Mn、RE对AZ61镁合金挤压变形抗力及组织均匀性影响的研究
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摘要
AZ61镁合金是一种综合性能较好,工艺成熟并具有良好应用前景的镁合金,但仍存在挤压效率低,变形抗力大和变形不均匀的问题,不能满足大型中空薄壁形状复杂型材的挤压要求。本文在前人研究成果的基础上,针对AZ61镁合金存在的问题,通过Gleeble热压缩实验和DEFORM-3D模拟仿真软件,运用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等分析手段,对锰和稀土对AZ61镁合金变形行为的影响及其机理进行了研究。
运用Gleeble热压缩实验机,分别研究了AZ61合金,AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE, AZ61+0.54wt%Mn+0.91wt%RE和AZ61+1.0wt%RE合金的热压缩变形行为。所采用的变形温度为260、300、380和430。C,应变速率为0.01、0.1和1s-1,热压缩变形量为60%。结果表明：各成分合金的真应力-真应变曲线变化规律相似,自变形开始流变应力随着应变的增大而迅速增加,直至达到峰值应力。随着变形的进行,流变应力逐渐降低至稳态值,各成分合金的峰值应力均随变形温度的升高而降低。在相同变形条件下,加入锰和稀土的合金峰值流变应力均比AZ61合金的峰值流变应力有所降低。其中,Z61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE合金的峰值应力最低。
通过计算四种成分合金的高温流变应力本构方程各参数可知,AZ61合金的热变形激活能Q最高为180.2KJ/mol,成分4合金的热变形激活能Q最低为171.4KJ/mol,可见加入锰和稀土之后能够降低合金的热变形激活能。说明加入锰和稀土之后能够使合金的塑性变形能力得到提高。
各成分合金在260℃热压缩变形后组织中以孪晶为主,加入锰和稀土后的合金的孪晶尺寸比AZ61有所增加。当变形温度在300℃及其以上时,各合金中均有动态再结晶晶粒的产生。加入锰和稀土后,合金再结晶晶粒的均匀性得到明显改善。且随变形温度的增加动态再结晶程度也有所增加。结果还表明,加入锰和稀土的合金,其动态再结晶的程度要比AZ61合金的大,说明锰和稀土的加入促进了AZ61合金动态再结晶的发生。对成分4合金(AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE)和AZ61合金在380℃,1s-1时分别进行了五种真应变(ε=0.08,0.12,0.16,0.2和0.3)的热压缩变形,显微组织表明：当真应变为0.08时,AZ61合金中尚未出现再结晶晶粒,以孪晶为主,而成分4中出现了部分程度的动态再结晶,说明加入锰和稀土能够使合金的动态再结晶提前,这与真应力-真应变曲线中峰值应变的提前是相吻合的,说明锰和稀土的加入能够降低合金的变形抗力。
通过透射电镜观察可知,加入锰和稀土之后,产生的Al10RE2Mn7相周围有动态再结晶晶粒的生成。其原因是Al10RE2Mn7相作为一种高温稳定相,在热变形过程中能阻碍位错运动,使位错在其周围形成位错缠结,当位错储存能增加到一定程度时,就发生了动态再结晶。动态再结晶的发生使加工硬化得到完全回复,流变应力随之降低,这正是流变应力曲线中加入锰和稀土之后合金峰值应力降低的原因,变形抗力的降低对挤压大型薄壁复杂型材具有重要意义。
利用所求得的流变应力本构方程,将其代入到DEFORM-3D数值模拟软件,对四种成分合金的挤压过程进行模拟。结果表明：加入锰和稀土之后合金,其变形均匀性比AZ61合金的好。其中,成分4合金的变形均匀性最好。成分4合金热压缩变形时的再结晶分布较为均匀,组织均匀性的提高有助于变形均匀性的改善。
AZ61magnesuim alloy has brilliant application prospect because of its excellent mechanical performance and mature technology, but there are some problems during the application of it, such as low rate of extrusion processing, high deformation resistance and uneven deformation during the process of deformation, which can't satisfy the extrusion requirement of the large-scale and thin-walled profile. Based on the previous studies and the still existing problems, this paper used Gleeble-1500D hot compression machine and DEFORM-3D simulation software and the OM, SEM and TEM is also used to study the effects of Mn and RE on the deformation behavior of AZ61alloy, and its mechanism is researched.
The hot compression tests of AZ61alloy, AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE, AZ61+0.54wt%Mn+0.91wt%RE and AZ61+1.0wt%RE are performed on Gleeble machine. The deformation temperature is260,300,380and430℃with the strain rate is0.01,0.1and1s-1, respectively. The maximum deformation is to60%. The results showed that true stress-strain curves of four kinds of alloys have the same change. The flow stress increased quickly until to the peak stress with the increase of the strain since the deformation beginning. Then it decreases to a steady value with deformation continuing. And also, the peak stress of alloys decreases with increasing the deformation temperature. Compared with the true stress-strain curves of four kinds of alloys, it can be seen that the peak stress of AZ61is lower than that of alloys with addition of Mn and RE under the same deformation conditions, of which the alloy AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE has the lowest peak stress among these alloys.
