全球环境治理的结构与过程研究
|
摘要
自20世纪70年代以来，为了应对日趋恶化的全球环境问题，国际社会采取了一系列措施，形成了众多全球环境治理安排。然而，全球环境问题却依旧持续甚至加速恶化，也依然是人类社会可持续发展所面临的最严峻挑战。为什么现有全球环境治理安排未能有效治理全球环境问题？这是本文要研究的核心问题，也是全球环境治理研究的重要理论与现实课题。本研究以全球环境治理理论为出发点，着力分析现有全球环境治理安排在结构与过程方面存在的缺陷，从而阐释上述问题出现的原因。这对于全球环境治理的不断完善具有重要的理论和现实意义。
在研究设计方面，本文采取提出问题、提出理论假设、进行验证和案例分析的三段式研究模式，对全球环境治理的结构与过程进行理论和实证研究。
导论部分主要分析了国内外研究现状，界定了全球环境治理结构与过程的基本概念和本文的研究边界，阐述了本文的研究方法、基本思路和分析框架。
第一章研究了全球环境问题及其治理安排。本章首先分析了全球环境问题及其治理安排的构成与特点。进而分别论述了气候变化与大气污染、生态环境恶化、海洋环境、有害物质跨界转移四大类全球环境问题及其治理安排。这其中，本章分别论述了各领域国际环境条约的达成、发展及其面临的困难；并对政府间国际组织、国际非政府组织、跨国社会运动等治理安排进行了分析，阐释了其作用和存在的局限。
第二章阐述了全球环境治理结构与过程的基本理论。本章首先阐释了全球环境治理的概念与特点，分析了参与全球环境治理的六类主体及其地位与作用。进而，本章分别论述了现有全球环境治理理论对结构与过程的研究，并对其进行了分析。在此基础上，本章提出了影响全球环境治理安排有效性的三个因素：结构方面的各类治理主体间的权威分配、国家在参与全球环境治理时发生的变化；以及过程方面的诸治理主体间的互动。为后续章节对这三个因素分别进行具体研究奠定了理论基础。
第三章着重对全球环境治理的结构进行研究，分析现有全球环境治理安排在结构方面存在的缺陷。首先，本章分析了全球环境治理的理想结构模式，论述了合理的权威分配和完善的国家跨国转型对于全球环境治理安排效能的重要意义。其次，本章具体分析了各类治理主体之间的权威分配对治理安排效能的影响，这也是全球环境治理结构的第一个要素。一般来看，能够承担一定的全球或区域环境治理功能，分享环境治理权威的治理主体共有六类：国家、次国家政府、政府间国际组织、国际非政府组织、企业和科学机构。而全球环境治理的功能（Governance Function）则包括议程设置、建立框架、环境监测、履约核查（Verification）、规则制定、建立规范、强制执行、能力建设、资金供给九个方面。本文经过研究和论证，阐释了在特定的全球环境治理安排中，上述诸治理主体在各个功能领域中的权威分配缺陷，是导致全球环境治理安排效能不足的第一个因素。再次，本章具体分析了国家在参与全球环境治理时发生的变化对治理安排效能的影响，这也是全球环境治理结构的第二个要素。本章提出，国家在参与全球环境治理时的“跨国转型”（Transnational Transformations）构成了这里的重要变量。国家的跨国转型是指，从中央政府作为国家参与国际事务的唯一重要代表，转变为中央政府各部门、次国家政府、乃至立法、司法机关共同参与到全球或地区环境治理事务中来，并形成部门间、次国家政府间和立法、司法机关之间的跨国合作这一过程。本文的研究认为，次国家政府间、各国立法和司法部门间的跨国合作，对于全球环境治理安排的有效性具有重要意义。而现有全球环境治理安排中国家跨国转型的不完善，是导致全球环境治理安排效能不足的第二个因素。
本章的研究中，选取了《斯德哥尔摩公约》框架下持久性有机污染物的确认程序、《维也纳公约》及其《蒙特利尔议定书》框架下对于臭氧破坏物质的管控问题，以及东亚酸沉降治理等案例对权威分配失衡的影响进行了实证分析。并以“气候保护城市计划”和《巴塞尔公约》框架下跨国法律合作不足等案例论证了国家跨国转型不足对全球环境治理带来的负面影响。
第四章对全球环境治理的过程进行研究，论述了现有全球环境治理安排在过程方面存在的缺点和不足。本章首先论述了全球环境治理的“三环过程模型”，并以此阐释全球环境治理的理想过程模式。具体来看，全球环境治理是在科学研究、政治—政策、市场这三个相互影响的环节中进行的。而国家、次国家政府、政府间国际组织、跨国公司、国际非政府组织、科学机构这六类全球环境治理主体则在上述三个环节中发挥作用、行使治理权威。由此，便形成了上述六类治理主体在科学、政治、市场三个环节中的互动。本章研究提出，现有全球环境治理安排中各类治理主体在三个治理环节间的互动缺陷，是导致全球环境治理安排效能不足的第三个因素。
本章的研究中，使用了政府间气候变化小组评估报告（IPCC报告）“决策者摘要”的编纂程序、2℃长期升温控制目标的确定、《全球生物多样性评估》的编纂过程等诸多案例，对全球环境治理安排中的过程缺陷导致其不能有效治理环境问题这一观点进行了实证分析。
第五章对前述三个因素进行了归纳总结，并以全球气候治理实践作为案例进行实证分析，综合性地论证全球环境治理结构与过程对治理安排效能的影响。本章首先对前述各章分项论证的观点进行了综合归纳，以影响全球环境治理安排效能的三个因素作为变量，建构起一个三维坐标系，即“全球环境治理安排的效能分布模型”。利用这一模型，可以对现有全球环境治理安排未能有效治理全球环境问题的原因进行归纳。随后，本章以全球气候治理实践作为实证分析对象，综合性地验证了全球环境治理的结构与过程对治理安排效能的影响。并以《京都议定书》减排额度的确定、清洁发展机制框架下项目减排额度认定、“总量限额与排放贸易”机制的缺陷等案例，站在全球气候治理实践的视域中对本文的观点进行了综合性的验证。
结论部分进行了研究总结。在全球学、全球治理理论与实务的视角下，对全球化时代全球环境问题的治理进行了总括性分析。
This study sets various international arrangements and transnational arrangementsto global environmental issues as research subjects, studies the problem of “Why theexisting arrangements of global environmental governance are not able to manage theglobal environmental issues effectively?” This thesis will study the defects of the ar-rangements of global environmental governance from the view of the structure and theprocesses of global environmental governance, based on the existing researches.
Conforming to approaches—raising questions, literature review, making hypothesisand hypothesis verification—this thesis is divided into five chapters in addition to in-troduction and conclusion.
An overall explanation about the thesis is made in the introduction part, includingtheoretically verifying the rationality and the authenticity of the researching issue, ex-pounding the scope and the significance of the study, reviewing existing solutions tothe researching issue, introducing the fundamental viewpoints and approaches adoptedto conduct the research, and pointing out the innovations and limitations of the re-search.
There are five perspectives of existing research to this research problem: theperspective of anarchy and inequality of international politics; the perspective of di-vergence among nations; the perspective of contradictions among global, regional andnational interests; the perspective of the theory of global governance. These researches have profiled the reasons of the inefficiency of existing arrangements in global envi-ronmental governance. Based on these researches, this thesis uses the theory of globalgovernance as basic origin of thoughts, focus on analyzing the defects in the structureand the processes of existing arrangements of global environmental governance. Andthen, research on the problem of “Why the existing arrangements of global environ-mental governance are not able to manage the global environmental issues effective-ly?”
In Chapter One, current arrangements to deal with global environmental problemshas been analyzed and reviewed. At the beginning, this chapter has explained the con-tents and characteristics of global environmental problems and analyzed the constitu-ency and features of global environmental governance, then grounding on which, fourmajor global environmental problems—climate change and atmospheric pollution,ecological deterioration, marine environment, cross-borders transfer of harmful sub-stance—and their governances, has been discussed. As following, the formulation, de-velopment and difficulties facing ahead of international environmental treaties areanalyzed. Then at the closing part of this chapter, functions and limitations of impor-tant governing arrangements, such as international organizations, non-governmentalorganizations, cross-border social movements, has been reviewed.
The second chapter has explained the rationale of the structure and process ofglobal governance, conceptualized so key ideas, established and verified the analyticalframework for the thesis, which has lied down the theoretical foundation for the analy-sis of global environmental governance.
Focusing on its impacts on the efficiency of environmental governance, the thirdchapter has analyzed the structure of international global governance. And then somestructural defects existing in international global governance has been revealed. Thischapter has first analyzed the ideal global environmental governance model andpointed out the significance of two structural elements, reasonable authority distribu- tion and impeccable national cross-border transfer, to the efficient global environmen-tal governance. Then, the structural defects existing in global environmental gover-nance reality has been studied respectively. The confirming procedure of durable or-ganic contaminant in “Stockholm Convention”, the controlling arrangements on ozonedepleting substances under the framework of “Vienna Convention” and its “Montréalprotocol”, and the acid precipitation governance in East Asia, have been selected tostudy the influence of misbalanced authority distribution. Cases like insufficientcross-border legal cooperation under the framework of “City Plan on EnvironmentalProtection” and “Basel Convention” has been chosen to demonstrate negative impactsof insufficient national cross-border transfer on global environment governance.
In this thesis, the structure of global environmental governance includes two as-pects of elements: the first is the authoritative allocation among governance body invarious global environmental governances; the second is the characteristic changes ofthe governance body in various global governmental governances. The first element ofthe structure of the governance: the authoritative allocation among governance body invarious global environmental governances. Generally, main governance body whichcan undertake particular function in global or regional environmental governance, andshare the authority of environmental governance are nations, sub-national government,super-national institutions and international organizations; and internationalnon-governmental organizations and its transnational networks, transnational corpora-tions, scientific organizations and its transnational networks. Global environmentalgovernance function includes nine aspects, which are: agenda setting, frameworkbuilding, environmental monitoring, performance verification, regulation establishing,norms establishing, enforcement, capacity building and fund supply. With research andargumentation, this thesis expounds that, in particular arrangements of global envi-ronmental governance, the first element leading to the inefficiency in global environ-mental arrangements is the defects of authoritative allocation governance body in var- ious functional areas.
The second element of the structure of global environmental governance is thecharacteristic changes of the governance body itself. This research believes that, thehost variable is the Transnational Transformation during the process of national partic-ipation in global environmental governance. Transnational Transformation refers to theprocess that central government as the only significant representative represents nationto participate in international affairs turning into each department of central govern-ment, sub-national government, even legislation, judicial department all participate inissues of global or regional environmental governance, and form a transnational coop-eration among departments, sub-national governments, legislation and judicial depart-ments. Transnational Transformation of nation is of great significance to issues ofglobal environmental governance. Objectively speaking, without participation ofsub-national government, regional environmental governance would be extremely dif-ficult. While the cooperation to regional and global environmental issues among de-partments of central government and legislation, judicial departments of each countryneed to be strengthened. This thesis argues that the second element which leads to theinefficiency of the global environmental arrangements is the general deficiency oftransnational transformation in arrangements of global environmental governance.
In Chapter Four the process of global environmental governance, that is, how en-vironmental governance is conducted, has been paid special attentions, so as to showthe defects and limitations in the process of existing international environmental go-vernance. First, in order to analyze the ideal global environmental governance model,this chapter has explained “Tri-cycle Processing Model” at the beginning. Then, theinteractive defects, between science cycle and politics cycle, politics cycle and marketcycle, market cycle and science cycle, and their impacts in global environmental go-vernance reality have been analyzed respectively. In the analysis,“Summary for Poli-cymakers” in IPCC report, the determination of controlling long-term temperature rise at2℃, and many cases in the process of compiling “Global Biodiversity Assessment”have been selected to demonstrate the point that it is the defects in the process of glob-al environmental governance that lead to the insufficient governance.
