R290与R404A内螺纹管中沸腾换热研究
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摘要
近年来，制冷与空调行业中所采用的HCFCs制冷剂的禁用与替代成为研究热点问题，人们努力寻找新的对环境无害或危害小的制冷工质，并对这些新的制冷工质的传热及流动性能进行深入的研究。R22的替代研究表明，对臭氧无害的替代工质的传热性能往往不及R22，采用强化传热技术可以弥补其传热性能的降低。
本课题正是在上述研究背景下提出的。本文对新型环保替代工质R290和R404A在光管、内螺纹强化管内的流动沸腾换热进行了理论分析和计算(编制了C语言程序)，主要内容包括以下几个方面：
1．研究了文献中的几个通用性较好的光管、内螺纹管沸腾换热系数计算关联式，并深入分析了各内螺纹管沸腾换热系数关联式的联系与区别。
2．对R290和R404A，分别根据搜集到的光管、内螺纹管内的沸腾换热系数实验数据，筛选出了相应较好的理论预测模型。Shah关联式对R290和R404A在光管内的沸腾换热系数预测精度最高；Koyama关联式经修正后可较好的预测R290在内螺纹管中的沸腾换热系数；Thome关联式对R404A在内螺纹管中的沸腾换热系数有良好的预测精度。
3．对近共沸混合工质R404A，通过对光管和内螺纹管沸腾换热系数关联式的分析计算得出结论：在计算R404A的光管和内螺纹管沸腾换热系数时可以被作为纯质来处理。
4．对R290和R404A，通过研究Koyama和Thome关联式，分析了内螺纹管齿高、螺旋角等齿型参数对工质沸腾换热性能的影响。此外，还对内螺纹管的强化传热机理进行了分析。
5．研究了通用性较好的Lockhart & Martinelli摩擦压降关联式，同时将R290和R404A的管内沸腾换热压降实验数据与关联式计算值进行了比较，结果显示：此关联式对R404A的光管和内螺纹管沸腾换热摩擦压降有良好的预测精度，而且对于R290的光管沸腾换热摩擦压降有良好预测精度。
西安建筑科技大学硕士论文
6.给出了内螺纹管的强化传热性能评价方法，并依据此评价方法研究了R290和R404A
在内螺纹管中的强化换热性能，得出结论:R404A在内螺纹管中有良好的沸腾换热强化性能;
对于R290，在较小的质量流速下，它在内螺纹管中沸腾换热强化性能较好，但随着质量流速
的增大，其沸腾换热强化性能逐渐减弱。
In recent years, due to the phase-out of HCFCs in refrigeration and air conditioning industry, refrigerants which do little harm to enviroment are being developed and their thermodynamic characteristics are being studied deeply. Because research on substitutions for R22 shows that the heat transfer abilities of its substitutions are less than that of R22, microfin tubes are applied to augment in-tube evaporation and condensation heat transfer.
The objective of this dissertation is to conduct on theorical analysis and calculation upon flow boiling heat transfer inside horizontal smooth and microfin tube of R290 and R404A, which are newly environmental replacements of R22. And the major parts of the dissertation are as follows:
1. Some different empirical formulations on predicting the in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients are examined.
2. Based on the experimental data collected, the formulations which can predict accurately in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients of R290 and R404A are seleted. Shah correlation can predict precisely heat transfer coefficients of R290 and R404A in horizontal smooth tube. Koyama correlation which is modified can predict precisely heat transfer coefficients of R290 inside horizontal microfin tube. Thome correlation has good precison in calculating heat transfer coefficients of R404A inside horizontal microfin tube.
3. The analyses on different empirical formulations of in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients indicate that R404A can be treated as pure refrigerant during calculating its the in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients.
4. The effects of geometrical parameters of microfin tubes on the in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients is analyzed. In addition, the principles on intensifying heat transfer in microfin tube is also analyzed.
