CATV宽带接入网络上行信道接入技术研究
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摘要
信息社会的来临，正在改变我们生活中的许多方面，对信息的需求和依赖是这个社会的一个标志。因特网的迅猛发展和新业务的不断出现导致对带宽的需求越来越大，现有的以POTS技术为主的接入网络越来越不能适应这种形势，迫切需要一种新的性价比更高的技术来满足人们对信息的需求，CATV宽带接入网络技术为解决这种矛盾提供了一个很好的方案。CATV宽带接入网络技术对CATV网络带宽的充分利用可以导致传输数据的价格大幅度的降低，这使它已经成为接入网络中最具吸引力的技术之一，而且可以预言在不远的将来，它的应用范围还会更加广泛。
CATV宽带接入网络中，上行信道的接入技术是一项关键技术，长期以来一直备受重视，是CATV宽带接入网络技术中的研究热点。上行信道接入技术的优劣直接关系到网络的性能，并且还关系到简化网络的控制等，但是由于目前技术的限制，实现性能较优的技术还很困难，而且大部分技术仍然处于实验室研究阶段，即使商用化，价格也较昂贵。鉴于技术和价格的限制，上行信道的接入技术的研究非常关键。本文研究主要集中在3个方面：
(1) 上行信道冲突解决算法的研究，具体内容包括：后退窗口缩小的二进制指数 后退算法的研究；每次MAP中单个站点发送多个请求算法的研究；支持优先级的接入算法和冲突解决算法的研究。
(2) 上行信道带宽分配算法的研究，具体内容包括：非定时MAP的竞争时隙分配算法和定时MAP的竞争时隙的分配算法研究，其中定时MAP的竞争时隙分配算法有动态和静态两种。
(3) 上行信道调度算法的研究，具体内容包括：先到先服务（FCFS）算法的研究；支持优先级的FCFS算法的研究；后到先服务（LCFS）算法研究和较小分组优先算法的研究。
本文第一章中主要介绍了CATV网络接入技术产生的背景、现状和发展。对CATV网络中的各种关键技术，包括物理层的关键技术，比如调制和编码技术，频谱的分配方案的；MAC层的关键技术，比如上行信道的接入技术等，都做了
详细的介绍，还讨论了CATV网络的发展以及上行信道的接入技术在其他网络中的应用前景。
第二章主要研究了上行信道冲突解决算法，设计了三种冲突解决算法，通过仿真来比较这三种算法与原有算法的性能差异，实验结果表明，这三种算法在合适的网络环境中的性能均比原有的算法好，而且这三种算法的复杂度也不高。
第三章研究了上行信道带宽的分配算法，对非定时MAP和定时MAP的竞争时隙分配算法进行了理论分析，通过分析和实验中的仿真，对二者在网络中的性能做了详尽的研究，研究发现定时MAP时，动态分配算法表现了比静态分配算法更好的性能。
第四章研究了上行信道的调度算法。包括FCFS；支持优先级的FCFS；LCFS和较小分组优先等算法，对以上算法都进行了仿真实验，研究了各种算法对网络性能的影响。
第五章研究了CATV网络上QoS业务的开展。设计了一个混合实时轮询业务和最大努力业务的网络模型，进行了仿真实验，研究了CATV网络上开展QoS业务的情况。
第六章介绍了本文中的算法的仿真实现和基本的仿真环境。
最后是全文总结。
The information society is now changing many aspects of our life. In this society, the demand and dependence of the information is the main symbol. With the coming of "INTERNET era", a lot of new information service will be in use, the need for the bandwidth will become more and more, this cause the mismatch between the need and the traditional POTS access network in which 56Kbps Modem and ISDN technologies are dominant. It is urgent for the service provider to find another technology that has more performance-to-price to overcome this mismatch. The CATV broadband access technology is now coming on the "stage" to satisfy the urgent need. Because this technology can fully utilize the enormous bandwidth of the CATV network to transfer the data, the price for transfer data can be greatly decreased; this enables it to be one of the most attractable technology in broadband access network. It is predicted that in the near future, the CATV technology will be greatly used widely.