“The Process of Governance” on the arrangements could affect global environ-mental governance arrangements remarkably.“The Process of Governance” can be ab-stractly understood as “How the governance is achieved”. Global and regional envi-ronmental governance are all proceed in these three fields which influence each other:scientific research, political policy and market; and nation, international regulation,organization, transnational corporation, nongovernmental organization and its transna-tional networks, scientific institution and its transnational network these six gover-nance bodies of global and regional environmental governance work and perform au-thority of governance distinctively in that three fields. Hence, those six governancebodies form an interaction among science, politics and market. This thesis demon-strates that the third element leading to the inefficiency of arrangements in global en-vironmental governance is the defect of interaction of various governance bodies inglobal environmental governance.
Chapter Five has generally concluded the analysis in above chapters, and takingglobal climate governance practices as the object of empirical analysis, comprehen-sively verified the influences of structure and process of global environmental gover-nance on governance efficiency. In the first part of this chapter,“Efficiency Distribu-tion Model of Global Environmental Governance” has been concluded. Then, takingthe determination of emission reductions in “Kyoto Protocol” the determination ofemission reductions under the framework of “Clean Development Mechanism” and“cap-and-trade” Mechanism, the rest of this chapter has made a comprehensive verifi-cation of all the viewpoints proposed in this thesis.
The conclusion part has summed up the whole thesis, and analyzed the governanceof global issues in an age of globalization from the perspectives of Global studies and global governance.
在研究设计方面，本文采取提出问题、提出理论假设、进行验证和案例分析的三段式研究模式，对全球环境治理的结构与过程进行理论和实证研究。
导论部分主要分析了国内外研究现状，界定了全球环境治理结构与过程的基本概念和本文的研究边界，阐述了本文的研究方法、基本思路和分析框架。
第一章研究了全球环境问题及其治理安排。本章首先分析了全球环境问题及其治理安排的构成与特点。进而分别论述了气候变化与大气污染、生态环境恶化、海洋环境、有害物质跨界转移四大类全球环境问题及其治理安排。这其中，本章分别论述了各领域国际环境条约的达成、发展及其面临的困难；并对政府间国际组织、国际非政府组织、跨国社会运动等治理安排进行了分析，阐释了其作用和存在的局限。
第二章阐述了全球环境治理结构与过程的基本理论。本章首先阐释了全球环境治理的概念与特点，分析了参与全球环境治理的六类主体及其地位与作用。进而，本章分别论述了现有全球环境治理理论对结构与过程的研究，并对其进行了分析。在此基础上，本章提出了影响全球环境治理安排有效性的三个因素：结构方面的各类治理主体间的权威分配、国家在参与全球环境治理时发生的变化；以及过程方面的诸治理主体间的互动。为后续章节对这三个因素分别进行具体研究奠定了理论基础。
第三章着重对全球环境治理的结构进行研究，分析现有全球环境治理安排在结构方面存在的缺陷。首先，本章分析了全球环境治理的理想结构模式，论述了合理的权威分配和完善的国家跨国转型对于全球环境治理安排效能的重要意义。其次，本章具体分析了各类治理主体之间的权威分配对治理安排效能的影响，这也是全球环境治理结构的第一个要素。一般来看，能够承担一定的全球或区域环境治理功能，分享环境治理权威的治理主体共有六类：国家、次国家政府、政府间国际组织、国际非政府组织、企业和科学机构。而全球环境治理的功能（Governance Function）则包括议程设置、建立框架、环境监测、履约核查（Verification）、规则制定、建立规范、强制执行、能力建设、资金供给九个方面。本文经过研究和论证，阐释了在特定的全球环境治理安排中，上述诸治理主体在各个功能领域中的权威分配缺陷，是导致全球环境治理安排效能不足的第一个因素。再次，本章具体分析了国家在参与全球环境治理时发生的变化对治理安排效能的影响，这也是全球环境治理结构的第二个要素。本章提出，国家在参与全球环境治理时的“跨国转型”（Transnational Transformations）构成了这里的重要变量。国家的跨国转型是指，从中央政府作为国家参与国际事务的唯一重要代表，转变为中央政府各部门、次国家政府、乃至立法、司法机关共同参与到全球或地区环境治理事务中来，并形成部门间、次国家政府间和立法、司法机关之间的跨国合作这一过程。本文的研究认为，次国家政府间、各国立法和司法部门间的跨国合作，对于全球环境治理安排的有效性具有重要意义。而现有全球环境治理安排中国家跨国转型的不完善，是导致全球环境治理安排效能不足的第二个因素。
本章的研究中，选取了《斯德哥尔摩公约》框架下持久性有机污染物的确认程序、《维也纳公约》及其《蒙特利尔议定书》框架下对于臭氧破坏物质的管控问题，以及东亚酸沉降治理等案例对权威分配失衡的影响进行了实证分析。并以“气候保护城市计划”和《巴塞尔公约》框架下跨国法律合作不足等案例论证了国家跨国转型不足对全球环境治理带来的负面影响。
第四章对全球环境治理的过程进行研究，论述了现有全球环境治理安排在过程方面存在的缺点和不足。本章首先论述了全球环境治理的“三环过程模型”，并以此阐释全球环境治理的理想过程模式。具体来看，全球环境治理是在科学研究、政治—政策、市场这三个相互影响的环节中进行的。而国家、次国家政府、政府间国际组织、跨国公司、国际非政府组织、科学机构这六类全球环境治理主体则在上述三个环节中发挥作用、行使治理权威。由此，便形成了上述六类治理主体在科学、政治、市场三个环节中的互动。本章研究提出，现有全球环境治理安排中各类治理主体在三个治理环节间的互动缺陷，是导致全球环境治理安排效能不足的第三个因素。
本章的研究中，使用了政府间气候变化小组评估报告（IPCC报告）“决策者摘要”的编纂程序、2℃长期升温控制目标的确定、《全球生物多样性评估》的编纂过程等诸多案例，对全球环境治理安排中的过程缺陷导致其不能有效治理环境问题这一观点进行了实证分析。
第五章对前述三个因素进行了归纳总结，并以全球气候治理实践作为案例进行实证分析，综合性地论证全球环境治理结构与过程对治理安排效能的影响。本章首先对前述各章分项论证的观点进行了综合归纳，以影响全球环境治理安排效能的三个因素作为变量，建构起一个三维坐标系，即“全球环境治理安排的效能分布模型”。利用这一模型，可以对现有全球环境治理安排未能有效治理全球环境问题的原因进行归纳。随后，本章以全球气候治理实践作为实证分析对象，综合性地验证了全球环境治理的结构与过程对治理安排效能的影响。并以《京都议定书》减排额度的确定、清洁发展机制框架下项目减排额度认定、“总量限额与排放贸易”机制的缺陷等案例，站在全球气候治理实践的视域中对本文的观点进行了综合性的验证。
结论部分进行了研究总结。在全球学、全球治理理论与实务的视角下，对全球化时代全球环境问题的治理进行了总括性分析。
This study sets various international arrangements and transnational arrangementsto global environmental issues as research subjects, studies the problem of “Why theexisting arrangements of global environmental governance are not able to manage theglobal environmental issues effectively?” This thesis will study the defects of the ar-rangements of global environmental governance from the view of the structure and theprocesses of global environmental governance, based on the existing researches.
Conforming to approaches—raising questions, literature review, making hypothesisand hypothesis verification—this thesis is divided into five chapters in addition to in-troduction and conclusion.
An overall explanation about the thesis is made in the introduction part, includingtheoretically verifying the rationality and the authenticity of the researching issue, ex-pounding the scope and the significance of the study, reviewing existing solutions tothe researching issue, introducing the fundamental viewpoints and approaches adoptedto conduct the research, and pointing out the innovations and limitations of the re-search.
There are five perspectives of existing research to this research problem: theperspective of anarchy and inequality of international politics; the perspective of di-vergence among nations; the perspective of contradictions among global, regional andnational interests; the perspective of the theory of global governance. These researches have profiled the reasons of the inefficiency of existing arrangements in global envi-ronmental governance. Based on these researches, this thesis uses the theory of globalgovernance as basic origin of thoughts, focus on analyzing the defects in the structureand the processes of existing arrangements of global environmental governance. Andthen, research on the problem of “Why the existing arrangements of global environ-mental governance are not able to manage the global environmental issues effective-ly?”
In Chapter One, current arrangements to deal with global environmental problemshas been analyzed and reviewed. At the beginning, this chapter has explained the con-tents and characteristics of global environmental problems and analyzed the constitu-ency and features of global environmental governance, then grounding on which, fourmajor global environmental problems—climate change and atmospheric pollution,ecological deterioration, marine environment, cross-borders transfer of harmful sub-stance—and their governances, has been discussed. As following, the formulation, de-velopment and difficulties facing ahead of international environmental treaties areanalyzed. Then at the closing part of this chapter, functions and limitations of impor-tant governing arrangements, such as international organizations, non-governmentalorganizations, cross-border social movements, has been reviewed.
The second chapter has explained the rationale of the structure and process ofglobal governance, conceptualized so key ideas, established and verified the analyticalframework for the thesis, which has lied down the theoretical foundation for the analy-sis of global environmental governance.
Focusing on its impacts on the efficiency of environmental governance, the thirdchapter has analyzed the structure of international global governance. And then somestructural defects existing in international global governance has been revealed. Thischapter has first analyzed the ideal global environmental governance model andpointed out the significance of two structural elements, reasonable authority distribu- tion and impeccable national cross-border transfer, to the efficient global environmen-tal governance. Then, the structural defects existing in global environmental gover-nance reality has been studied respectively. The confirming procedure of durable or-ganic contaminant in “Stockholm Convention”, the controlling arrangements on ozonedepleting substances under the framework of “Vienna Convention” and its “Montréalprotocol”, and the acid precipitation governance in East Asia, have been selected tostudy the influence of misbalanced authority distribution. Cases like insufficientcross-border legal cooperation under the framework of “City Plan on EnvironmentalProtection” and “Basel Convention” has been chosen to demonstrate negative impactsof insufficient national cross-border transfer on global environment governance.
In this thesis, the structure of global environmental governance includes two as-pects of elements: the first is the authoritative allocation among governance body invarious global environmental governances; the second is the characteristic changes ofthe governance body in various global governmental governances. The first element ofthe structure of the governance: the authoritative allocation among governance body invarious global environmental governances. Generally, main governance body whichcan undertake particular function in global or regional environmental governance, andshare the authority of environmental governance are nations, sub-national government,super-national institutions and international organizations; and internationalnon-governmental organizations and its transnational networks, transnational corpora-tions, scientific organizations and its transnational networks. Global environmentalgovernance function includes nine aspects, which are: agenda setting, frameworkbuilding, environmental monitoring, performance verification, regulation establishing,norms establishing, enforcement, capacity building and fund supply. With research andargumentation, this thesis expounds that, in particular arrangements of global envi-ronmental governance, the first element leading to the inefficiency in global environ-mental arrangements is the defects of authoritative allocation governance body in var- ious functional areas.
The second element of the structure of global environmental governance is thecharacteristic changes of the governance body itself. This research believes that, thehost variable is the Transnational Transformation during the process of national partic-ipation in global environmental governance. Transnational Transformation refers to theprocess that central government as the only significant representative represents nationto participate in international affairs turning into each department of central govern-ment, sub-national government, even legislation, judicial department all participate inissues of global or regional environmental governance, and form a transnational coop-eration among departments, sub-national governments, legislation and judicial depart-ments. Transnational Transformation of nation is of great significance to issues ofglobal environmental governance. Objectively speaking, without participation ofsub-national government, regional environmental governance would be extremely dif-ficult. While the cooperation to regional and global environmental issues among de-partments of central government and legislation, judicial departments of each countryneed to be strengthened. This thesis argues that the second element which leads to theinefficiency of the global environmental arrangements is the general deficiency oftransnational transformation in arrangements of global environmental governance.
In Chapter Four the process of global environmental governance, that is, how en-vironmental governance is conducted, has been paid special attentions, so as to showthe defects and limitations in the process of existing international environmental go-vernance. First, in order to analyze the ideal global environmental governance model,this chapter has explained “Tri-cycle Processing Model” at the beginning. Then, theinteractive defects, between science cycle and politics cycle, politics cycle and marketcycle, market cycle and science cycle, and their impacts in global environmental go-vernance reality have been analyzed respectively. In the analysis,“Summary for Poli-cymakers” in IPCC report, the determination of controlling long-term temperature rise at2℃, and many cases in the process of compiling “Global Biodiversity Assessment”have been selected to demonstrate the point that it is the defects in the process of glob-al environmental governance that lead to the insufficient governance.