5. Lockhart & Martinelli pressure drop correlation is studied, and at the same time, based on the
experimental data collected, the accuracy of this formulation is examined.
6. The evaluating method on intensifying heat transfer performance in microfin tube is provided, and by this method the performance of R290 and R404A is investigated.
本课题正是在上述研究背景下提出的。本文对新型环保替代工质R290和R404A在光管、内螺纹强化管内的流动沸腾换热进行了理论分析和计算(编制了C语言程序)，主要内容包括以下几个方面：
1．研究了文献中的几个通用性较好的光管、内螺纹管沸腾换热系数计算关联式，并深入分析了各内螺纹管沸腾换热系数关联式的联系与区别。
2．对R290和R404A，分别根据搜集到的光管、内螺纹管内的沸腾换热系数实验数据，筛选出了相应较好的理论预测模型。Shah关联式对R290和R404A在光管内的沸腾换热系数预测精度最高；Koyama关联式经修正后可较好的预测R290在内螺纹管中的沸腾换热系数；Thome关联式对R404A在内螺纹管中的沸腾换热系数有良好的预测精度。
3．对近共沸混合工质R404A，通过对光管和内螺纹管沸腾换热系数关联式的分析计算得出结论：在计算R404A的光管和内螺纹管沸腾换热系数时可以被作为纯质来处理。
4．对R290和R404A，通过研究Koyama和Thome关联式，分析了内螺纹管齿高、螺旋角等齿型参数对工质沸腾换热性能的影响。此外，还对内螺纹管的强化传热机理进行了分析。
5．研究了通用性较好的Lockhart & Martinelli摩擦压降关联式，同时将R290和R404A的管内沸腾换热压降实验数据与关联式计算值进行了比较，结果显示：此关联式对R404A的光管和内螺纹管沸腾换热摩擦压降有良好的预测精度，而且对于R290的光管沸腾换热摩擦压降有良好预测精度。
西安建筑科技大学硕士论文
6.给出了内螺纹管的强化传热性能评价方法，并依据此评价方法研究了R290和R404A
在内螺纹管中的强化换热性能，得出结论:R404A在内螺纹管中有良好的沸腾换热强化性能;
对于R290，在较小的质量流速下，它在内螺纹管中沸腾换热强化性能较好，但随着质量流速
的增大，其沸腾换热强化性能逐渐减弱。
In recent years, due to the phase-out of HCFCs in refrigeration and air conditioning industry, refrigerants which do little harm to enviroment are being developed and their thermodynamic characteristics are being studied deeply. Because research on substitutions for R22 shows that the heat transfer abilities of its substitutions are less than that of R22, microfin tubes are applied to augment in-tube evaporation and condensation heat transfer.
The objective of this dissertation is to conduct on theorical analysis and calculation upon flow boiling heat transfer inside horizontal smooth and microfin tube of R290 and R404A, which are newly environmental replacements of R22. And the major parts of the dissertation are as follows:
1. Some different empirical formulations on predicting the in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients are examined.
2. Based on the experimental data collected, the formulations which can predict accurately in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients of R290 and R404A are seleted. Shah correlation can predict precisely heat transfer coefficients of R290 and R404A in horizontal smooth tube. Koyama correlation which is modified can predict precisely heat transfer coefficients of R290 inside horizontal microfin tube. Thome correlation has good precison in calculating heat transfer coefficients of R404A inside horizontal microfin tube.
3. The analyses on different empirical formulations of in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients indicate that R404A can be treated as pure refrigerant during calculating its the in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients.
4. The effects of geometrical parameters of microfin tubes on the in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients is analyzed. In addition, the principles on intensifying heat transfer in microfin tube is also analyzed.
5. Lockhart & Martinelli pressure drop correlation is studied, and at the same time, based on the
experimental data collected, the accuracy of this formulation is examined.
6. The evaluating method on intensifying heat transfer performance in microfin tube is provided, and by this method the performance of R290 and R404A is investigated.
