁基锡对扁藻和金藻光合作用的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,1994,25 (4):362-367.
[6]高尚德,吴以平.有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应:Ⅲ三苯基锡和三丁基锡对扁藻和金藻呼吸作用的影响[J].海洋学报,1995,17(4):112-117.
[7] Strand J, Jacobsen JA.Accumulation and trophic transfer of organotins in a marine food web from the Danish coastal waters. Sci Total Environ, 2005, 350: 72–85.
[8] Press C M, Evensen O. The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes [J]. Fish and Shellfish Immunol, 1999, 9: 309 - 318.
[9]王珊珊,冯流.有机锡化合物的毒性效应及其影响因素[J].安全与环境学报,2005,5(3) :12-15.
[10] Waldock M J , Thain J E , Waite M E. The distribution and potential toxic effects of TBT in U K estuaries during 1986 [J]. JAppl Organomet Chem, 1987, 1: 287-301.
[11]周明江,李正炎,颜天等.海洋环境中的有机锡及其对海洋生物的影响[J].环境科学进展,1994,2(4):67-76.
[12] Zhou Q F, Jiang G B, Liu J Y, et al. Acute and chronic effects of tributyltin on Chonese rare minnow[J]. Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol, 2002, 16(6): 418-419.
[13]韩雅莉,管云燕,李兴暖.三丁基锡(TBT)对牡蛎细胞基因组DNA影响的RAPD分析[J].海洋科学,2005,29 (5):29-32.
[14]张朝红,臧树良,苏欣等.三丁基锡化合物与DNA相互作用的光谱研究[J].光谱实验室,2005,22 (4):819-823.
[15]张朝红,臧树良,方禹之等.丁基锡系列化合物与脱氧核糖核酸的相互作用[J].分析化学,2005,33 (9):1235-1238.
[16]黄周英,陈奕欣,赵扬等.三丁基锡对文蛤鳃酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和Na+, K+-ATP酶活性的影响[J].海洋环境科学,2005,24(3):56-59.
[17]范利民,马晓燕,甘居利等.三丁基锡(TBT)对罗非鱼精巢细胞凋亡的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(5):1801-1805.
[18] McAllister BG, Kime D E. Early life exposure to environmental levels of the aromatase inhibitor tributyltin causes masculinisation and irreversible sperm damage in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) [J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2003, 65 (3): 309- 316.
[19]吕华东,林麒.有机锡污染及其毒性作用研究现状[J].海峡预防医学杂志,2007,13(3):27-29.
[20]谭燕,李远友,杜永兵等.三丁基锡对孔雀鱼的毒性效应研究[J].环境化学,2006,25(3):315-319.
[21]曾怀才,贺庆之,贺性鹏.氯化三丁基锡对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响[J].中国职业医学,2010,37(1):26-28.
[22]陈海刚,马胜伟,林钦等.氯化三丁基锡对黑鲷鳃和肝组织SOD、MDA和GPx的影响[J].南方水产,2009,5(2):23-27.
[23]阿那尼,陈叙龙,张毓琪.氯化三丁基锡对鲤鱼味蕾的影响[J].南开大学学报:自然科学版,1996,29 (2):83-88.
[24] Kei N, Yuji O, Ken N, et al. Early-life-stage toxicity in offspring from exposed parent medaka, oryzias latipes, to mixtures of tributyltin and polychlorinated biphenyls[J]. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2005, 24(3): 591- 596.
[25] Kim Y M, Lee J J, Yin S Y, et al. Inhibitory effects of tributyltin on dopamine biosynthesis in rat PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett, 2002, 33(2): 13- 16.
[26] Boyer I J. Toxicity of dibutyltin and other organotin compound to human and to experimental animals [J]. Toxicology, 1989, 55(3): 253- 298.
[27]曾怀才,贺庆之,陈峰.氯化三丁基锡致巨噬细胞凋亡作用[J].中国公共卫生,2010,26(1):84-85.
[29]曾怀才,陈锋,龙鼎新等.氯化三丁基锡对体外培养小鼠胚胎毒性研究[J].中国职业医学,2005,32 (6):11-13.
[30]曾怀才,贺庆芝,李小玲等.氯化三丁基锡对体外培养小鼠胚胎组织MDA、SOD、GSH的影响[J].美国中华临床医学杂志,2005,7(3):186-188.
[31] Gennari A, Viviani B, Galli CL, et al. Organotins induce apoptosis by disturbance of [Ca (2 +)] (i) and mitochondrial activity, causing oxidative stress and activation of caspases in rat thymocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2000, 169: 185-190.
[32] Mizuhashi S, Ikegaya Y, Mat suki N. Cytotoxicity of t ributyltin in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Neurosci Res, 2000, 38: 35-42.