“The Process of Governance” on the arrangements could affect global environ-mental governance arrangements remarkably.“The Process of Governance” can be ab-stractly understood as “How the governance is achieved”. Global and regional envi-ronmental governance are all proceed in these three fields which influence each other:scientific research, political policy and market; and nation, international regulation,organization, transnational corporation, nongovernmental organization and its transna-tional networks, scientific institution and its transnational network these six gover-nance bodies of global and regional environmental governance work and perform au-thority of governance distinctively in that three fields. Hence, those six governancebodies form an interaction among science, politics and market. This thesis demon-strates that the third element leading to the inefficiency of arrangements in global en-vironmental governance is the defect of interaction of various governance bodies inglobal environmental governance.
Chapter Five has generally concluded the analysis in above chapters, and takingglobal climate governance practices as the object of empirical analysis, comprehen-sively verified the influences of structure and process of global environmental gover-nance on governance efficiency. In the first part of this chapter,“Efficiency Distribu-tion Model of Global Environmental Governance” has been concluded. Then, takingthe determination of emission reductions in “Kyoto Protocol” the determination ofemission reductions under the framework of “Clean Development Mechanism” and“cap-and-trade” Mechanism, the rest of this chapter has made a comprehensive verifi-cation of all the viewpoints proposed in this thesis.
The conclusion part has summed up the whole thesis, and analyzed the governanceof global issues in an age of globalization from the perspectives of Global studies and global governance.
引文
1蔡拓等著：《全球问题与当代国际关系》，天津人民出版社，2002年，第2页。
1张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版，第6-7页。
1关于东北亚地区国际环境安排的简要介绍，参见徐庆华主编：《中国国际区域环境合作文件汇编》，北京：中国环境科学出版社，2006年版，第347-348页。
2John W. Meyer, David John Frank, etc.,“Structuring of World Environmental Regime,1870-1990”, InternationalOrganization, Vol.51, No.4(Autumn,1997), p.625.
3参见Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger,“Introduction”, in Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger eds., EnvironmentalNGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, London: Taylor&Francis e-Library,2003, p.2-8.
4Ted Trzyna, eds., World Directory of Environmental Organizations (Sixth Edition), California: California Instituteof Public Affairs,2001.
5迄今为止的五期《全球环境展望》（Global Environmental Outlook）分别发表于1997年、1999年、2002年、2007年、2012年。
1UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.6,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
2参见UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.7,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
3参见UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.33-35,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
4UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.9,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
5UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook4(Summary for Decision Makers), p.11,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/media/GEO4%20SDM_launch.pdf
1UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook4(Summary for Decision Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/media/GEO4%20SDM_launch.pdf
2UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
3参见UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010:New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.14,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/PDF/year_book_2010.pdf
4参见UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010:New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.26-27,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/PDF/year_book_2010.pdf
5参见“中国气候变化信息网”：《NASA卫星图发现：97%的格陵兰冰原开始融化》，http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=32847；以及《格陵兰岛冰盖表层大面积融化》，http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=32826“中国气候变化信息网”由国家发展与改革委员会应对气候变化司主办。另，有报道称这次冰盖融化的程度为“融化殆尽”，这显然是不准确的。真实的情况如文中所述，是“出现融化现象的面积‘突然’”增加至97%。曾有研究指出，如果格陵兰岛冰盖全部融化，全球海平面将会上升七米。
1UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook4(Summary for Decision Makers), p.19,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/media/GEO4%20SDM_launch.pdf
3参见UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010:New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.54-55,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/PDF/year_book_2010.pdf
1参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版。
1参见UNEP区域海洋计划官方网站：http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/programmes/default.asp
2肯尼思·沃尔兹在《国际政治理论》一书中将“国际政治的结构”定义为“体系内的权力分配”；本文在此概念的基础上，将“治理的结构”定义为“诸治理主体的权威分配”。对此，本文第二章有详细论述。
1参见肯尼思·沃尔兹：《国际政治理论》，信强译，苏长和校，上海：上海世纪出版集团，上海人民出版社，2003年版，第124-129页。
2参见Matthew J. Hoffmann, Alice D. Ba,“Introduction: Coherence and Contestation”, in Alice D. Ba, Matthew J.Hoffmann ed., Contending Perspective on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, NewYork: Routledge,2005, p.1-14.
1卡尔·多伊奇：《国际关系分析》，周启朋，郑启荣等译，北京：世界知识出版社1992年版，第1页。
2俞正梁，陈玉刚，苏长和：《21世纪全球政治范式》，上海：复旦大学出版社2005年版，第57页。
3俞正梁，陈玉刚，苏长和：《21世纪全球政治范式》，上海：复旦大学出版社2005年版，第58页。
1张海滨教授对非国际关系学科的解释方案做过比较详尽的述评，参见张海滨：《环境问题与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版，第9-16页。
2国内的研究中，张海滨教授的《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》一书，便是此类观点的典型代表。参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年。
3张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年，第253页。
1参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年，第261-266页.
1Frank Biermann, Philipp Pattberg, Harro van Asselt, Fariborz Zelli,“The Fragmentation of Global GovernanceArchitectures: A Framework for Analysis”, Global Environmental Politics9:4, Nov.2009, p.14-40.
2Harro van Asselt, Frank Biermann,“From UN-ity to Diversity? The UNFCCC, the Asia-Pacific Partnership, andthe Future of International Law on Climate Change”, Carbon and Climate Law Review1(1), p.17-28.
3IPCC, Climate Change2001: Mitigation–Contributing of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report ofthe Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC), p.626-627,转自IPCC官方网站：http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg3/pdf/10.pdf
1Hof, Andries, Mechel den Elzen, Detlef van Vuuren,“Environmental Effectiveness and Economic Consequencesof Fragmented Versus Universal Regimes: What can we learn from Model Studies?” in Global Climate Gover-nance Beyond2012: Architecture, Agency and Adaptation, edited by Frank Biermann, Philipp Pattberg, FariborzZelli, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,2010.
2Vormedal, Irja,“The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: theCase of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM”, Global Environmental Politics8(4), p.36-65.
3Yearn Hong Choi,“Cooperative Environmental Efforts in Northeast Asia: Assessment and Recommendations”,International Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.3, No.1,2002, p.137-151.
4Frank Biermann, Olwen Davies, Nicolien van der Grijp,“Environmental Policy Integration and the Architectureof Global Environmental Governance”, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law&Economics,Nov2009, Vol.9Issue4, p.351-369.
1参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第143-144页。
1Timothy Swanson,“Relations Between Nations: the Reasons that Different States View the Same Problem SoDifferently”, in Timothy Swanson, Sam Johnston, Global Environmental Problems and International Environ-mental Agreements, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999, p.69.
1Timothy Swanson,“The Evolution of International Environmental Agreements: Negotiations after Negotiations”,in Timothy Swanson, Sam Johnston, Global Environmental Problems and International Environmental Agree-ments, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999, p.170.
2Timothy Swanson,“Relations between Nations: the Reasons that Different States View the Same Problem SoDifferently”, in Timothy Swanson, Sam Johnston, Global Environmental Problems and International Environ-mental Agreements, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999, p.69.
1Timothy Swanson,“The Foundations of International Environmental Law: Recognition, Negotiation and Evolu-tion”, in Timothy Swanson, Sam Johnston, Global Environmental Problems and International EnvironmentalAgreements, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999, p.85.
1Mancur Olson,“Foreword”, in Todd Sandler, Collective Action: Theory and Applications, Michigan: The Univer-sity of Michigan Press,1992, p.2.
2Marvin S. Soroos,“Global Institutions and the Environment: An Evolutionary Perspective”, in Regina S. Axelrod,David Leonard Downie, Norman J. Vig edited, The Global Environment: Institutions, Law and Policy, Washing-ton, D.C.: CQ Press2005, p.21.
1Elizabeth R. DeSombre,“Understanding United States Unilateralism: Domestic Sources of U.S. InternationalEnvironmental Policy” in Regina S. Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, Norman J. Vig edited, The Global Envi-ronment: Institutions, Law, and Policy, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press2005, p.181-182.
2Wakana Takahashi,“Formation of an East Asian Regime for Acid Rain Control: The Perspective of ComparativeRegionalism”, International Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.1, No.1,2000, p.97-117.
3Myungjin Kim,“Environmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia”, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal Vol.22, No.3,2004, p.191-203.
1我国学者苏长和对“国际政治市场失灵”这一概念进行了论述。参见苏长和著：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版。
1参见俞可平：《全球治理引论》，转自俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第1-31页。
2See Yasumasa Komori,“Evaluating Regional Environmental Governance in Northeast Asia”, Asian Affairs: AnAmerican Review, Vol.37,2010, p.1-25.
1Hidetaka Yoshimatsu,“Understanding Regulatory Governance in Northeast Asia: Environmental and Technolo-gical Cooperation among China, Japan and Korea”, Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol.18, No.3Dec.2010,p.227-247.
1See Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004,p.1-15.
1Martin Janicke的相关研究对作者有很大启发，参见Martin Janicke,“Dynamic Governance of Clean-EnergyMarkets: How Technical Innovation Could Accelerate Climate Policy”, in Journal of Cleaner Production,22,2012, p.50-59.受知识结构影响，丘吉尔提出的“三环外交”也是笔者如此命名的思想来源。
1Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, June16,1972[UN Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1], para.6.
2Andree Kirchner,“International Marine Environmental Law: Editorial Introduction”, in Andree Kirchner ed. In-ternational Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementation and Innovations, Netherlands: Kluwer LawInternational,2003, p.1.
1参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第7-10页。
1庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第7页。
2National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Earth System Science Overview: A Program for GlobalChange (also known as the Bretherton Report), figure2.4.2,1986.转引自威廉·克拉克：《环境问题的全球化》，载约瑟夫·奈，约翰·唐纳胡主编：《全球化世界的治理》，王勇、门洪华、王荣军、肖东燕、高军、戴平辉译，北京：世界知识出版社2003年版，第78页。
1苏长和：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年版，第4页。
2参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第7-8页。
3参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第7页。
1参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第9页。
2参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第10页。
3有关的讨论可见Matthew Paterson, David Humphreys, Lloyd Pettiford,“Conceptualizing Global EnvironmentalGovernance: From Interstate Regimes to Counter-hegemonic Struggles”, Global Environmental Politics,2003Vol.3No.2, p.1-10.
4相关资料可参见Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics (the
5thEdition), Boulder: Westview Press, p.117-269.以及张海滨：《环境问题与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版，第237-239页。
1See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics (the5thEdition),Boulder: Westview Press, p.16-19.
1《人类环境宣言》（1972年）第21条原则，参见中国环境报社编译：《迈向21世纪——联合国环境与发展大会文献汇编》，北京：中国环境科学出版社1992年版，第159页。
1《联合国气候变化框架公约》，第一条第二款。
1庄贵阳，陈迎：《国际气候制度与中国》，北京：世界知识出版社2005年版，第41页。
2具体讨论可参见Jon Hovi, Tora Skodvin, Steinar Andresen,“The Perisitence of the Kyoto Protocol: Why OtherAnnex I Countries Move on Without the United States”, Global Environmental Politics3:4November2003, p.1-23.
1M. G. J. den Elzen, A. P. G. de Moor,“The Bonn Agreement and Marrakesh Accords: an Updated Analysis”,RIVM Report,2001.
2庄贵阳，陈迎：《国际气候制度与中国》，北京：世界知识出版社2005年版，第152页。
3参见桑德琳·马龙-杜波依斯，凡妮莎·理查德：《国际气候变化制度的未来蓝图——从〈哥本哈根协议〉到〈坎昆协议〉》，载《上海大学学报（社会科学版）》，2012年3月，第29卷第2期，第1-14页。
1参见解振华：《坎昆协议是气候变化谈判的积极动力》，载《低碳世界》，2011年第四期，第18-19页。
2参见吕学都：《德班世界气候大会成果解读与中国未来面临的挑战》，载《阅江学刊》，2012年第2期，第38-44页。
2参见吕学都：《德班世界气候大会成果解读与中国未来面临的挑战》，载《阅江学刊》，2012年第2期，第38-44页。
1John McCormick,“The Role of Environmental NGOs in International Regimes”, in Regina S. Axelrod, DavidLeonard Downie, Norman J. Vig ed. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Second Edition),Washington D. C.: CQ Press, p.84.
1Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics (the5thEdition), Bould-er: Westview Press, p.165.
1UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.33,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
2参见联合国环境规划署：《联合国环境规划署年鉴（2009）》，第1页。转自联合国环境规划署官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/
1蒋志刚：《CITES公约与生物多样性保护与持续利用》，载《中国生物多样性保护与研究进展VI——第六届全国生物多样性与持续利用研讨会论文集》，第329-349页。
2参见中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会（CITES中国履约科学机构）官方网站，http://www.cites.org.cn/article/show.php?itemid=729
3参见联合国环境规划署官方网站，http://www.unep.org/chinese/Themes/Biodiversity/Programmes_And_Activities/index.asp
4John Lanchbery,“The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES): Responding to Calls for Action from Other Nature Conservation Regimes”, in Sebastian Oberthur,Thomas Gehring ed., Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict amongInternational and EU Policies, p.166-167.
1参见《拉姆萨尔公约》官方网站，http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__
2《生物多样性公约》第十一次缔约方大会于2012年10月8日-19日在印度海德拉巴召开。
3参见《生物多样性公约》官方网站，http://www.cbd.int/intro/
1《国际河流利用规则》第十条第一款，转自中华人民共和国水利部中国水利国际经济技术交流网，http://www.icec.org.cn/gjhl/gjhltf/200512/t20051212_49721.html
2《跨界水道和国际湖泊保护和利用公约》第五条、第六条，转自中华人民共和国水利部中国水利国际经济技术交流网，http://www.icec.org.cn/gjhl/gjhltf/200512/t20051212_49720.html
3参见斯特芬C.麦卡弗里：《国际水道非航行使用法公约》，转自联合国官方网站，http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/pdf/ha/clnuiw/clnuiw_c.pdf
1《联合国防治荒漠化公约》第二条第一款，转自《联合国防治荒漠化公约》官方网站，http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/conventionText/conv-chi.pdf
1参见王杰，张海滨，张志洲主编：《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》，北京：北京大学出版社2004年版，第334-337页。
2UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
3UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.59,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
4UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook4(Summary for Decision Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/media/GEO4%20SDM_launch.pdf
1资料来源：世界自然基金会，转自UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.11,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
1刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第46-47页。参见蔡守秋、何卫东著：《当代海洋环境资源法》，北京：煤炭工业出版社2001年版，第6-9页。
2《联合国海洋法公约》，北京：海洋出版社1992年，第3页。
3本文本部分的写作参考了刘中民、王曦的研究，参见刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第78-84页；王曦：《联合国环境规划署环境法教程》，北京：法律出版社2002年版。
4参见刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第78-84页。
5《防止倾倒废弃物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》，第三条第三款。参见http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/fg1.asp?id=1121
1刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第79页。
2王曦：《联合国环境规划署环境法教程》，北京：法律出版社2002年版，第238页。
3《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》，第一条e款。
4《国际防止船舶污染公约》（1973）序言。参见，http://www.iicc.ac.cn/05international_coopera-tion/t20031110_17790.htm
1《对公海上发生油污事故进行干涉的国际公约》，第一条。参见，http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/fg1.asp? id=1117
2《对公海上发生油污事故进行干涉的国际公约》，第三条。参见，http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/fg1.asp? id=1117
3《对公海上发生油污事故进行干涉的国际公约》，第五条第一款、第六条第一款。参见，http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/fg1.asp? id=1117
1《联合国海洋法公约》第61条，北京：海洋出版社1992年版，第30页。
2《21世纪议程》，见http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp? Id=44316
3参见Andree Kirchner,“International Marine Environmental Law: Editorial Introduction”, in Andree Kirchner ed.International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementation and Innovations, Netherlands: KluwerLaw International,2003, p.3.
1Agustin Blanco-Bazan,“The Environmental UNCLOS and the Work of IMO in the Field of Prevention of Pollu-tion from Vessels”, in Andree Kirchner ed. International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementa-tion and Innovations, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International,2003, p.31.
2Agustin Blanco-Bazan,“The Environmental UNCLOS and the Work of IMO in the Field of Prevention of Pollu-tion from Vessels”, in Andree Kirchner ed. International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementa-tion and Innovations, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International,2003, p.32.
3David H. Anderson,“The Role of ITLOS as a Means of Dispute Settlement under UNCLOS”, in Andree Kirchnered. International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementation and Innovations, Netherlands: KluwerLaw International,2003, p.19-20.
4刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第88页。
2联合国环境规划署：《全球环境展望3》，第206-207页。
3Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment (Second Edition), New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2004,p.67-69.
4Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment (Second Edition), New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2004,p.69-72.
1UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
2联合国环境规划署：《全球环境展望3》，第179页。
3UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.14,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
4联合国环境规划署：《全球环境展望200》，见http://pops.pku.edu.cn/geo2000c/index.htm
1David Leonard Downie, Jonathan Krueger, Henrik Selin,“Global Policy for Hazardous Chemicals”, in Regina S.Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, Nroman J. Vig ed., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (the2nd Edition), Washington, D.C.,2005, p.128.
2《巴塞尔公约》缔约方大会第十次会议于10月21日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳闭幕。参见联合国官方网站：http://www.un.org/chinese/News/fullstorynews.asp?newsID=16513
3参见张湘兰，秦天宝：《控制危险废物越境转移的巴塞尔公约及其最新发展：从框架到实施》，载《法学评论》，2003年第3期，第93-104页。
1David Leonard Downie, Jonathan Krueger, Henrik Selin,“Global Policy for Hazardous Chemicals”, in Regina S.Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, Nroman J. Vig ed., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (the2nd Edition), Washington, D.C.,2005, p.132.
2余刚，周隆超，黄俊，邓述波：《持久性有机污染物和〈斯德哥尔摩公约〉履约》，载《环境保护》，2010年第23期，第13-15页。
1参见“巴塞尔行动网络”官方网站，http://www.ban.org/about/
2UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.26,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
1参见俞可平：《全球治理引论》，转自俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年。
2詹姆斯·罗西瑙主编，张胜军，刘小林译：《没有政府的治理》，南昌：江西人民出版社，2001年版，第5页。
1Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighborhood, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995, p.2-3.
2托尼·麦克格鲁：《走向真正的全球治理》，转自俞可平主编、张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第151页。
3俞可平：《全球治理引论》，转自俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年，第13页。
4蔡拓主编，刘贞晔副主编：《国际关系学》，北京：高等教育出版社2011年版，第299页。
1Robert W. Cox,“Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory”, in Timothy J.Sinclair ed., Global Governance: Critical Concepts in Political Science, New York: Routledge,2004, p.5.
2“全球公民社会”是国际关系研究中一个颇有争议的概念，很多研究对其进行了讨论。但总的来说，即便是比较激进的保守主义文献，在强调国家的主导地位的同时，也无法完全否认全球化时代非国家行为体的兴起，及其跨国联系的逐步密集；而只能对其重要性进行质疑，但又很难否认其愈发重要的趋势。因而，可以认为“全球公民社会”的出现是全球化时代的一个重要特征。具体讨论可参见：”Reconstructing WorldPolitics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies,1992,21, p.389-420.以及Ronnie D. Lipschutz, Judith Mayer, Global Civil Society and Global Economic Governance: ThePolitics of Nature from Place to Planet, Albany: State University of New York Press,1996.
4戴维·布朗，桑杰夫·卡格莱姆，马克·摩尔，彼得·弗鲁姆金：《全球化、非政府组织与多部门联系》，转自约瑟夫·S.奈，约翰·D.唐纳胡主编：《全球化世界的治理》，王勇、门洪华、王荣军、肖东燕、高军、戴平辉译，北京：世界知识出版社2003年版，第11页。
5Martin Hewson, Timothy J. Sinclair,“The Emergence of Global Governance Theory”, in Timothy J. Sinclair ed.,Global Governance: Critical Concepts in Political Science, New York: Routledge,2004, p.230.
1俞可平：《全球治理引论》，转自俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年，第6-7页。
2See Peter M. Hass,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, in Global Environmental Governance4:4, Nov.2004.
3俞正樑：《国际关系与全球政治——21世纪国际关系学导论》，上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版，第250页。
4俞正樑：《国际关系与全球政治——21世纪国际关系学导论》，上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版，第251页。
1参见陈志敏：《次国家政府与对外事务》，北京：长征出版社，2001年，第24-32页。
2Hideo Nakazawa,“Between the Global Environmental Regime and Local Sustainability: A Local Review on theInclusion, Failure and Reinventing Process of the Environmental Governance”, in International Journal of Japa-nese Sociology,2006, Nov.15, p.69-85.
1星野昭吉：《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》，刘小林，梁运祥译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第199页。
2Evan Schofer, Ann Hironaka,“The Effects of World Society on Environmental Protection Outcomes”, in SocialForces, Vol.84, No.1,2005, Sept., p.25-45.
3参见周俊：《全球公民社会在治理结构中的作用及其限度》，载《马克思主义理论与现实》，2008年第1期，第94-100页。
1詹姆斯N.罗西瑙：《面向本体论的全球治理》，载俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第64页。
2See Jennifer Clapp,“Transnational Corporation and Global Environmental Governance”, Peter Dauvergne ed.,Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Northampton MA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.284-298.
3See Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestations and Implications”, inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed., The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance, New York: Rout-ledge,2008, p.77-96.
1参见奥兰·杨：《全球治理：迈向一种分权世界秩序的理论》，载俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第77页。
2See Kishan Khoday,“Mobilizing Market Forces to Combat Global Environmental Change: Lessons fromUN-Private Sector Partnerships in China”, in Review of European Community and International EnvironmentalLaw,16(2)2007, p.173-184.
2Jonas Ebbesson,“Transboundary Corporate Responsibility in Environmental Matters: Fragments and Foundationsfor a Future Framework”, in Gerd Winter ed., Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change: Perspec-tives from Science, Sociology and the Law, p.155.
1参见星野昭吉：《全球治理的结构与向度》，载《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》，2011年第3期。
2Mattew J. Hoffmann, Alice D. Ba,“Introduction”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmann ed., Contending Perspec-tives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Routledge,2005, p.8.
1王金良：《全球治理：结构与过程》，载《太平洋学报》，2011年第4期，第43-53页。
2Arendt H.,“What is Authority?” in Between Past and Future, Cleveland and New York: Viking,1968.转自戴维·米勒，韦农·波格丹诺主编：《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》，中国问题研究所，南亚发展研究中心，中国农村发展信托投资公司组织翻译，北京：中国政法大学出版社1992年版，第45页。
3转自戴维·米勒，韦农·波格丹诺主编：《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》，中国问题研究所，南亚发展研究中心，中国农村发展信托投资公司组织翻译，北京：中国政法大学出版社1992年版，第45页。
1蔡拓：《从国家政治到非国家政治——对政治走向的一种理论思考》，载蔡拓：《全球化与政治的转型》，北京：北京大学出版社。
1See Barry B. Hughes, Continuity and Change in World Politics: The Clash of Perspective, New York: Pren-tice-Hall,1991, p.48-81.
1参见肯尼思·沃尔兹：《国际政治理论》，上海：上海世纪出版集团2003年版，第118-132页。
1Mattew J. Hoffmann, Alice D. Ba,“Introduction”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmann ed., Contending Perspec-tives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Routledge,2005, p.8.
1See James N. Rosenau,“Global Governance as Disaggregated Complexity”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmanned., Contending Perspectives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York:Routledge,2005, p.135.
2Oran R. Young,“Regime Theory and the Quest for Global Governance”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmann ed.,Contending Perspectives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Rout-ledge,2005, p.92.
3奥兰·扬所论述的机制（Regime），也被翻译为‘规制’。在其语境中，机制不仅包括国际机制，也包括跨国机制。总的来看，奥兰·扬对非国家主体参与到跨国机制中，形成一种多元化的治理结构，是非常赞赏的。参见奥兰·杨：《全球治理：迈向一种分权世界秩序的理论》，载俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第74-92页。
4James N. Rosenau,“Global Governance as Disaggregated Complexity”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmann ed.,Contending Perspectives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Rout-ledge,2005, p.133.
1Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004, p.1-15.
2Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004, p.1-15.
3参见詹姆斯·罗西瑙：《全球新秩序中的治理》，载戴维·赫尔德，安东尼·麦克格鲁主编：《治理全球化：权力、权威与全球治理》，曹湘荣，龙虎等译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第87页。
4参见马蒂亚斯·科尼格-阿尔基布吉：《绘制全球治理》，载戴维·赫尔德，安东尼·麦克格鲁主编：《治理全球化：权力、权威与全球治理》，曹湘荣，龙虎等译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第43页。
1参见恩盖尔·伍兹：《全球治理与制度角色》，戴维·赫尔德，安东尼·麦克格鲁主编：《治理全球化——权力、权威与全球治理》，曹荣湘、龙虎译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2004年版，第10-12页。
1苏长和：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版，第86页。
2See Barry B. Hughes, Continuity and Change in World Politics: The Clash of Perspective, New York: Pren-tice-Hall,1991, p.251-255.也可见苏长和：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版，第88页。本文对于国际公共物品分类的阐述，参考了上述研究。
1关于对抗性、非对抗性、排他性、非排他性四个概念的阐释，转引自苏长和：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版，第87页。
2Frank Biermann,“Global Environmental Governance”, in Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, Jerrell D. Coggburn ed.,Handbook of Globalization and the Environment, Boca Raton, London, New York: CRC Press,2007, p.137-155.
1Anne-Marie Slaughter, Thomas Hale,“Transgovernmental Networks and Emerging Power”, in Alan S. Alexan-droff, Andrew F. Cooper ed., Rising States, Rising Institutions: Challenges for Global Governance, Baltimore:Brookings Institution Press,2010, p.48.
2See Peter M. Hass,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, in Global Environmental Governance4:4, Nov.2004.
1See Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004,p.1-15.
1也有学者将其概括为“权威场域（Sphere of Authority）”。See James N. Rosenau,“Global Governance asDisaggregated Complexity”, in Alice D. Ba, Matthew J. Hoffman ed., Contending Perspectives on Global Go-vernance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Routledge,2005, p.133.
2作者参考了彼得·哈斯关于全球环境治理诸主体的功能的相关研究，See Peter M. Haas,“Addressing theGlobal Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004, p.1-15
3以EBSCO数据库检索结果为依据，检索关键词为environmental governance; environmental policy+governance;environmental policy+regimes; environmental policy+institutions,检索日期为2012年10月10日。
1Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Jane Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: Westview Press,2010, p.53-63.
2Peter M. Haas,“Science and International Environmental Governance”, Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbook of Glob-al Environmental Politics, Northampton MA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.383-402.
3Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger, Jack P. Manno,“Translational Linkages”, in Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger,Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, London and New York: Routledge,1994, p.217-236.
4See Jennifer Clapp,“Transnational Corporation and Global Environmental Governance”, Peter Dauvergne ed.,Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Northampton MA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.284-298.
1Sanjeev Khagram, Saleem H. Ali,“Transnational Transformations: From Government-Centric Interstate Regimesto Cross-Sectoral Multi-level Networks of Global Governance”, in Jacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed.,The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance, New York: Routledge,2008, p.132-162.
2Sanjeev Khagram, Saleem H. Ali,“Transnational Transformations: From Government-Centric Interstate Regimesto Cross-Sectoral Multi-level Networks of Global Governance”, in Jacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed.,The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance, New York: Routledge,2008, p.132-162.
1Liesbel Hooghe,“Introduction: Reconciling EU-wide Policy and National Diversity”, in Liesbel Hooghe edited,Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building Multilevel Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996, p.16.
1David Leonard Downie,“Global Environmental Policy: Governance through Regimes” in Norman J. Vig, ReginaS. Axelrod ed., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Second Edition), Washington D.C.: CQPress,2005, p.64-83.
2Peter H. Sand,“Global Environmental Change and the Nation State: Sovereignty Bounded?”, in Gerd Winter ed.,Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change: Perspectives from Science, Sociology and the Law,New York: Cambridge University Press,2006, p.519-520.
3参见《联合国生物多样性公约》，第十五条。
1该概念可参见：Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, International Undertaking on Plant Ge-netic (Conference Resolution8/83of the FAO), Article1.
2Raustiala K., Victor D.G.,“The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources”, International Organization58(2004), p.277-309.
3Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Jane Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: Westview Press,2010, p.139-140.
1不同附件所列的物质管制标准不同。附件A为“完全禁止（Elimination）”，附件B为“严格限制（SeverelyLimited）”，附件C为“无意中产生的（Unintentionally Produced）”。
2Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Jane Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.148-149.
3Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Jane Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: Westview Press,2010, p.148-149.
4See Stockholm Convention’s website at http://chm.pops.int. and Earth Negotiation Bulletin atwww.iisd.ca/process/chemical_management.htm#pops.
5“Summary of the Fourth Meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Con-vention:13-17October2008”, Earth Negotiation Bulletin15, No.161
1Iwona Rummel-Bulska,“The Protection of the Ozone Layer under the Global Framework”, in Cees Flintermaned., Transboundary Air Pollution, Netherland: Martinus Nijhoff,1986, p.281-296.
2J. Farman et al.,“Large Loss of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal ClOx/NOxInteraction”, Nature315,May1985, p.207-210.
1“Summary of the Sixteenth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol:22-26November2004”, Earth Nego-tiation Bulletin19, No.40. www. iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb1940e.pdf.
1Robert Boardman, International Organization and the Conservation of Nature, Bloomington: Indiana UniversityPress,1981, p.88-94.
2Patrica Birnie,“The Role of International Law in Solving Certain Environmental Conflicts”, in John E. Carrolled., International Environmental Diplomacy: The Management and Resolution of Transfrontier EnvironmentalProblems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1988, p.107-108.
3See Pamela S. Chasek,“Environmental Organizations and Multilateral Diplomacy: A Case Study of the EarthNegotiations Bulletin”, in James P. Muldoon ed., Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today, Boulder:Westview,2005.
1Thomas Pricen,“The Ivory Trade Ban: NGOs and International Conservation”, in Jack P. Manno, Margaret L.Clark, Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, New York: Routledge,1994, pp125.
2US Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal Register,54(110), June9,1989,24758-61,“Moratorium on Importation ofRaw and Worked Ivory From all Ivory Producing and Intermediary Nations”.
3公平的说，20世纪80年撒哈拉以南非洲的主要象牙产出国，为打击偷猎进行了巨大的努力。但由于偷猎现象的过度广泛，政府力量显得相对不足。See Thomas Pricen,“The Ivory Trade Ban: NGOs and InternationalConservation”, in Jack P. Manno, Margaret L. Clark, Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Localand the Global, New York: Routledge,1994。
4Thomas Pricen,“The Ivory Trade Ban: NGOs and International Conservation”, in Jack P. Manno, Margaret L.Clark, Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, New York: Routledge,1994, pp126.
5Thomas Pricen,“The Ivory Trade Ban: NGOs and International Conservation”, in Jack P. Manno, Margaret L.Clark, Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, New York: Routledge,1994, pp126.
1关于东亚酸沉降治理中各类治理主体的发展变化，及其所拥有的权威，本文参考了Yasumasa Komori的研究，See Yasumasa Komori,” Evaluating Regional Environmental Governance in NortheastAsia”, in Asian Affairs:An American Review,37:1–25,2010.
2Wakana Takahashi,”Problems of Environmental Cooperation in East Asia”, in International Environmental Co-operation: Politics and Diplomacy in Pacific Asia, Paul G. Harris, Boulder, CO.: University Press of Colorado,2002.
1See Yasumasa Komori.” Evaluating Regional Environmental Governance in Northeast Asia”, in Asian Affairs: AnAmerican Review,37:1–25,2010.
2Anna Brettell,“Security, Energy, and the Environment: The Atmospheric Link”, in In-Taek Hyun, Miranda A.Schreurs ed., The Environmental Dimension of Asian Security: Conflict and Cooperation over Energy, Resources,and Pollution, Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace,2007, p.93.
3Y. Ichikawa, S. Fujita,“An Analysis of Wet Deposition of Sulfate Using a Trajectory Model for East Asia”, WaterAir and Soil Pollution,1995, Vol.85, No.4, p.1931.
1Yoon, Lee, and Wu,“The State and Nongovernmental Organizations in Northeast Asia Environmental Security”, p.212.
2Yoon, Lee, and Wu,“The State and Nongovernmental Organizations in Northeast Asia Environmental Security”, p.215-216.
3Yoon, Lee, and Wu,“The State and Nongovernmental Organizations in Northeast Asia Environmental Security”, p.225.
1Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Governance: The Ci-ties for Climate Protection Program”, in International Studies Quarterly,(2004)48, p.471-493.
1Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Cities and the Multilevel Governance of Global Climate Change”, inGlobal Governance (2006)12, p.141-159.
2Ute Collier,“Local Authorities and Climate Protection in the EU: Putting Subsidiarity into Practice?” Local En-vironment2, no.1(1997), p.39–57; Benjamin De Angelo and L. D. Danny Harvey,“The Jurisdictional Frame-work for Municipal Action to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Case Studies from Canada, USA and Germa-ny,” Local Environment3, no.2(1998), p.111–136; Darryn McEvoy, David Gibbs, and James Longhurst,“TheProspects for Improved Energy Efficiency in the UK Residential Sector,” Journal of Environmental Planning andManagement42, no.3(1999), p.409–424; Thomas Wilbanks and Robert W Kates,“Global Change in Local
3Places: How Scale Matters,” Climatic Change43(1999), p.601–628.Richard Gilbert, Don Stevenson, Herbert Giradet, and Richard Stren, Making Cities Work: The Role of Local Au-thorities in the Urban Environment, London: Earthscan,1996, p.69.
4Intergovernmental Committee on Ecologically Sustainable Development (ICESD), Future Directions for Austral-ia’s National Greenhouse Strategy, ICESD Discussion Paper, Canberra,1997; J. M. Lumb, K. Buckley, and K. A.Auty, Greenhouse Action and Local Government: The New Directions, report prepared for the National Envi-ronmental Law Association, Melbourne: NELA,1994.
1Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Cities and the Multilevel Governance of Global Climate Change”, inGlobal Governance (2006)12, p.141-159.
2Lilian Yap,“The Basel Convention and Global Environment (Non)Governance:‘Trasfromismos’ and the Case ofElectronic Wastes”, in Undercurrent, Vo.3, No.1,2006, p.23-33.
3Basel Secretariat; Philippe Rckacewicz, http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/trends-in-transboundary-movement-of-waste-among-parties-to-the-basel-convention.
1UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.4,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/PDF/year_book_2010.pdf
1俞海、周国梅、程路连：《国际环境治理与联合国环境署改革》，载杨洁勉主编：《世界气候外交和中国的应对》，北京：时事出版社2009年版，第152-174页。
1转自俞海、周国梅、程路连：《国际环境治理与联合国环境署改革》，载杨洁勉主编：《世界气候外交和中国的应对》，北京：时事出版社2009年版，第152-174页。
1Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.117-119.
1Andre Nollkaemper,“Responsibility of Transnational Corporations in International Environmental Law: ThreePerspectives”, in Gerd Winter ed., Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change: Perspectives fromScience, Sociology and the Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.180.
2Peter Newell,“Towards a Political Economy of Global Environmental Governance” in Peter Dauvergne ed.,Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar,2005,p.187-189.
3See James Connelly and Graham Smith, Politics and the Environment: From Theory to Practice, London andNew York: Routledge,2001, p.183-216
4See Sanjeev Khagram and Saleem H. Ali,“Transnational Transformations: from Government-centric InterstateRegimes to Cross-sectoral Multi-level Networks of Global Governance”, in Jacob Park, Ken Conca, MatthiasFinger, The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Political Economy of Sustainability,London and New York: Routledge,2008, p.132-162.
1See Darrell Whitman,“’Stakeholders’ and the Politics of Environmental Policymaking” in Jacob Park, Ken Conca,Matthias Finger, The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Political Economy of Sustai-
2nability, London and New York: Routledge,2008, p.162-192.
See Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment (Second Edition), New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2004, p.114-116.
3See Peter M. Hass,“Science and International Environmental Governance”, in Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbook ofGlobal Environmental Politics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.383-402.
4Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestations and Implications”, inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger, The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Po-litical Economy of Sustainability, London and New York: Routledge,2008, p.77.
1环境政策市场化工具是公共政策领域的一个重要议题。环境政策是一个综合性的政策领域,在环境政策中，政策工具的选择与政策成败关系密切，恰当的政策工具可以使政策从失败走向成功。市场化工具作为一种新型的工具形态，具有成本节约以及激励的可持续性等优势，因而广受关注。可参见崔先维：《中国环境政策中的市场化工具问题研究》，吉林大学2010年博士学位论文。
2See Marc Williams,“Knowledge and Global Environmental Policy”, in Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbook of GlobalEnvironmental Politics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.383-402.
3See Fariborz Zelli,“The World Trade Organization: Free Trade and Its Environmental Impacts”, in Khi V. Thai,Dianne Rahm, Jerrell D. Coggburn ed., Handbook of Globalization and the Environment, Boca Raton, London,New York: Taylor&Francis Group,2007, p.177-216.
1See Andre Nollkaemper,“Responsibility of Transnational Corporations in International Environmental Law:Three Perspectives”, in Gerd Winter ed., Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change: Perspectivesfrom Science, Sociology and the Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.179-200.
2Mukul Sanwal,“Trends in Global Environmental Governance: The Emergence of Mutual Supportiveness Ap-proach to Achieve Sustainable Development”, in Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004, p.16-22.
3See Stacy D. VanDeveer,“Effectiveness, Capacity Development and International Environmental Cooperation”,in eter Dauvergne ed., Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA,USA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.95-110.
4Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.99-100.
1Martin Janicke的相关研究对本文有很大启发，See Martin Jannicke,“Dynamic Governance of Clean-energyMarkets: How Technical Innovation Could Accelerate Climate Policy”, Journal of Cleaner Production,22,2012,p.50-59.此外，受知识结构的影响，丘吉尔提出的“三环外交”也是笔者如此命名的思想来源。
1Stephen Peake,“Policymaking as Design in Complex Systems–The International Climate Change Regime”, inE:CO Issue Vol.12, No.22010, p.15-22.
2See Thomas Koetz, Katharine N. Farrell, Peter Bridge Water,“Building Better Science-Policy Interface for Inter-national Governance: Assessing Potential within the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and EcosystemServices”, in Int Environ Agreements,201212, p.1–21.
3Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.179-189.
4庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第239页。
5See Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”,in Royal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
1IPCC官方网站：《政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）介绍》， http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/ipcc-faq/ipcc-introduction-ch.pdf
2庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第242页。
3Alison Shaw,“Policy Relevant Scientific Information: The Co-Production of Objectivity and Relevance in theIPCC” in Breslauer Symposium, University of California International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley, athttp://escholarship.org/uc/item/0d81p739
1John Houghton,“An Overview of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Its Process of ScienceAssessment”, in R. E. Hester, R. M. Harrison ed., Global Environmental Change, Cambridge: Royal Society ofChemistry,2002, p.5.
2Keith,“Shine of Reading University”, in Reuters,20Dec,1995.转自庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第243页。
3See Kevin Mooney,“UN Climate Summary Designed to Dupe, Critics Say”, in CNSNews.com Staff Writer, Fe-brurary2002.2007.
4See Beatrice Cointe, Paul-Alain Ravon, Emmanuel Guerin,“2℃: the History of a Policy-Science Nexus”, in ID-DRI SciencesPo. Working Paper, Dec.2011, at www.iddri.org.
5Alison Shaw,“Policy Relevant Scientific Information: The Co-Production of Objectivity and Relevance in theIPCC” in Breslauer Symposium, University of California International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley, athttp://escholarship.org/uc/item/0d81p739
1See “Copenhagen Accord” Article2, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/l07.pdf
2See IPCC:“Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change2007”,http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/zh/spm.html
3Beatrice Cointe, Paul-Alain Ravon, Emmanuel Guerin,“2℃: the History of a Policy-Science Nexus”, in IDDRISciencesPo. Working Paper, Dec.2011, at www.iddri.org.
1See Kathi K. Beratan,“Complexity and the Science-Policy Interface”, in Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, Jarrell D.Coggburn ed., Handbook of Globalization and the Environment, Baca Raton, London New York: CRC Press,2007, p.527-553.
2Marja Spierenburg,“Getting the Message Across: Biodiversity Science and Policy Interfaces–A Review”, inGA/A, Feb.2,2012, p.125-134.
1Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”, inRoyal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
2See David D. Kemp, Global Environmental Issues: A Climatological Approach (Second Edition), London andNew York: Rouledge,1994, p.121-144.
1See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.164-179.
2V. H. Hey Wood,“Global Biodiversity Assessment”, at http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c23/CI011056.pdf
3See Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”,in Royal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
4See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.226-235; S. A. Mitchell, C. M. Breen,“The Role of Research in Informing the GovernanceProcess of the Use of Ecosystem Resources”, in Water Policy9Supplement2,2007, p.169-189.
5Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”, inRoyal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
1Marja Spierenburg,“Getting the Message Across: Biodiversity Science and Policy Interfaces–A Review”, inGA/A, Feb.2,2012, p.125-134.
2See Marja Spierenburg,“Getting the Message Across: Biodiversity Science and Policy Interfaces–A Review”, inGA/A, Feb.2,2012, p.125-134.
3See Julian Saurin,“Global Environmental Crisis as ‘Disaster Triumphant’: The Private Capture of Public Goods”,in Environmental Politics10,4: p.63-84.
1Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestation and Implications”, inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed., The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Toward a NewPolitical Economy of Sustainability, London and New York,2008, p.77.
2See G. Kristin Rosendal,“The Convention on Biological Diversity: Tensions with the WTO TRIPS Agreementover Access to Genetic Resources and the Sharing of Benefits”, in Sebastian Oberthur, Thomas Gehring ed., In-stitution Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EUPolicies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: MIT Press,2006, p.79-103.
3See Peter Hass,“Science and International Environmental Governance”, in Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbook ofGlobal Environmental Politics Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.283-402.
4Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestation and Implications”, inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed., The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Toward a NewPolitical Economy of Sustainability, London and New York,2008, p.77.
5Peter Newell,“Globalization and Sustainable Development: A Dialogue of the Deaf?” in International Review forEnvironmental Strategies,2002,3, p.41-52.
1See David Leonard Downie, Jonathan Krueger, and Henrik,“Global Policy for Hazardous Chemicals”, in NormanJ. Vig, Regina S. Axelrod ed., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Second Edition), Wash-ington D.C.: CQ Press,2005, p.125-146; Lilian Yap,“The Basel Convention and Global Environment(Non)Governance:‘Trasfromismos’ and the Case of Electronic Wastes”, in Undercurrent, Vo.3, No.1,2006, p.23-33;
2萧邀，洪其华，王佴：《“洋垃圾”背后的商业利益——专找国际条约漏洞》，载《第一财经日报》，2007年1月25日，第A01版。
3See Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Asia and the Pacific, http://ch.bcrc.cn/column.jsp?id=1256805408531¤t=1
4萧邀，洪其华，王佴：《“洋垃圾”背后的商业利益——专找国际条约漏洞》，载《第一财经日报》，2007年1月25日，第A01版。
1Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestations and Implications”, in inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed., The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance, New York: Rout-ledge,2008, p.78.
2See Alice Palmer, Beatrice Chaytor, Jacob Werksman,“Interactions between the World Trade Organization andInternational Environmental Regimes”, in Sebastian Oberthur, Thomas Gehring ed., Institutional Interaction inGlobal Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EU Policies, Massachusettsand London: MIT Press,2006, p.181-205.
2See Jon Hovi, Tora Skodvin, Steinar Andresen,“The Persistence of the Kyoto Protocol: Why Other Annex ICountries Move on Without the United States”, in Global Environmental Politics3:4, November2003, p.1-23.
3Charlotte Streck, Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Works: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform”,in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.19, No.2, p.409-442.
1Jan-Peter Vob,“Innovation Processes in Governance: the Development of ‘Emission Trading’ as a New PolicyInstrument”, in Science and Public Policy,34(5), June2007, p.329-343.
2杨雄：《象牙走私黑洞》，载《南都周刊》，2012年第38期，转自http://www.nbweekly.com/news/china/201209/31336.aspx
1REN21, Renewables2011Global Status Report, Paris,2011, at www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/g2011.
2See Martin Janicke,“Dynamic Governance of Clean-energy Markets: How Technical Innovation Could Accele-rate Climate Policy”, Journal of Cleaner Production,22,2012, p.50-59.
1See Martin Janicke,“Dynamic Governance of Clean-energy Markets: How Technical Innovation Could Accele-rate Climate Policy”, Journal of Cleaner Production,22,2012, p.50-59.
2Martin Janicke, K. Jacob, Environmental Governance in Global Perspective–New Approaches to EcologicalModernisation (Second Edition), Berlin: Forschungsstelle Fur Umweltpolitik, Freie Universitat,2007; Martin Ja-nicke, St. Lindemann,“Governing Environmental Innovations”, in Environmental Politics,2010, Vol.19, No.1,p.127-141
1N. Jonstone ed., Environmental Policy and Corporate Behaviour, Cheltenham and Northampton: Edgar Publish-ing,2007; OECD, Towards Green Growth Paris,2011.
1Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”, inRoyal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
2See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.164-179.
3See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.164-179.
1Liliana B. Andonova, Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Transnational Climate Governance”, in Global En-vironmental Politics9:2, May2009, p.52-73.
2See Suraje Dessai, Nuno S. Lacasta, Katharine Vincent,“International Political History of the Kyoto Protocol:From the Hague to Marrakech and Beyond”, in International Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.4, No.2,2003, p.183-205.
1See Michel G. J. den Elzen, Niklas Hohne, Bernd Brouns, Harald Winkler, Herrmann E. Ott,“Differentiation ofCountries’ Future Commitments in a Post-2012Climate Regime”, in Environmental Science&Policy,10,2007,p.185-203.
2E. Lisa F. Schpper,“Conceptual History of Adaptation in the UNFCCC Process”, in Review of European Commu-nity and International Environmental Law,15(1)2006, p.82-93.
3Pamela S. Chasek,“Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific IslandStates and the Alliance of Small Island States”, in Review of European Community and International Environ-mental Law,14(2)2005, p.125-138.
4Future International Action on Climate Change, at www.fiacc.net
1Jorgen Wettestad,“European Climate Policy: Toward Centralized Governance?”, in Review of Policy Research,Vol.26No.3,2009, p.311-329.
2Joseph E. Aldy, Eduardo Ley, Ian Parry,“A Tax-Based Approach to Slowing Global Climate Change”, in NationalTax Journal, Sept.2008, p.493-516.
3Charlotte Streck, Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Work: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform”,in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.19No.22008, p.409-442.
1Michele Betsill, Matthew J. Hoffmann,“The Contours of ‘Cap and Trade’: The Evolution of Emissions TradingSystems for Greenhouse Gases”, in Review of Policy Research, Vol.28No.12011, p.83-107.
2Charlotte Streck, Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Work: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform”,in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.19No.22008, p.409-442.
1See Suraje Dessai, Nuno S. Lacasta, Katharine Vincent,“International Political History of the Kyoto Protocol:From the Hague to Marrakech and Beyond”, in International Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.4, No.2,2003, p.183-205.
2Beatrice Cointe, Paul-Alain Ravon, Emmanuel Guerin,“2℃: the History of a Policy-Science Nexus”, as IDDRISciencesPo. Working Paper, Dec.2011, at www.iddri.org.
1庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第143-144页。
2《京都议定书》第十二条。
3主要参考资料包括：the UNFCCC CDM website; the rules of procedure of the EB in decision3/CMP.1,“Modali-ties and procedures for a clean development mechanism”, available athttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2005/cmp1/eng/08a01.pdf; Baker and McKenzie (2004); Legal Issues Guidebookto the Clean Development Mechanism, p.23; and Green, J.F.(2009).“Delegation and Accountability in the CleanDevelopment Mechanism: The New Authority of Non-State Actors”. Journal of International Law and Interna-tional Relations4(2):33—34.
1CDM Policy Dialogue Report,“CDM Policy Dialogue Research Programme–Research Area: Governance”, Oct.1,2012, p.71-84.