In CATV broadband access network, the technology of upstream channel access is a key technology, and it is always the focus of the research. The performance of upstream channel access technology affect the performance of network, and so on, it is difficult to implement the ideal access technology due to the limit of the technology. And more the technology is now in the laboratory, when it is on commercial use, the price will be very expensive. How to overcome the shortcoming of the technology? The technology of upstream channel access are under research. This paper is concentrated on the following three aspects:
(1) The researches about the collision resolution algorithm. The contents include: the researches about the performance analysis of collision resomution algorithm of specification; the performance analysis of CATV network with backward binary exponential backoff, which is a novel algorithm presented by author; the research about the performance of transmission of multiple request to achieve less collision; the reserch about collison resolution algorithm with priority.
(2) The researches about the bandwidth allocation algorithm. The contents include: the difference between allocation of contention slots with constant MAP interval and non-constant MAP interval. And when MAP interval is constant, there include dynamic allocation and static allocation.
The research about the scheduling algorithm. The contents include: the FCFS algorithm; the FCFS with priority algorithm; the LCFS algorithm and the shortest packet is first served
(3) algorithm.
The background, status and development of CATV broadband access technology are described in chapter 1. The details of many key technologies in CATV network, including the technology of physics layer, such as modulation and coding technology, allocation of frequency, and the key technology of media access control layer, such as upstream channel access technology, are also described in this chapter. At the end of the chapter, the development of future CATV network and the employment of the upstream access technology in the other network are also described.
The collision resolution algorithm in upstream channel is studied in chapter 2. Three CRAs (Collision Resolution Algorithms) for upstream channel access are proposed, by simulation in different condition of networks, the performance of three algorithms are compared with that in specification, the results show that the performance of these three algorithms is all better than specification. And their complexities are not high.
In chapter 3, the performance of CATV network that includes allocation algorithm of contention slots with constant MAP interval and non-constant interval. Allocation algorithm with constant MAP interval is deeply studied. Through the analytical model and simulation, the performances of the above two algorithms are compared, the results show that performance of dynamic allocation algorithm is better than that of static algorithm. And other kinds of dynamic algorithm are also proposed and studied.
In chapter
CATV宽带接入网络中，上行信道的接入技术是一项关键技术，长期以来一直备受重视，是CATV宽带接入网络技术中的研究热点。上行信道接入技术的优劣直接关系到网络的性能，并且还关系到简化网络的控制等，但是由于目前技术的限制，实现性能较优的技术还很困难，而且大部分技术仍然处于实验室研究阶段，即使商用化，价格也较昂贵。鉴于技术和价格的限制，上行信道的接入技术的研究非常关键。本文研究主要集中在3个方面：
(1) 上行信道冲突解决算法的研究，具体内容包括：后退窗口缩小的二进制指数 后退算法的研究；每次MAP中单个站点发送多个请求算法的研究；支持优先级的接入算法和冲突解决算法的研究。
(2) 上行信道带宽分配算法的研究，具体内容包括：非定时MAP的竞争时隙分配算法和定时MAP的竞争时隙的分配算法研究，其中定时MAP的竞争时隙分配算法有动态和静态两种。
(3) 上行信道调度算法的研究，具体内容包括：先到先服务（FCFS）算法的研究；支持优先级的FCFS算法的研究；后到先服务（LCFS）算法研究和较小分组优先算法的研究。
本文第一章中主要介绍了CATV网络接入技术产生的背景、现状和发展。对CATV网络中的各种关键技术，包括物理层的关键技术，比如调制和编码技术，频谱的分配方案的；MAC层的关键技术，比如上行信道的接入技术等，都做了
详细的介绍，还讨论了CATV网络的发展以及上行信道的接入技术在其他网络中的应用前景。
第二章主要研究了上行信道冲突解决算法，设计了三种冲突解决算法，通过仿真来比较这三种算法与原有算法的性能差异，实验结果表明，这三种算法在合适的网络环境中的性能均比原有的算法好，而且这三种算法的复杂度也不高。
第三章研究了上行信道带宽的分配算法，对非定时MAP和定时MAP的竞争时隙分配算法进行了理论分析，通过分析和实验中的仿真，对二者在网络中的性能做了详尽的研究，研究发现定时MAP时，动态分配算法表现了比静态分配算法更好的性能。
第四章研究了上行信道的调度算法。包括FCFS；支持优先级的FCFS；LCFS和较小分组优先等算法，对以上算法都进行了仿真实验，研究了各种算法对网络性能的影响。
第五章研究了CATV网络上QoS业务的开展。设计了一个混合实时轮询业务和最大努力业务的网络模型，进行了仿真实验，研究了CATV网络上开展QoS业务的情况。
第六章介绍了本文中的算法的仿真实现和基本的仿真环境。
最后是全文总结。
The information society is now changing many aspects of our life. In this society, the demand and dependence of the information is the main symbol. With the coming of "INTERNET era", a lot of new information service will be in use, the need for the bandwidth will become more and more, this cause the mismatch between the need and the traditional POTS access network in which 56Kbps Modem and ISDN technologies are dominant. It is urgent for the service provider to find another technology that has more performance-to-price to overcome this mismatch. The CATV broadband access technology is now coming on the "stage" to satisfy the urgent need. Because this technology can fully utilize the enormous bandwidth of the CATV network to transfer the data, the price for transfer data can be greatly decreased; this enables it to be one of the most attractable technology in broadband access network. It is predicted that in the near future, the CATV technology will be greatly used widely.