引文
[1] 沈希，贾高顺：CFCS和HCFCS的替代，浙江工业大学学报，Vol．25，No．2，122—126，1997
[2] 曹德胜，史琳：制冷剂使用手册，冶金工业出版社，248，2003
[3] 谭周芳：家用空凋的工质R22的替代研究，制冷，No．1，15～19，1996
[4] 蒋能照：上海市制冷空调业CFCs替代技末进展，制冷技术，No．2,19～21，1996
[5] 王如竹，丁国良等：最新制冷空调技术，科学出版社，2，2002
[6] Cavallini：REVIEW PAPER，Int．J．Refrig．Vol．19，No．8,485-496,1996
[7] 钱颂文，岑汉钊：换热器管束流体力学与传热，中国石化出版社，81
[8] 程立新：内螺纹管中流动沸腾强化传热研究，化学工程，Vol．27,No．4，14—16，1999
[9] 秦蔚，李美玲等：R-32/R-134a和HCFC-22在水平管内的强制对流沸腾换热特性，华东工业大学学报，Vol．19，No．1,39—46，1997
[10] Seo, K., and Y. Kim.:Evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop of R22 and R410A in smooth and microfin tubes, Proceedings of 20~(th) Int. Congr. of Refr., Sydney, IIF/ⅡR,194-201,1999
[11] Schlager, L. M., Pate, M. B., and Bergles, A. E.:Heat transfer and pressure drop during evaporation and condensation of R22 in horizontal micro-fin tubes, Int. J. Refrigeration. 12, 6-14, 1989
[12] 吴晓敏，王晓亮等：水平微肋管内流动蒸发换热特性的实验研究，化工学报， Vol．54，No．9，1215-1219，2003
[13] Sundaresan, S. G, M. B. Pate, T. M. Doerr, and D. T. Ray.: A comparison of the effects of POE and mineral oil lubricants on the in-tube evaporation of R22, R407C and R410A,Proc. of the 1996 Int. Refrig. Conf., Purdue, USA,187-192,1996
[14] Chang YS, kim MS, Ro ST: Performance and heat tranfer characteristics of hydrocarbon refrigerants in a heat pump system, International Journal of Refrigeration, 232-242, 23(2000)
[15] 李志浩：近两年来国内空调技术新进展，暖通空调新技术，No．6,22-44,1999
[16] Mathur, G. D.: Heat tranfer coefficients for propane(R290), isobutene(R600a), and 50/50 mixture of propane and isobutene, ASHRAE Transactions, Paper TO-98-19-4, 1159-1172, 1998
[17] Boissieux, X., Heikal, Johns RA.: Two-phase heat transfer coefficients of three HFC
refrigerants inside a horizontal smooth tube, part I: evaporation, International Journal of Refrigeration, 269-283, 23(2000)
[18] Ould Didi MB, Kattan N. Thome JR: Prediction of two-phase pressure gradience of refrigerants in horizontal tubes, International Journal of Refrigeration, the article in press.