Through the calculation of constitutive equations of four kinds of alloys, we can know that the AZ61alloy has the highest hot deformation activation energy, which is180.2KJ/mol, while the composition4(AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE) has the lowest one, which is171.4KJ/mol. This shows that the hot deformation activation energy can be decreased with the addition of Mn and RE. It indicates that the addition of Mn and RE make the plastic deformation ability improved.
The microstructure of four kinds of alloys is mainly about twin when the deformation temperature is260℃, and the twin size increases with addition of Mn and RE. But when the temperature increased to300℃or above, the dynamic recrystallization grain produced in the microstructure of alloys during the compression progress. The degree of dynamic recrystallization of alloys increased with the deformation temperature increasing. The experimental results also show that the degree of dynamic recrystallization of alloys with addition of Mn and RE is greater than that of AZ61alloy, which illustrated that the addition of Mn and RE could accelerate the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization AZ61alloy and composition4are undertook different deformation level (ε=0.08,0.12,0.16,0.2and0.3). The results reveals that recrystallization grain have not seen in AZ61alloy when the true strain was0.08, while there are some small recrystallization grains produced partly in composition4. The phenomenon revealed that the addition of Mn and RE accelerated the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization, which is in agreement with the results of true stress-true strain curve. It indicated that the addition of Mn and RE can lower the deformation resistance.
We know that there were some dynamic recrystallization grains around Al10RE2Mn7phase in the alloy with addition of Mn and RE by means of transmission electron microscopy. The reason for the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon is that the phases of Al10RE2Mn7at elevated temperatures are stable and impede dislocation slip during the hot compression process. The impediment of the Al10RE2Mn7phases in dislocation slip, and the concentrated dislocations were beneficial for the nucleation of dynamic recrystallization. The occurrence of dynamic recrystallization make the work hardening got fully recovery. This also the reason that the peak stress in the true stress-strain curve became lower with addition of Mn and RE. The decrease of deformation resistance is significant to the extrusion of large thin-walled complicated profiles.
The extrusion processes of four kinds of alloys are simulated by finite element method analysis software DEFORM-3D.The constitutive equations which had been obtained are input to DEFORM-3D.Computer simulation results showed that the equivalent stress value and equivalent strain value of alloys with addition of Mn and RE are lower than that of AZ61alloy, and the uniformity of the equivalent stress and equivalent strain is better than that of AZ61as well. Composition4had the best uniformity of the equivalent stress and strain. The above mentioned data showed that the addition of Mn and RE to AZ61alloy could improve the deformation uniformity.
运用Gleeble热压缩实验机,分别研究了AZ61合金,AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE, AZ61+0.54wt%Mn+0.91wt%RE和AZ61+1.0wt%RE合金的热压缩变形行为。所采用的变形温度为260、300、380和430。C,应变速率为0.01、0.1和1s-1,热压缩变形量为60%。结果表明：各成分合金的真应力-真应变曲线变化规律相似,自变形开始流变应力随着应变的增大而迅速增加,直至达到峰值应力。随着变形的进行,流变应力逐渐降低至稳态值,各成分合金的峰值应力均随变形温度的升高而降低。在相同变形条件下,加入锰和稀土的合金峰值流变应力均比AZ61合金的峰值流变应力有所降低。其中,Z61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE合金的峰值应力最低。
通过计算四种成分合金的高温流变应力本构方程各参数可知,AZ61合金的热变形激活能Q最高为180.2KJ/mol,成分4合金的热变形激活能Q最低为171.4KJ/mol,可见加入锰和稀土之后能够降低合金的热变形激活能。说明加入锰和稀土之后能够使合金的塑性变形能力得到提高。
各成分合金在260℃热压缩变形后组织中以孪晶为主,加入锰和稀土后的合金的孪晶尺寸比AZ61有所增加。当变形温度在300℃及其以上时,各合金中均有动态再结晶晶粒的产生。加入锰和稀土后,合金再结晶晶粒的均匀性得到明显改善。且随变形温度的增加动态再结晶程度也有所增加。结果还表明,加入锰和稀土的合金,其动态再结晶的程度要比AZ61合金的大,说明锰和稀土的加入促进了AZ61合金动态再结晶的发生。对成分4合金(AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE)和AZ61合金在380℃,1s-1时分别进行了五种真应变(ε=0.08,0.12,0.16,0.2和0.3)的热压缩变形,显微组织表明：当真应变为0.08时,AZ61合金中尚未出现再结晶晶粒,以孪晶为主,而成分4中出现了部分程度的动态再结晶,说明加入锰和稀土能够使合金的动态再结晶提前,这与真应力-真应变曲线中峰值应变的提前是相吻合的,说明锰和稀土的加入能够降低合金的变形抗力。
通过透射电镜观察可知,加入锰和稀土之后,产生的Al10RE2Mn7相周围有动态再结晶晶粒的生成。其原因是Al10RE2Mn7相作为一种高温稳定相,在热变形过程中能阻碍位错运动,使位错在其周围形成位错缠结,当位错储存能增加到一定程度时,就发生了动态再结晶。动态再结晶的发生使加工硬化得到完全回复,流变应力随之降低,这正是流变应力曲线中加入锰和稀土之后合金峰值应力降低的原因,变形抗力的降低对挤压大型薄壁复杂型材具有重要意义。
利用所求得的流变应力本构方程,将其代入到DEFORM-3D数值模拟软件,对四种成分合金的挤压过程进行模拟。结果表明：加入锰和稀土之后合金,其变形均匀性比AZ61合金的好。其中,成分4合金的变形均匀性最好。成分4合金热压缩变形时的再结晶分布较为均匀,组织均匀性的提高有助于变形均匀性的改善。