In CATV broadband access network, the technology of upstream channel access is a key technology, and it is always the focus of the research. The performance of upstream channel access technology affect the performance of network, and so on, it is difficult to implement the ideal access technology due to the limit of the technology. And more the technology is now in the laboratory, when it is on commercial use, the price will be very expensive. How to overcome the shortcoming of the technology? The technology of upstream channel access are under research. This paper is concentrated on the following three aspects:
(1) The researches about the collision resolution algorithm. The contents include: the researches about the performance analysis of collision resomution algorithm of specification; the performance analysis of CATV network with backward binary exponential backoff, which is a novel algorithm presented by author; the research about the performance of transmission of multiple request to achieve less collision; the reserch about collison resolution algorithm with priority.
(2) The researches about the bandwidth allocation algorithm. The contents include: the difference between allocation of contention slots with constant MAP interval and non-constant MAP interval. And when MAP interval is constant, there include dynamic allocation and static allocation.
The research about the scheduling algorithm. The contents include: the FCFS algorithm; the FCFS with priority algorithm; the LCFS algorithm and the shortest packet is first served
(3) algorithm.
The background, status and development of CATV broadband access technology are described in chapter 1. The details of many key technologies in CATV network, including the technology of physics layer, such as modulation and coding technology, allocation of frequency, and the key technology of media access control layer, such as upstream channel access technology, are also described in this chapter. At the end of the chapter, the development of future CATV network and the employment of the upstream access technology in the other network are also described.
The collision resolution algorithm in upstream channel is studied in chapter 2. Three CRAs (Collision Resolution Algorithms) for upstream channel access are proposed, by simulation in different condition of networks, the performance of three algorithms are compared with that in specification, the results show that the performance of these three algorithms is all better than specification. And their complexities are not high.
In chapter 3, the performance of CATV network that includes allocation algorithm of contention slots with constant MAP interval and non-constant interval. Allocation algorithm with constant MAP interval is deeply studied. Through the analytical model and simulation, the performances of the above two algorithms are compared, the results show that performance of dynamic allocation algorithm is better than that of static algorithm. And other kinds of dynamic algorithm are also proposed and studied.