[19] 许为全：热质交换过程与设备，清华大学出版社，123—127，1999
[20] R.L.Webb and N.S.Gupte: A critical review of correlation for convective vaporization in tubes and tube banks, Heat Transfer Eng., Vol.13,No.3, 58-81, 1992
[21] J.Darabi et al.: Review of available correlations for prediction of flow boiling heat transfer in smooth and augmented tubes, ASHRAE Trans., Vol.101, Partl, 965-975, 1995
[22] M.M.Shah: A new correlation for heat transfer during boiling flow through pipes, ASHRAE Trans., Vol.82, 66-86, 1976, Part 2
[23] M.M.Shah: Chart correlation for saturated boiling heat transfer: equations and further study, ASHRAE Trans., Vol.88, 185-196, 1982, Part 1
[24] K.E.Gungor and R.H.S.Winterton: A gengeral correlation for flow boiling in tubes and annuli, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.29, No.3,351-358, 1986
[25] 陈民：R134a及R32／R134a水平管内流动凝结与沸腾换热的研究，西安交通大学，59，1997
[26] Cavallini, A., L. Doretti, N. Klammsteiner, G. A. Longo, and L. Rossetto: Enhanced in-tube heat transfer with refrigerants", Proceedings of 20th Int. Congr. of Refr., Sydney, ⅡF/ⅡR, 731-745, 1999
[27] Koyama, S., J. Yu, S. Momoki, T. Fujii, and H. Honda: Forced convective flow boiling heat transfer of pure refrigerants inside a horizontal microfm tube, Proceedings of Convective Flow Boiling, Alberta, Taylor & Francis, 137-142, 1995
[28] Nan, X.H and C.A.Infante Ferreira: In-tube evaporation of natural refrigerant R290 (propane), proceeding of ECOS 2000 conference, 845-847, 2000
[29] M.B.Ould Didi, N. Kattan, J.R. Thome: Prediction of two-phase pressure gradients of refrigerants in horizontal tubes, Interational Journal of Refrigeration, 2001
[30] Nzazer, Vsivakumar: ARHRAE Trans, VoL90, partIA, 58, 1984
[31] C. R. Kubartkek, D. L. Miletti: J Heat Transfer, Vol.101, No.3, 447, 1979
[32] 王培勇，袁休干：轿车空调制冷系统的计算机模拟，北京航空航天大学学报，590—595，1997
[33] 张书贤：蒸发器试验台制冷系统数值模拟研究，南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文，14—17，2001
[34] Webb, R. L. and M. Zhang: Prediction of condensation and evaporation in micro-fin and
micro-channel tubes, Proc. of the ⅡR Meeting "Heat Transfer Issues in Natural Refrigerants, College Park, USA, 13-31, 1997
[35] Leterrible, P., and C. Marvillet: Condensation and evaporation of new refrigerants in advanced micro-finned tubes, Proceedings of Eurotherm Seminar no. 62 on "Heat Transfer in Condensation and Evaporation, Grenoble, France, 242-251, 1998
[36] C.S..Kuo,et al: Horizontal flow boiling of R22 and R407c in a 9.52mm microfin tube. Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol, 16, No.8, 719-731, 1996
[37] Keurnnam Cho, Kim. B.G: Heat transfer characteristics in the U-bend of a microfm tube evaporator using R407C, Trans of ASHRAE 104(2A), 1151-1158, 1998
[38] Bogart J.,et al: In-tube evaporation and condensation of R22 and R410A with plain and internally enhanced tubes, J. of Enhanced Heat Transfer, Vol. 6, No.1, 37-50, 1999
[39] Bogart J., et al: In-tube evaporation of R22 and three of its alternative in a 15.88 internally enhanced tube, J. of Enhanced Heat Transfer, Vol. 6,No.6, 317-326, 1999
[40] Goto, M., N. Inoue, and N. Ishiwatari: Condensation and evaporation heat transfer of R410A inside internally grooved horizontal tubes, Proceedings of 20th Int. Congr. of Refr., Sydney, ⅡF/ⅡR, 66-73, 1999
[41] Zrcher, O., J. R. Thome, and D. Fravat: In tube flow boiling of R407C and R407C / oil mixtures. Part I: microfm tube", HVAC & R Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, 347-372,1998
[42] Ebisu, T., H. Fujino, and K. Torikoshi: Heat transfer eharaeteristiocs and heat exchanger performances for R407C using herringbone heat transfer tube, Proc. of the 1998 Int. Refrig. Conf., Purdue, USA, 343-348, 1998