2See Liliana B. Andonova, Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Transnational Climate Governance”, in GlobalEnvironmental Politics9:2, May2009, p.52-73.
1Klaus Hasselmann, Terry Barker,“The Stern Review and the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Implications forInteraction between Policymakers and Climate Experts: an Editorial Essay”, in Climatic Change200889, p.219–229
1Joseph E. Aldy, Eduardo Ley, Ian Parry,“A Tax-Based Approach to Slowing Global Climate Change”, in NationalTax Journal, Sept.2008, p.493-516.
2关于全球气候治理政策工具有效性的比较研究，可参见刘培林：《全球气候治理政策工具的比较分析：基于国别间关系的考察角度》，载《世界经济与政治》，2011年第5期。
3Charlotte Streck, Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Works: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform”,in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.19, No.2, p.409-442.
1Jorgen Wettestad,“European Climate Policy: Toward Centralized Governance?”, in Review of Policy Research,Vol.26No.3,2009, p.311-329.
1庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第189页。
2参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第189页。
3参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第188-195页。
1俞正梁，陈玉刚，苏长和著：《21世纪全球政治范式》，复旦大学出版社，2005年，第57页。
[1]薄燕主编：《环境与国际关系（复旦国际关系评论第七辑）》，上海：上海人民出版社2007年版。
[2]蔡拓等著：《全球问题与国际关系》，天津：天津人民出版社2002年版。
[3]蔡拓著：《全球化与政治的转型》，北京：北京大学出版社2007年版。
[4]蔡拓主编，刘贞晔副主编：《国际关系学》，北京：高等教育出版社2011年版。
[5]陈承新：《国内“全球治理”研究述评》，载《政治学研究》，2009年第1期。
[6]崔大鹏著：《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》，北京：商务印书馆2003年版。
[7]曹湘荣主编：《全球大变暖：气候经济、政治与伦理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版。
[8]郭晨星：《全球环境治理主体结构模型建构及其经验验证》，山东大学2010年博士学位论文。
[9]胡鞍钢，管清友著：《中国应对全球气候变化》，北京：清华大学出版社2009年版。
[10]刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版。
[11]林云华著：《国际气候合作与排放权交易制度研究》，北京：中国经济出版社2007年版。
[12]李惠斌主编，薛晓源副主编：《全球化与公民社会》，南宁：广西师范大学出版社2003年版。
[13]潘忠岐主编：《多边治理与国际秩序（复旦国际关系评论第六辑）》，上海：上海人民出版社2006年版。
[14]潘亚玲：《试论全球化下威斯特伐利亚体系的生存能力》，载《教学与研究》，2011年第7期。
[15]秦亚青主编：《理性与国际合作：自由主义国际关系理论研究》，北京：世界知识出版社2008年版。
[16]秦亚青主编：《文化与国际社会：建构主义国际关系理论研究》，北京：世界知识出版社2006年版。
[17]苏长和著：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版。
[18]唐颖侠著：《国际气候变化条约的遵守机制研究》，北京：人民出版社2009年版。
[19]王伟光，郑国光主编，潘家华，罗勇，陈洪波副主编：《应对气候变化报告（2009）——通向哥本哈根》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2009年版。
[20]王伟光，郑国光主编，潘家华，罗勇，陈迎副主编：《应对气候变化报告（2010）——坎昆的挑战与中国的行动》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版。
[21]王伟光，郑国光主编，罗勇，潘家华，巢清尘副主编：《应对气候变化报告（2011）——德班的困境与中国的战略选择》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2011年版。
[22]王杰，张海滨，张志洲主编：《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》，北京：北京大学出版社2004年版。
[23]王金良：《全球治理：结构与过程》，载《太平洋学报》，2011年第4期。
[24]郇庆治主编：《环境政治学：理论与实践》，济南：山东大学出版社2007年版。
[25]郇庆治著：《环境政治国际比较》，济南：山东大学出版社2007年版。
[26]星野昭吉：《全球治理的结构与向度》，载《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》，2011年第3期。
[27]俞正樑著：《国际关系与全球政治——21世纪国际关系导论》，上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版。
[28]俞正樑，陈玉刚，苏长和著：《21世纪全球政治范式》，上海：复旦大学出版社2005年版。
[29]俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版。
[30]杨鲁慧：《环境外交中的国家意志与公共政策协调》，载《世界经济与政治》，2010年第6期。
[31]庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版2009年版。
[32]张海滨著：《环境与国际关系——全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版。
[33]张海滨：《有关世界环境与安全研究中的若干问题》，载《国际政治研究》，2008年第2期。
[34]张骥，王宏斌：《全球环境治理中的非政府组织》，载《社会主义研究》，2005年第6期。
[35]周俊：《全球公民社会在治理结构中的作用及其限度》，载《马克思主义理论与现实》，2008年第1期。
[1]乔万尼·阿瑞吉，贝弗里·J·西尔弗等著：《现代世界体系的混沌与治理》，王宇洁译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店2003年版。
[2]莫顿·卡普兰著：《国际政治的系统和过程》，薄智跃译，上海：世纪出版集团，上海人民出版社2008年版。
[3]罗伯特·基欧汉著，罗伯特·基欧汉，门洪华编：《局部全球化世界中的自由主义、权力与治理》，门洪华译，北京：北京大学出版社2004年版。
[4]莉萨·马丁，贝思·西蒙斯编：《国际制度》，黄仁伟，蔡鹏鸿等译，上海：上海世纪出版集团2006年版。
[5]戴维·赫尔德，安东尼·麦克格鲁编：《治理全球化：权力、权威与全球治理》，曹荣湘，龙虎等译，北京：社会科学出版社2004年版。
[6]乌尔里希·贝克等著：《全球政治与全球治理——政治领域的全球化》，张世鹏等译，北京：中国国际广播出版社2004年版。
[7]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的逻辑》，陈郁，郭宇峰，李崇新译，上海：上海人民出版社1995年版。
[8]詹姆斯·罗西瑙主编：《没有政府的治理》，张胜军，刘小林等译，南昌：江西人民出版社2001年版。
[9]星野昭吉著：《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》，刘小林，梁云祥译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年版。
[10]彼得·卡赞斯坦，罗伯特·基欧汉，斯蒂芬·克拉斯纳编：《世界政治理论的探索与争鸣》，秦亚青，苏长和，门洪华，魏玲译，上海：上海世纪出版集团2006年版。
[11]奥兰·扬著：《世界事务中的治理》，陈玉刚，薄燕译，上海：上海世纪出版集团2007年版。
[12]肯尼思·奥耶编：《无政府状态下的合作》，田野，辛平译，上海：上海世纪出版集团2010年版。
[13]约瑟夫·奈，约翰·唐纳胡主编：《全球化世界的治理》，王勇，门洪华，王荣军，肖东燕，高军，戴平辉译，北京：世界知识出版社2003年版。
[14]大卫·希尔曼，约瑟夫·韦恩·史密斯著：《气候变化的挑战与民主的失灵》，武锡申，李楠译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2009年版。
[15]安东尼·吉登斯著，《气候变化的政治》，曹荣湘译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2009年版。
[16]约翰·塞兹著：《全球议题》，刘贞晔，李轶译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版。
[1] Alice D. Ba, Matthew J. Hoffmann ed., Contending perspectives on global gover-nance: coherence and contestation, Routledge,2005
[2] Alan S. Alexandroff, Andrew F. Cooper, ed., Rising States, Rising Institutions:Challenges for Global Governance, Centre for International Governance Innova-tion,2010.
[3] Jim Whitman, The limits of global governance, Routledge,2005.
[4] Andrew F. Cooper, Christopher W. Hughes and Philippe De Lombaerde, Regiona-lisation and global governance: the taming of globalisation? Routledge,2008.
[5] Andrew F. Cooper, John English and Ramesh Thakur, Enhancing Global Gover-nance: Towards a New Diplomacy? Tokyo, New York, Paris: United NationsUniversity Press,2002.
[6] Andree Kirchner, International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Imple-mentation and Innovations, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International,2003.
[7] Ann M. Florini ed., The Third Force: the Rise of Transnational Civil Society,Washington D. C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,2000.
[8] Arjun Appadurai, Globalization, Durham and London: Duke University Press,2001.
[9] Bharat H. Desai, Multilateral environmental agreements: legal status of the secre-tariats, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press,2010.
[10] Bjorn Hettne ed., Human Values and Global Governance: Studies in Development,Security and Culture, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2008.
[11] Brendan Gleeson and Nicholas Low, Governing for the Environment: GlobalProblems, Ethics and Democracy, New York: Palgrave Publisher,2001.
[12] Chukwumerije Okereke, Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Gover-nance: Ethics, sustainable development and international cooperation, Londonand New York: Routledge,2008.
[13] David D. Kemp, Global environmental issues: A climatological approach (SecondEdition), London and New York: Routledge,1990.
[14] Daniel W. Drezner, All Politics is Global: Explaining International RegulatoryRegimes, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press,2007.
[15] Emil J. Kirchner and James Sperling, National Security Cultures: Patterns ofGlobal Governance, London and New York: Routledge,2010.
[16] Erich Vranes ed., Trade and the Environment: Fundamental Issues in Internation-al Law, WTO Law and Legal Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2009.
[17] Feargal Cochrane, Rosaleen Duffy, Jan Selby, Global Governance, Conflict andResistance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2003.
[18] Gerd Winter ed., Multilevel governance of global environmental change: pers-pectives from science, sociology and the law, Cambridge University Press,2006.
[19] Howard M. Hensel ed., Sovereignty and the Global Community: the Quest forOrder in the International System, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company,2004.
[20] Helen James ed., Civil Society, Religion and Global Governance: Paradigms ofPower and Persuasion, London and New York: Routledge,2007.
[21] James Connelly and Graham Smith, Politics and the environment: From theory topractice, London and New York: Routledge,2001.
[22] Jacob Park, Ken Conca and Matthias Finger, The Crisis of Global EnvironmentalGovernance: Towards a new political economy of sustainability, London and NewYork: Routledge,2008.
[23] Joseph S. Nye Jr., John D. Donahue ed., Governance in a Globalizing World,Washington D. C.: Brookings Institution Press,2000.
[24] Jerry McBeath and Jonathan Rosenberg, Comparative Environmental Politics,Netherland: Springer,2006.
[25] Joseph F. C. DiMento, The Global Environment and International Law, Austin:University of Texas Press,2003.
[26] Joan DeBardeleben and Achim Hurrelmann, Democratic Dilemmas of MultilevelGovernance: Legitimacy, Representation and Accountability in the European Un-ion, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2007.
[27] John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Second Edition),New York: Longman,2003.
[28] Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, Jerrell D. Coggburn, Handbook of globalization andthe environment, Boca Raton, London, New York: CRC Press,2007.
[29] Lorraine Elliott, The global politics of the environment (the Second Edition),Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press,2004
[30] Lloyd Jensen, Lynn H. Miller, Global challenge: change and continuity in worldpolitics, Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers,1997.
[31] Michael E. Kraft, Environmental policy and politics: toward the twenty-first cen-tury, New York: HarperCollins,1996.
[32] Michele M. Betsill, Kathryn Hochstetler and Dimitris Stevis ed., InternationalEnvironmental Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2006.
[33] Matthew Paterson, Understanding Global Environmental Politics: Domination,Accumulation, Resistance, London: Palgrave Macmillan,2000.
[34] Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall ed., Power in Global Governance, Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press,2005.
[35] Piers H. G. Stephens, John Barry and Andrew Dobson, Contemporary Environ-mental Politics: From Margins to Mainstream, London and New York: Routledge,2006.
[36] Paul F. Diehl, The Politics of Global Governance: International Organizations inan Interdependent World, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers,1997.
[37] Pierre De Senarclens and Ali Kazancigil ed., Regulating Globalization: CriticalApproaches to Global Governance, Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nation Press,2007.
[38] Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global environmentalpolitics (the Fifth Edition), Boulder, CO: Westview Press,2010.
[39] Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbooks of global environmental politics, Cheltenham,and Northampton: Edward Elgar,2005.
[40] R. E. Hester and R. M. Harrison, Global environmental change: Issues in Envi-ronmental Science and Technology, Royal Society of Chemistry,2002.