In chapter
引文
[1] Ramanathan, S., Toward management systems for emerging hybrid fiber-coax access networks , IEEE Network , Vol 9 Issue: 5 , Sep/Oct 1995 , 58 -68
[2] James Allen, Strategic issues for broadband in the last mile, Mar 2002, http://www.nettonics.com
[3] http://www.adsl.com
[4] http://www.vdslsystem.com
[5] Shumate, P.W., Comparing the latest high-speed access technologies: FTTx, HFC, xDSL, and wireless, LEOSAM IEEE, Dec 1998, 120-121
[6] CableLabs, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification-Radio Frequency Interface Specification 2.0(SP-RFIv2.0-I03-021218), Dec, 2002
[7] http://home.knology.net/ieee80214/
[8] http://www.cablelabs.com
[9] http://www.davic.org
[10] http://www.dvb.org
[11] IEEE, IEEE Project 802.14/a Draft 3 Revision 1, Apr, 1998
[12] CableLabs, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification-Radio Frequency Interface Specification 1.0(SP-RFIv1.0-I03-011106), Nov, 2001
[13] DAVIC, DAVIC 1.5 Specification DAVIC Cable Modem (Technical Specificaiton) Revision 3.1, Nov, 1998
[14] Ying-Dar, Lin, An Investigation Into HFC MAC Protocols: Mechanisms, Implemention, And Research Issues, IEEE communication Surveys, Aug, 2000, http://www.comsoc.org/survey
[15] Golmie, N., A comparision of MAC protocols for hybrid fiber/coax networks: IEEE 802.14 vs. MCNS, ICCC 1999, Vol 1, 1999, 266-272
[16] Kerpez, K.J., The channel capacity of hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) networks, Information Theory, Sep 1995, 481-492
[17] 吴承治 著，光接入网工程，人民邮电出版社，1999
[18] Albert Azzam 著，高速电缆调制解调器，电子工业出版社，1999
[19] IEEE, IEEE standard of Lan and Man part 16, Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Dec 2001
[20] http://www.opnet.com
[21] Geri, N., Shanlvi, O., Advanced modulation schemes for cable TV upstream channel, ICCE, 2000, 80-81
[22] Fellows, D., Jones, D., DOCSIS cable modem technology, IEEE Comm. Mag. Mar. 2001, 202-209.
[23] Polychronis Tzerefos, On the Performance and Scalability of digital upstream DOCSIS 1.0 conformant CATV channels, http://www.nettonics.com
[24] Jozef hooman, Formal Verification of the Binary Exponential Backoff Protocol, http://www.tue.nl/~hooman
[25] Yvo L.C. de Jong, A CDMA Based Bidirectional Communication System for Hybrid Fiber-Coax CATV Networks, IEEE trans on Broadcasting, June, 1997, 127-135
[26] Ying-Dar, Lin, Allocation and Scheduling Algorithms for IEEE 802.14 and MCNS in Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Networks, IEEE trans on Broadcasting. Dec 1998, 427-435
[27] Sdralia, V., Performance Characterisation of the MCNS DOCSIS 1.0 CATV Protocol with Prioritised First Come First Served Scheduling, IEEE trans on Broadcasting. Jun 1999, 196-205
[28] Kuo, Wen-Kuang, Dynamical Quality of Service (QoS) Support for DOCSIS HFC Network, Proceeding of SPIE Vol 4527, 2001, 113-124
[29] 唐应辉，唐小我著，排队论－基础与应用，电子科技大学出版社，2000
[30] CableLabs, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification-Radio Frequency Interface Specification 1.1(SP-RFIv1.1-I09-020830), Aug, 2002
[31] Jung-Tsan Lin, Bandwidth Admission Control Mechanism for Supporting QoS Over DOCSIS 1.1 HFC Networks, ICON2002, 9-13
[32] A.S.Tanebaunm, 计算机网络，清华大学出版社，1998
[33] Elfeitori, A.A., Supporting isochronous ATM traffic over IEEE 802.14 based HFC access networks, ICECE 98, May 1998, 625-627
[34] Piehler, D., HFC architecture for broadband two-way access, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2000 , Vol 4, 12-24
[35] Liu Zhenglin, An Analytical Model for the Performance of the DOCSIS CATV Network, The Computer Journal, March, 2002, http://www.bcs.org.uk
[36] Hue-Jiun Ju, Fast request transmission in DOCSIS-based CATV networks, ICME, Vol 1, 2002, 311-380
[37] Bisdikian, C, A priority scheme for the IEEE 802.14 MAC protocol for hybrid fiber-coax networks, IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, Apr 2000, 200-211