[33] Mizuhashi S, Ikegaya Y, Nishiyama N, et al. Cortical astrocytes exposed to tributyltin undergo morphological changes in vitro. Jpn J Pharmacol, 2000, 84: 339-346.
[34] RANTAKOKKO P, TURUNEN A, VERKASALO P K, et al. Blood levels of organotin compounds and their relation to fish consumption in Finland[ J ]. Sci Total Environ, 2008, 399 (1/3): 90– 95.
[35] Cima F, Marin M G, Matozzo V, et al. Biomarkers for TBT immunotoxicity studies on the cultivated clam tapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve, 1850). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1999, 39: 112-115.
[36] Heidrich D D,Steckelbroedk S,Klingmuller D.Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 aromatase activity by butyltins[J]. Steroids, 2001, 66(10): 763-769.
[37] Whalen M M, Loganathan B G, Kannan K. Immunotoxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of butyltins on human natural killer cells in vitro[J]. Environ Res, 1999, 81(2): 108-116.
[38] Whalen M M, Loganathan G B. Butyltin exposure causes a rapid decrease in cyclic AMP levels in human lymphocytes[J]. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2001, 171(3): 141-148.
[39] De Santiage A, Aguilar-Santelises M. Organotin compounds decrease in vitro survival, proliferation and differentiation of normal human B lymphocytes[J]. Hum Exp Toxicol,1999, 18(10): 619-624.
[40] Saitoh M, Yanase T, Morinaga H, et al. Tributyltin or tripheyltin inhibits aromatase activity in the human granulose-like cell line KGN[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 2001, 289: 198-204.
[41] Yamabe Y, Hoshino A, Imura N, et al. Enhancement of androgen-dependent transcription and cell proliferation by tributyltin and triphenyltin transcription and cell proliferation by tributyltin and triphenyltin in human prostate cancer cells[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2000, 169: 177-184.
[42] Nishikawa J, Mamiya S, Kanayama T, et al. Involvement of the retinoid x receptor in the development of imposex caused by organotins in gastropods [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2004, 38: 6271-6276.
[43] Nishikawa J. Imposex in marine gastropods may be caused by binding of organotins to retinoid X receptor [J]. Maeine Biol, 2006, 149: 117-124.
[44]郭素珍,钱丽娟,刘青坡等.三丁基锡对非洲爪蟾的肥胖激素效应[J].环境与健康杂志,2009,26(2):98-100.
[45] Fast M D, Sims D E, Burka J F, et al. Skin morphology and humoral non-specific defence parameters of mucus and plasma in rainbow trout, coho and Atlantic salmon [J]. Comp Biochem Physiol, 2002, 132A:645-657.
[46] Secombes CJ. Cellular defences of fish: an update[A]. In: Pike AW, Lewis JW, ed. Parasitic Diseases of fish Samara[M]. Britain: Publishing Limited, Dyfed, 1994:209-224.
[47]刘云,姜国良,姜明等.牙鲆鳃淋巴样组织内免疫相关细胞的超微结构[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2001,31(6):872-876.
[48] Lin S H, Ellis A E, Davidson G A , et al. Migratory, respiratory burst and mitogenic responses of leucocytes isolated from the gills of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1999, 9: 211-226.
[49] Cain K.D., Jones D.R. & Raison R.L. Characterisation of mucosal and systemic immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using surface plasmon resonance. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2000, 10, 651–666.
[50] C M Swan et al. Localized mucosal response in a teleost fish. Journal of Fish Diseases, 2008, 31, 383–393.
[51]王彩虹,高齐瑜,孙斌.禽类粘膜免疫系统的一种研究模型[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(7):839-843.
[52] Schwaiger J, Bucher F, Ferling H, Kalbfus W, Negele RD.A prolonged toxicity study on the effects of sublethal concentrations of bis(tri-n-butyl-tin)oxide (TBTO): histopathological and histochemical findings in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Aquat Toxicol, 1992, 23: 31–48.
[53] Stebbing A R. Hormesis the stimulation of growth by low levels of inhibitors [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 1982, 22: 213– 234.
[54] Jones D R, Hannan C M, Russell-Jones C J, et al. Selective B cell non-responsiveness in the gut of the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Aquac, 1999, 172: 29-39.
[55] Lefrancois L. Extrathymic differentiation of intraepithelial lymphocytes: generation of a separate and unique T cell repertoire [J]. Immunol Today, 1991, 12: 436-438.
[56] Lafrentz B R, Lapatra E, Jones G R, et al. Characterization of serum and mucosal antibody responses and relative percent survival in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following immunization and challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum [J]. J Fish Dis, 2002, 25: 703-713.
[57] Loghothetic P N, Austin B. Immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) to Aerontonas hydrophila [J]. Fish and shellfish immunol, 1994, 4: 239-254.