AZ61magnesuim alloy has brilliant application prospect because of its excellent mechanical performance and mature technology, but there are some problems during the application of it, such as low rate of extrusion processing, high deformation resistance and uneven deformation during the process of deformation, which can't satisfy the extrusion requirement of the large-scale and thin-walled profile. Based on the previous studies and the still existing problems, this paper used Gleeble-1500D hot compression machine and DEFORM-3D simulation software and the OM, SEM and TEM is also used to study the effects of Mn and RE on the deformation behavior of AZ61alloy, and its mechanism is researched.
The hot compression tests of AZ61alloy, AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE, AZ61+0.54wt%Mn+0.91wt%RE and AZ61+1.0wt%RE are performed on Gleeble machine. The deformation temperature is260,300,380and430℃with the strain rate is0.01,0.1and1s-1, respectively. The maximum deformation is to60%. The results showed that true stress-strain curves of four kinds of alloys have the same change. The flow stress increased quickly until to the peak stress with the increase of the strain since the deformation beginning. Then it decreases to a steady value with deformation continuing. And also, the peak stress of alloys decreases with increasing the deformation temperature. Compared with the true stress-strain curves of four kinds of alloys, it can be seen that the peak stress of AZ61is lower than that of alloys with addition of Mn and RE under the same deformation conditions, of which the alloy AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE has the lowest peak stress among these alloys.
Through the calculation of constitutive equations of four kinds of alloys, we can know that the AZ61alloy has the highest hot deformation activation energy, which is180.2KJ/mol, while the composition4(AZ61+0.68wt%Mn+0.67wt%RE) has the lowest one, which is171.4KJ/mol. This shows that the hot deformation activation energy can be decreased with the addition of Mn and RE. It indicates that the addition of Mn and RE make the plastic deformation ability improved.
The microstructure of four kinds of alloys is mainly about twin when the deformation temperature is260℃, and the twin size increases with addition of Mn and RE. But when the temperature increased to300℃or above, the dynamic recrystallization grain produced in the microstructure of alloys during the compression progress. The degree of dynamic recrystallization of alloys increased with the deformation temperature increasing. The experimental results also show that the degree of dynamic recrystallization of alloys with addition of Mn and RE is greater than that of AZ61alloy, which illustrated that the addition of Mn and RE could accelerate the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization AZ61alloy and composition4are undertook different deformation level (ε=0.08,0.12,0.16,0.2and0.3). The results reveals that recrystallization grain have not seen in AZ61alloy when the true strain was0.08, while there are some small recrystallization grains produced partly in composition4. The phenomenon revealed that the addition of Mn and RE accelerated the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization, which is in agreement with the results of true stress-true strain curve. It indicated that the addition of Mn and RE can lower the deformation resistance.
We know that there were some dynamic recrystallization grains around Al10RE2Mn7phase in the alloy with addition of Mn and RE by means of transmission electron microscopy. The reason for the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon is that the phases of Al10RE2Mn7at elevated temperatures are stable and impede dislocation slip during the hot compression process. The impediment of the Al10RE2Mn7phases in dislocation slip, and the concentrated dislocations were beneficial for the nucleation of dynamic recrystallization. The occurrence of dynamic recrystallization make the work hardening got fully recovery. This also the reason that the peak stress in the true stress-strain curve became lower with addition of Mn and RE. The decrease of deformation resistance is significant to the extrusion of large thin-walled complicated profiles.
The extrusion processes of four kinds of alloys are simulated by finite element method analysis software DEFORM-3D.The constitutive equations which had been obtained are input to DEFORM-3D.Computer simulation results showed that the equivalent stress value and equivalent strain value of alloys with addition of Mn and RE are lower than that of AZ61alloy, and the uniformity of the equivalent stress and equivalent strain is better than that of AZ61as well. Composition4had the best uniformity of the equivalent stress and strain. The above mentioned data showed that the addition of Mn and RE to AZ61alloy could improve the deformation uniformity.
引文
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