[38] Mamdouh Droubi, Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for the HFC DOCSIS MAC Protocol, ICCCN 2000, 54-60
[39] Wei-Ming Yin, Statistically Optimized Minislots Allocation for Initial and Collision Resolution in Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Networks,IEEE JSAC, Sep 2000, 1764-1773
[40] Firass Abi-Nassif, Offered Load Estimation in a Multimedia Cable Network System, http://www.cablemodem.org
[41] Sung-Hywn Cho, Performance Evaluation of the DOCSIS 1.1 MAC Protocol According to the Structure of a MAP Message, ICC 2001, Vol 6, 2001, 1786-1791
[42] Chan, H., A dynamic reservation protocol for integrating CBR/VBR/ABR traffic over IEEE802.14 HFC networks, GLOBECOM 98, Vol 5, 1998,3122-3127
[43] Huei-Jiun, Ju, Adaptive scheduling in DOCSIS-baced CATV network, ICCCN, 2002, 543-547
[44] Nir Naaman, Packet Scheduling with Fragmention, IEEE CCS, Vol 2002, 427-436
[45] Wei-Ming Yin,Two-Phase Minislot Scheduling Algorithm for HFC QoS Services Provisioning, GLOBECOM 01, 2001, 410-414
[46] Ivanovich, Evaluation of Priority and scheduling schemes for and IEEE 802.14 MAC protocol loaded by real traffic, INFOCOM 98, Mar 1998, 1384-1391
[47] Sala, D., Scheduling disciplines for HFC systems: What can we learn from ATM scheduling?, Community Networking, May 1996, 13-18
[48] Dennis Bushmitch, Supporting MPEG Video Transport on DOCSIS-Compliant Cable Networks, IEEE JSAC, Sep, 2000, 1581-1596
[49] P. Tzerefos, Delivery of Low Bit Rate Isochoronous Streams over the DOCSIS1.0 Cable Television Protocol, IEEE trans on Broadcasting, June, 1999, 206-214
[50] Jung-Tsan Lin, Bandwidth admission control mechanism for supporting QoS over DOCSIS1.1 HFC networks, ICON 10th, 2002, 9-13
[51] Shi-Chou Hsu, The strategies of traffic control for multimedia data transmission with QoS guarantees over CATV network, IEEE trans on Consumer Electronics, Feb 1999, 107-117
[52] Ran-Fun Chiu, Multimedia transmission link protocol-a proposal for digital information transmission in HFC cable systems, Compcon '96.',Feb 1996, 239-240
[53] Luo Qinqi, A MAC protocol for telephony on HFC network, ICCT '98, 5-8
[54] 顾启泰 著，应用仿真技术，国防工业出版社，1995.
[55] 熊光楞，肖田元，张燕云 编著，连续系统仿真与离散事件系统仿真，清华大学出版社，1991.
[2] James Allen, Strategic issues for broadband in the last mile, Mar 2002, http://www.nettonics.com
[3] http://www.adsl.com
[4] http://www.vdslsystem.com
[5] Shumate, P.W., Comparing the latest high-speed access technologies: FTTx, HFC, xDSL, and wireless, LEOSAM IEEE, Dec 1998, 120-121
[6] CableLabs, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification-Radio Frequency Interface Specification 2.0(SP-RFIv2.0-I03-021218), Dec, 2002
[7] http://home.knology.net/ieee80214/
[8] http://www.cablelabs.com
[9] http://www.davic.org
[10] http://www.dvb.org
[11] IEEE, IEEE Project 802.14/a Draft 3 Revision 1, Apr, 1998
[12] CableLabs, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification-Radio Frequency Interface Specification 1.0(SP-RFIv1.0-I03-011106), Nov, 2001
[13] DAVIC, DAVIC 1.5 Specification DAVIC Cable Modem (Technical Specificaiton) Revision 3.1, Nov, 1998
[14] Ying-Dar, Lin, An Investigation Into HFC MAC Protocols: Mechanisms, Implemention, And Research Issues, IEEE communication Surveys, Aug, 2000, http://www.comsoc.org/survey
[15] Golmie, N., A comparision of MAC protocols for hybrid fiber/coax networks: IEEE 802.14 vs. MCNS, ICCC 1999, Vol 1, 1999, 266-272
[16] Kerpez, K.J., The channel capacity of hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) networks, Information Theory, Sep 1995, 481-492
[17] 吴承治 著，光接入网工程，人民邮电出版社，1999
[18] Albert Azzam 著，高速电缆调制解调器，电子工业出版社，1999
[19] IEEE, IEEE standard of Lan and Man part 16, Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Dec 2001
[20] http://www.opnet.com
[21] Geri, N., Shanlvi, O., Advanced modulation schemes for cable TV upstream channel, ICCE, 2000, 80-81
[22] Fellows, D., Jones, D., DOCSIS cable modem technology, IEEE Comm. Mag. Mar. 2001, 202-209.