[58] Kennethk D. cain, Darren R. jones, Robert L. Raison. Characterisation of mucosal and systemic immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus myiss) using sueface plasmon responance [J]. Fish andshellfish Immunology, 2000, 10: 651-666.
[59] Joosten P H M, Tiemersma E, Threels A, et al. Oral vaccination of fish against Vibrio anguillarum using alginate microparticles [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1997, 7: 471-485.
[60] Ema M, Harazono A. Adverse effects of dibutyltin dichloride on initiation and maintenance of rat pregnancy [J]. Reprod Toxicol, 2000, 14 (5): 451–456.
[61] Ana Castillo, Carmen Sanchez, Javier Dominguez, Stephen L. Kaattari, Alberto J. Villena. Ontogeny of IgM and IgM-bearing cells in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J]. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 1993, 17(5): 419-424.
[62] Ayako Nakayama, Yuko Kurokawa, Hiroya Harino, et al. Effects of tributyltin on the immune system of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) [J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2007, 83: 126-133.
[63] Andrew J. Harford, Kathryn O’Halloran, Paul F.A. Wright. Effect of in vitro and in vivo organotin exposures on the immune functions of murray cod (Maccullochella peeliipeelii) [J]. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2007, 26: 1649-1656.
[64] Lumsden J S, et al. Detection of a distinct gill-surface antibody response following horizontal infection and bath challenge of brook trout S alvelinus fontinalis with Flavobacterium branchiophilum, the causative agent of bacterial gill disease[J]. Dis Aqua Org, 1993, 16: 21-27.
[65] Ichiro Misumi, Takashi Yada, Jo-Ann C. Leong, Carl B. Schreck. The effect of in vitro exposure to Tributyltin on the immune competence of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) leukocytes[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 2009, 56: 229-237.
[66] O′Halloran K, Ahokas J T, Wright P F A. Response of fish immune cells to in vitro organotin exposures [J]. Toxicology, 1998, 40: 141–156.
[67] Saitoh M, Yanase T, Morinaga H, et al. Tributyltin or tripheyltin inhibits aromatase activity in the human granulose-like cell line KGN [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 2001, 289: 198- 204.
[68] Andrew J. Harford, Kathryn O’Halloran, Paul F.A. Wright. The effects of in vitro pesticide exposures on the phagocytic function of four native Australian freshwater fish. Aquatic Toxicology, 2005, 75: 330-342.
[69] Tryphonas H, Cooke G, Caldwell D, et al. Oral (gavage), in utero and post-natal exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats to low doses of tributyltin chloride. Food Chem Toxicol, 2004, 42: 221-235.
[70] Dalmo R A, Ingebrigtsen K, Bogwald J. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES) [J]. J Fish Dis, 1997, 20: 241-273.
[71] Ken NAKANO, Masashi TSUNODA and Nobuhiro KONNO. Tributyltin (TBT) increases TNFαmRNAexpression and induces apoptosis in the murine macrophage cell line in vitro. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 2004, 9: 266-271.
[72] Regala, R.P., Rice, C.D., Schwedler, T.E. et al. The effects of tributyltin (TBT) and 3,3’,4,4’,5- pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) mixtures on antibody responses and phagocyte oxdative burst activity in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2001, 40: 386-391.
[73]阿那尼,陈叙龙,张毓琪等.几种有机锡化合物对小鼠外周血T和B淋巴细胞的影响[J].南开大学学报(自然科学),2000,33(3):67-69.
[74]高俊敏,胡建英,郑泽根.有机锡的人体暴露分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2005,22(1):72-75.
[75] Whalen M M, Loganathan B G, Kannan K. Immunotoxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of butyltins on human natural killer cells in vitro[J]. Environ Res, 1999, 81 (2): 108–116.
[76] McMillan D N, Secombes C J. Isolation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and measurement of their cytotoxic activity [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1997, 7: 527 -541.
[77]吴荷花,张振军,陈庆等.三丁基氯化锡对小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2006,23(2):137-139.
[78] Whalen M M, Loganathan G B. Butyltin exposure causes a rapid decrease in cyclic AMP levels in human lymphocytes[J]. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2001, 171(3): 141–148.
[79] Kimura K, Kobayashi K, Naito H, et al. Effect of lactational exposure to tributyltin chloride on innate immunodefenses in the F1 generation in mice [J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2005, 69 (6): 1104 -1110.
[80]陈庆,张振军.三丁基氯化锡对小鼠免疫毒性及其作用机制[J].毒理学杂志,2007,19(3):222.
[81] Ogata R, Omura M, Shimasaki Y, et al. Two-generation rep roductive toxicity study of tributyltin chloride in female rats [J]. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 2001, 63 (2): 127-144.