[43] Goto M. ,et al: Evaporation heat transfer of HCFC-22 and its alternative refi-igerants inside an internally grooved horizontal tube, Proc. 19th Int. Conger. of Refri., Vol. Va. 246-253,1995
[44] 张小艳：非共沸混合制冷剂R407C替代技术的研究进展，流体机械，Vol．31，No．9，50-54，2003
[45] K.Torikoshi and T.Ebisu: Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R134a,R32,and a mixture of R32/R134a inside a horizontal tube,ASHRAE Trans., Vol.99,Part 2, 90-96, 1993
[46] T.M.Doerr and M. B. Pate: In-tube evaporation heat transfer of refrigerant ixtures,Proc, of he 1994 Int.Refrig.Conf. at Purdue, Purdue Uniuersity, 477-483, 1994
[47] Ma Hugen, et al: Experimental study on flow boiling for non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture R32/R234a in horizontal microfin tubes, Heat Transfer Science and Technology 2000. Beijing,. Higher Education Press. 421-426. 2000
[48] Ito, M., and H. Kimura: Boiling heat transfer and pressure drop in internal spiral-grooved tubes, Bulletin of the JSME 22(171): 1251-1257, 1979
[49] Kimura, H., and M. Ito: Evaporating heat transfer in horizontal internal spiral-grooved tubes in the region of low flow rates, Bulletin of the JSME 24(195): 1602-1607,1981
[50] Se-Yoon Oh and Arthur E. Bergles: Experimental Study of the Effects of the Spiral Angle on Evaporative Heat Transfer Enhancement in Microfin Tubes, ASHRAE Transactions, 1137-1143, 1998
[51] C.A. Infante Ferreira, X. Nan et al.: R404A evaporating under forced flow conditions inside smooth, microfin and cross-hatched horizontal tubes, ⅡR-Commission B1 meeting Thermo-physieal Properties and Tranfer Processes of New Refrigerants" , Paderbom, Germany, October 3-5, 2001
[52] Chamra L.M., Webb R.L.: Condensation and evaporation in microfin tubes at equal saturation temperatures, J. of Enhanced Heat Transfer, Vol.2, No.3,219-229, 1995
[2] 曹德胜，史琳：制冷剂使用手册，冶金工业出版社，248，2003
[3] 谭周芳：家用空凋的工质R22的替代研究，制冷，No．1，15～19，1996
[4] 蒋能照：上海市制冷空调业CFCs替代技末进展，制冷技术，No．2,19～21，1996
[5] 王如竹，丁国良等：最新制冷空调技术，科学出版社，2，2002
[6] Cavallini：REVIEW PAPER，Int．J．Refrig．Vol．19，No．8,485-496,1996
[7] 钱颂文，岑汉钊：换热器管束流体力学与传热，中国石化出版社，81
[8] 程立新：内螺纹管中流动沸腾强化传热研究，化学工程，Vol．27,No．4，14—16，1999
[9] 秦蔚，李美玲等：R-32/R-134a和HCFC-22在水平管内的强制对流沸腾换热特性，华东工业大学学报，Vol．19，No．1,39—46，1997
[10] Seo, K., and Y. Kim.:Evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop of R22 and R410A in smooth and microfin tubes, Proceedings of 20~(th) Int. Congr. of Refr., Sydney, IIF/ⅡR,194-201,1999
[11] Schlager, L. M., Pate, M. B., and Bergles, A. E.:Heat transfer and pressure drop during evaporation and condensation of R22 in horizontal micro-fin tubes, Int. J. Refrigeration. 12, 6-14, 1989
[12] 吴晓敏，王晓亮等：水平微肋管内流动蒸发换热特性的实验研究，化工学报， Vol．54，No．9，1215-1219，2003
[13] Sundaresan, S. G, M. B. Pate, T. M. Doerr, and D. T. Ray.: A comparison of the effects of POE and mineral oil lubricants on the in-tube evaporation of R22, R407C and R410A,Proc. of the 1996 Int. Refrig. Conf., Purdue, USA,187-192,1996
[14] Chang YS, kim MS, Ro ST: Performance and heat tranfer characteristics of hydrocarbon refrigerants in a heat pump system, International Journal of Refrigeration, 232-242, 23(2000)
[15] 李志浩：近两年来国内空调技术新进展，暖通空调新技术，No．6,22-44,1999
[16] Mathur, G. D.: Heat tranfer coefficients for propane(R290), isobutene(R600a), and 50/50 mixture of propane and isobutene, ASHRAE Transactions, Paper TO-98-19-4, 1159-1172, 1998
[17] Boissieux, X., Heikal, Johns RA.: Two-phase heat transfer coefficients of three HFC
refrigerants inside a horizontal smooth tube, part I: evaporation, International Journal of Refrigeration, 269-283, 23(2000)
[18] Ould Didi MB, Kattan N. Thome JR: Prediction of two-phase pressure gradience of refrigerants in horizontal tubes, International Journal of Refrigeration, the article in press.