[23] Polychronis Tzerefos, On the Performance and Scalability of digital upstream DOCSIS 1.0 conformant CATV channels, http://www.nettonics.com
[24] Jozef hooman, Formal Verification of the Binary Exponential Backoff Protocol, http://www.tue.nl/~hooman
[25] Yvo L.C. de Jong, A CDMA Based Bidirectional Communication System for Hybrid Fiber-Coax CATV Networks, IEEE trans on Broadcasting, June, 1997, 127-135
[26] Ying-Dar, Lin, Allocation and Scheduling Algorithms for IEEE 802.14 and MCNS in Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Networks, IEEE trans on Broadcasting. Dec 1998, 427-435
[27] Sdralia, V., Performance Characterisation of the MCNS DOCSIS 1.0 CATV Protocol with Prioritised First Come First Served Scheduling, IEEE trans on Broadcasting. Jun 1999, 196-205
[28] Kuo, Wen-Kuang, Dynamical Quality of Service (QoS) Support for DOCSIS HFC Network, Proceeding of SPIE Vol 4527, 2001, 113-124
[29] 唐应辉，唐小我著，排队论－基础与应用，电子科技大学出版社，2000
[30] CableLabs, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification-Radio Frequency Interface Specification 1.1(SP-RFIv1.1-I09-020830), Aug, 2002
[31] Jung-Tsan Lin, Bandwidth Admission Control Mechanism for Supporting QoS Over DOCSIS 1.1 HFC Networks, ICON2002, 9-13
[32] A.S.Tanebaunm, 计算机网络，清华大学出版社，1998
[33] Elfeitori, A.A., Supporting isochronous ATM traffic over IEEE 802.14 based HFC access networks, ICECE 98, May 1998, 625-627
[34] Piehler, D., HFC architecture for broadband two-way access, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2000 , Vol 4, 12-24
[35] Liu Zhenglin, An Analytical Model for the Performance of the DOCSIS CATV Network, The Computer Journal, March, 2002, http://www.bcs.org.uk
[36] Hue-Jiun Ju, Fast request transmission in DOCSIS-based CATV networks, ICME, Vol 1, 2002, 311-380
[37] Bisdikian, C, A priority scheme for the IEEE 802.14 MAC protocol for hybrid fiber-coax networks, IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, Apr 2000, 200-211
[38] Mamdouh Droubi, Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for the HFC DOCSIS MAC Protocol, ICCCN 2000, 54-60
[39] Wei-Ming Yin, Statistically Optimized Minislots Allocation for Initial and Collision Resolution in Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Networks,IEEE JSAC, Sep 2000, 1764-1773
[40] Firass Abi-Nassif, Offered Load Estimation in a Multimedia Cable Network System, http://www.cablemodem.org
[41] Sung-Hywn Cho, Performance Evaluation of the DOCSIS 1.1 MAC Protocol According to the Structure of a MAP Message, ICC 2001, Vol 6, 2001, 1786-1791
[42] Chan, H., A dynamic reservation protocol for integrating CBR/VBR/ABR traffic over IEEE802.14 HFC networks, GLOBECOM 98, Vol 5, 1998,3122-3127
[43] Huei-Jiun, Ju, Adaptive scheduling in DOCSIS-baced CATV network, ICCCN, 2002, 543-547
[44] Nir Naaman, Packet Scheduling with Fragmention, IEEE CCS, Vol 2002, 427-436
[45] Wei-Ming Yin,Two-Phase Minislot Scheduling Algorithm for HFC QoS Services Provisioning, GLOBECOM 01, 2001, 410-414
[46] Ivanovich, Evaluation of Priority and scheduling schemes for and IEEE 802.14 MAC protocol loaded by real traffic, INFOCOM 98, Mar 1998, 1384-1391
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