[82] Tryphonas H, Cooke G, Caldwell D, et al. Oral (gavage) , in utero and post-natal exposure of Sp rague-Dawley rats to low doses of tributyltin chloride: Part II: effects on the immune system [J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2004, 42 (2): 221-235.
[83] Wu H H, Zhang Z J, Chen Q, et al. Effects of TBTCl on immune function on mice [J]. J Environ Health, 2006, 23 (2): 137-139.
[84] Hart S, Warthmell A B,Harris J E, etal, Gut immunology in fish: a review[J]. Development and Comparative Immunology, 1988, 12: 453-480.
[85]南京大学环境科学系环境生物学教研室,环境生物学实验技术与方法.南京:南京大学出版社,1989,54-68.
[86]张毓琪,陈叙龙.环境生物毒理学.天津:天津大学出版社,1993,85-86.
[87] PARTULA S. Surface markers of fish T-cells: [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1999, 9: 241-257.
[88] SCAPIGLIATI G, ROMANO N, ABELLI L , et al. Immunopurification of T-cell from sea bass Dicenrarehus labrax[J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2000, 10: 329-341.
[89]谢湘筠,张原秋,柯才焕.甲醛和三丁基锡对方斑东风螺幼体的急性毒性实验[J].集美大学学报:自然科学版,2007,4(3):124-129.
[90]袁仕取,张永安,姚卫建等.鳜鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察[J].水生生物学报,1998,22 (1):39-47.
[91] Press C M, Evensen I. The morphology of the immunesystem in teleost fishes [J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 1999, 9: 309-318.
[92]张永安:,孙宝剑,聂品.鱼类免疫组织和细胞的研究概况[J].水生生物学报,2000,24(6):648-654.
[93] DALMO R A, INGEBRIGTSEN K, BOGWALD J. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system [J]. J Fish Dis, 1997, 20: 241-273.
[94]张宝东,张毓琪,陈叙龙.氯化三丁基锡对鲤鱼的急性毒性[J].交通环保,1994,16:18-19.
[95] Ohhim S, Watanabe M, Matsui H. Metabolism of tributyltin and triphenyltin by rat, hamster and human hepatic microsomes[J]. Archives of Toxicology, 2003, 77:138-144.
[96]杨倩,聂其灼.鲤鱼抗体形成细胞分布的研究[J].南京农业大学学报,1989,12(4):94-99.
[97]张静,詹勇,苏彬.鱼类补体系统的研究进展[J].中国饲料,2008,5:8-11.
[98] CASTILLO A, RAZQUIN B, VILLENA A J, et al. Thymic barriers to antigen entry during the post- hatching development of the thymus of rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss [J]. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 1998, 8: 157– 170.
[99]王云,许善超,赵正平等.三丁基锡对黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的致死效应与生殖阻碍[J].淮南师范学院学报,2010,12(4):143-145.
[100] Gasque P. Complement: a unquine innate immune sensor for danger signals [J]. Mol Immunol, 2004, 41: 1089.
[101] Carroll M C. The complement system in regulation of adaptive immunity [J]. Nat Immunol, 2004, 5: 981.
[102] Boackle S A, Morris M A, Holers V M, et al. Complement opsonization is required for presentation of immune complexes by resting peripheral blood B cells[J]. Immunol, 1998, 161: 6537.
[103] Jacquier- Sarlin M R, Gabert F M, Villiers M B, et al. Modulation of antigen processing and presentation by covalently linked complement C3b fragment[J].Immunology, 1995, 84: 164.
[104] Dempsey P W, Allison M E, Akkaraju S, et al.C3d of complement as a molecular adjuvant: bridging innate and acquired immunity [J].Science, 1996, 271: 348.
[105]李素萍,付玉明,常彦忠,吴跃峰.Hepcidin在哺乳类及鱼类中的表达和作用[J].四川动物,2007,26 (1):221-226.
[106] Wijburg O L, Uren T K, Simpfendorfer K, et al. Innate secretory antibodies protect against natural Salmonella typhimurium infection[J]. J Exp Med, 2006, 203(1):21-26.
[107]Alfsen A, Iniguez P, Bouguyon E, et al. Secretory IgAspecific for a conserved epitope on gp41 envelope glycoprotein inhibits epithelial transcytosis of HIV-1[J]. J Immunol, 2001, 166(10): 6257-6265.
[108] Huang Y T, Wright A, Gao X, et al. Intraepithelial cell neutralization of HIV-1 replication by IgA [J]. J Immunol, 2005, 174(8):4828-4835.
[109] Kaetzel C S, Robinson J K, Chintalacharuvu K R, et al. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (secretory component) mediates transport of immune complexes across epithelial cells: a local defense function for IgA [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88(19): 8796-8800.