[19] 许为全：热质交换过程与设备，清华大学出版社，123—127，1999
[20] R.L.Webb and N.S.Gupte: A critical review of correlation for convective vaporization in tubes and tube banks, Heat Transfer Eng., Vol.13,No.3, 58-81, 1992
[21] J.Darabi et al.: Review of available correlations for prediction of flow boiling heat transfer in smooth and augmented tubes, ASHRAE Trans., Vol.101, Partl, 965-975, 1995
[22] M.M.Shah: A new correlation for heat transfer during boiling flow through pipes, ASHRAE Trans., Vol.82, 66-86, 1976, Part 2
[23] M.M.Shah: Chart correlation for saturated boiling heat transfer: equations and further study, ASHRAE Trans., Vol.88, 185-196, 1982, Part 1
[24] K.E.Gungor and R.H.S.Winterton: A gengeral correlation for flow boiling in tubes and annuli, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.29, No.3,351-358, 1986
[25] 陈民：R134a及R32／R134a水平管内流动凝结与沸腾换热的研究，西安交通大学，59，1997
[26] Cavallini, A., L. Doretti, N. Klammsteiner, G. A. Longo, and L. Rossetto: Enhanced in-tube heat transfer with refrigerants", Proceedings of 20th Int. Congr. of Refr., Sydney, ⅡF/ⅡR, 731-745, 1999
[27] Koyama, S., J. Yu, S. Momoki, T. Fujii, and H. Honda: Forced convective flow boiling heat transfer of pure refrigerants inside a horizontal microfm tube, Proceedings of Convective Flow Boiling, Alberta, Taylor & Francis, 137-142, 1995
[28] Nan, X.H and C.A.Infante Ferreira: In-tube evaporation of natural refrigerant R290 (propane), proceeding of ECOS 2000 conference, 845-847, 2000
[29] M.B.Ould Didi, N. Kattan, J.R. Thome: Prediction of two-phase pressure gradients of refrigerants in horizontal tubes, Interational Journal of Refrigeration, 2001
[30] Nzazer, Vsivakumar: ARHRAE Trans, VoL90, partIA, 58, 1984
[31] C. R. Kubartkek, D. L. Miletti: J Heat Transfer, Vol.101, No.3, 447, 1979
[32] 王培勇，袁休干：轿车空调制冷系统的计算机模拟，北京航空航天大学学报，590—595，1997
[33] 张书贤：蒸发器试验台制冷系统数值模拟研究，南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文，14—17，2001
[34] Webb, R. L. and M. Zhang: Prediction of condensation and evaporation in micro-fin and
micro-channel tubes, Proc. of the ⅡR Meeting "Heat Transfer Issues in Natural Refrigerants, College Park, USA, 13-31, 1997
[35] Leterrible, P., and C. Marvillet: Condensation and evaporation of new refrigerants in advanced micro-finned tubes, Proceedings of Eurotherm Seminar no. 62 on "Heat Transfer in Condensation and Evaporation, Grenoble, France, 242-251, 1998
[36] C.S..Kuo,et al: Horizontal flow boiling of R22 and R407c in a 9.52mm microfin tube. Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol, 16, No.8, 719-731, 1996
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