[41] Regina S. Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, Norman J. Vig ed., The Global Envi-ronment: Institutions, Law and Policy (Second Edition), Washington: CQ Press,2005.
[42] Richard E. Saunier and Richard A. Meganck: Dictionary and introduction toglobal environmental governance (Second Edition), London Sterling, VA:Learthscan,2009.
[43] Ruchi Anand, International Environmental Justice: A North-South Dimension,Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Press,2004.
[44] Susan G. Shapiro, Environment and our global community, New York, Amster-dam, Brussels: international debate education association,2005.
[45] Sebastian Oberthur and Thomas Gehring: Institutional interaction in global envi-ronmental governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EU Poli-cies, Cambridge and Massachusetts: MIT Press,2006.
[46] Shawkat Alam, Natalie Klein and Juliette Overland, Globalisation and the Questfor Social and Environmental Justice: the Relevance of International Law in anEvolving World Order, New York: Routledge,2011.
[47] Timothy M. Swanson and Sam Johnston, Global environmental problems and in-ternational environmental agreements: the economics of international institutionbuilding, Elgar Pub.,1999.
[48] Thomas Princen and Matthias Finger, Environmental NGOs in world politics:Linking the local and the global, London and New York: Routledge,1994.
[49] Timothy J. Sinclair, Global Governance: Critical Concept in Political Science,New York and London: Routledge,2004.
[50] Volker Rittberger, Global Governance and United Nation System, Tokyo, NewYork, Paris: United Nations University Press,2001.
[51] Wang Gungwu and Zheng Yongnian ed., China and the New International Order,London and New York: Routledge,2008.
[52] William C. G. Burns and Hari M. Osofsky, Adjudicating Climate Change: State,National, and International Approaches, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009.
[53] Asa Persson,“Environmental policy integration and bilateral development assis-tance: challenges and opportunities with an evolving governance framework”, IntEnviron Agreements, No.9,2009, pp.409-429.
[54] A.N.Sarkar,“Global Climate Governance: Emerging Policy Issues and FutureOrganisational Landscapes”, IJBIT, Vol.4, Issue2, April2011-September2011,pp.67-83.
[55] Andrew Jordan and Andrea Lenschow,“Policy Paper Environmental Policy Inte-gration: a State of the Art Review”, Environmental Policy and Governance, Env.Pol. Gov. No.20,2010, pp.147-158.
[56] Adil Najam, Ioli Christopoulou, and William R. Moomaw,“The Emergent “Sys-tem” of Global Environmental Governance”, Global Environmental Politics,Vol.4, No.4, November2004, pp.23-35.
[57] Ann Florini,“The National Context for Transparency-based Global Environmen-tal Governance”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.10, No.3, August2010, pp.120-131.
[58] Atle Midttun,“The Weakness of Strong Governance and the Strength of SoftRegulation: Environmental Governance in Post-modern Form”, Innovation, Vol.12, No.2,1999, pp.235-250.
[59] Ana Flavia Barros-Platiau,“When emergent countries reform global governanceof climate change: Brazil under Lula”, Rev. Bras. Polít. Int., No.53(special edi-tion),2010, pp.73-90.
[60] Anja Lindroos, Michael Mehling,“From Autonomy to Integration? InternationalLaw, Free Trade and the Environment”, Nordic Journal of International Law, No.77,2008, pp.253–273.
[61] Barry G. Rabe,“Beyond Kyoto: Climate Change Policy in Multilevel GovernanceSystems” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, andInstitutions, Vol.20, No.3, July2007, pp.423-444.
[62] Benjamin Cashore, Graeme Auld, Steven Berstein and Constance McDermott,“Can Non-state governance ‘Ratchet Up’ Global Environmental Standards?Lessons from the Forest Sector”, RECIEL, Vol.16, No.2,2007, pp.158-172.
[63] Bradley C. Karkkainen,“Post-Sovereign Environmental Governance”, GlobalEnvironmental Politics, Vol.4, No.1, February2004, pp.72-96.
[64] Bradley C Parks and J Timmons Roberts,“Inequality and the global climate re-gime: breaking the north-south impasse”, Cambridge Review of InternationalAffairs,Vol.21, No.4, December2008, pp.621-648.
[65] Béatrice Cointe, Paul-Alain Ravon, Emmanuel Guérin,“2°C: the history of a pol-icy-science nexus”, Working Paper N°19/11, December2011, pp.5-27.
[66] Carolyn Deere-Birkbeck,“Global governance in the context of climate change:the challenges of increasingly complex risk parameters”, International Affairs,No.85, Vol.6,2009, pp.1173–1194.
[67] Cinnamon Pinon Carlarne,“Good Climate Governance: Only a Fragmented Sys-tem of International Law Away?”, LAW&POLICY, Vol.30, No.4, October2008, pp.450-480.
[68] Chris Spence, Kati Kulovesi, María Gutiérrez and Miquel Mu oz,“Great Expec-tations: Understanding Bali and the Climate Change Negotiations Process”, RE-CIEL, Vol.17, No.2,2008, pp.142-153.
[69] Chukwumerije Okereke,“Equity Norms in Global Environmental Governance”,Global Environmental Politics, Vol.8, No.3, August2008, pp.25-50.
[70] Chukwumerije Okereke,“Global environmental sustainability: Intragenerationalequity and conceptions of justice in mult ilateral environmental regimes”, Geo-forum, No.37,2006, pp.725-738.
[71] CDM Policy Dialogue Research Programme Research Area: Governance, FinalEdited Report, October1,2012.
[72] C. E. Barnard,“Key drivers in environmental legislation towards good gover-nance”, Water Policy9Supplement, No.2,2007, pp.31-50.
[73] Charlotte Streck and Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Work: A Review of CDMPerformance and the Need for Reform”, The European Journal of InternationalLaw, Vol.19, No.2,2008, pp.409-442.
[74] Daniel C. Esty,“Rethinking Global Environmental Governance to Deal with Cli-mate Change: The Multiple Logics of Global Collective Action”, AmericanEconomic Review: Papers&Proceedings, Vol.98, No.2,2008, pp.116–121.
[75] Detlef P. van Vuuren, Michel G.J. den Elzen, Jasper van Vliet, Tom Kram, PaulLucas, Morna Isaac,“Comparison of different climate regimes: the impact ofbroadening participation”, Energy Policy, No.37,2009, pp.5351-5362.
[76] Eva L vbrand, Teresia Rindefj ll, and Joakim Nordqvist,“Closing the LegitimacyGap in Global Environmental Governance? Lessons from the Emerging CDMMarket”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.2, May2009, pp.74-100.
[77] E. Lisa F. Schipper,“Conceptual History of Adaptation in the UNFCCC Process”,RECIEL, Vol.15, No.1,2006, pp.82-92.
[78] Evan Schofer, Ann Hironaka,“The Effects of World Society on EnvironmentalProtection Outcomes”, Social Forces, Vol.84, No.1, September2005, pp.25-47.
[79] Erik Beukel,“Ideas, Interests, and State Preferences: The Making of MultilateralEnvironmental Agreements with Trade Stipulations”, Policy Studies, Vol.24, No.1,2003, pp.3-16.
[80] Emma Larsson,“Science and Policy in the International Framing of the ClimateChange Issue”, Master of Science Thesis, Environmental Science Programme,Department of thematic studies Campus Norrk ping,2004.
[81] Frank Jotzo,“Climate Change Economics and Policy in the Asia Pacific”ASIAN-PACIFIC ECONOMIC LITERATURE, No.2,2008, pp.14-30.
[82] Frank Biermann, Olwen Davies, Nicolien van der Grijp,“Environmental policyintegration and the architecture of global environmental governance”, Int Envi-ron Agreements, No.9,2009, pp.351-369.
[83] Feng shi Wu,“Environmental Politics in China: An Issue Area in Review”, Jour-nal of Chinese Political Science, No.3, September2009, pp.383-406.
[84] Frank Biermann, Philipp Pattberg, Harro van Asselt, and Fariborz Zelli,“TheFragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis”,Global Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.4, November2009, PP.14-40.
[85] Gerald Chan, Pak K Lee and Lai-Ha Chan,“China’s Environmental Governancethe domestic-international nexus”, Third World Quarterly, Vol.29, No.2,2008,pp.291–314.
[86] Gerald Chan,“China’s compliance in global environmental affairs”, Asia PacificViewpoint, Vol.45, No.1, April2004, pp.69-86.
[87] GJ Levermore,“A review of the IPCC Assessment Report Four,Part1: the IPCCprocess and greenhouse gas emission trends from buildings worldwide”, Build-ing Serv. Eng. Res. Technol., Vol.29, No.4,2008, pp.349–361.
[88] Hideo Nakazawa,“Between the Global Environmental Regime and Local Sustai-nability: A Local Review on Process of the Environmental Governance”, Inter-national Journal of Japanese Sociology,2006, No.15, pp.69-85.
[89] Harriet Bulkeley and Susanne C. Moser,“Responding to Climate Change: Go-vernance and Social Action beyond Kyoto”, Global Environmental Politics,Vol.7, No.2, May2007, pp.1-10.
[90] Heleen de Coninck, Karin Backstrand,“An International Relations perspective onthe global politics of carbon dioxide capture and storage”, Global EnvironmentalChange, No.21,2011, pp.368–378.
[91] Harro Van Asselt, Francesco Sindico, and Michael A. Mehling,“Global ClimateChange and the Fragmentation of International Law”, Law&Policy, Vol.30, No.4, October2008, pp.423-449.
[92] HongYuan Yu,“Global Environment Regime and Climate Policy Coordination inChina”, Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol.9, No.2, Fall2004, pp.63-77.
[93] Ian Bailey,“Blackwell Publishing Ltd Neoliberalism, climate governance and thescalar politics of EU emissions trading”, Area, Vol.39, No.4,2007, pp.431–442.
[94] Joseph E. Aldy, Eduardo Ley, Ian Parry,“A Tax-Based Approach to SlowingGlobal Climate Change”National Tax Journal, Vol. LXI, No.3September2008,pp.493-517.
[95] Jorgen Wettestad,“European Climate Policy: Toward Centralized Governance?”,Review of Policy Research, Vol.26, No.3,2009, pp.311-328.
[96] Jan-Peter Vo,“Innovation processes in governance: the developmentof‘emissions trading’ as a new policy instrument”, Science and Public Policy,Vol.34, No.5, June2007, pp.329–343.
[97] Joanna Depledge,“The Opposite of Learning: Ossification in the Climate ChangeRegime”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.6, No.1, February2006, pp.1-22.
[98] Jon Hovi, Tora Skodvin and Steinar Andresen,“The Persistence of the KyotoProtocol: Why Other Annex I Countries Move on Without the United States”,Global Environmental Politics, Vol.3, No.4, November2003, pp.1-23.
[99] Jonas Tallberg,“The Power of the Chair: Formal Leadership in International Co-operation”, International Studies Quarterly, No.54,2010, pp.241–265.
[100] Joshua Su-Ya Wu,“The State of China’s Environmental Governance After the17th Party Congress”, East Asia, No.26,2009, pp.265–284.
[101] J rgen Wettestad,“Interaction between EU carbon trading and the internationalclimate regime:Synergies and learning”, Int Environ Agreements, No.9,2009,pp.393–408.
[102] John Vogler,“The institutionalisation of trust in the international climate regime”,Energy Policy, No.38,2010, pp.2681–2687.
[103] Joachim Blatter,“Performing Symbolic Politics and International EnvironmentalRegulation: Tracing and Theorizing a Causal Mechanism beyond RegimeTheory”, Global Environmental Politics,Vol.9, No.4, November2009, pp.81-110.
[104] Jon Rosales, David Viner, Roger Pulwarty and Stewart Cohen, Karin Obdeijnand Marcel Kok,“Communication and The Science-Policy Interface”, ClimateChange Communication Conference, Session C2, June2000, pp.1-18.
[105] Jan-Peter Vo,“Innovation processes in governance: the developmentof‘emissions trading’ as a new policy instrument”, Science and Public Policy,Vol.34, No.5, June2007, pp.329-343.
[106] Jaro Mayda,“IPCC and Policy Development: Toward the Third Assessment Re-port”, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, Vol.2, No.2, June2000, pp.249–262.
[107] Jennifer Clapp,“The toxic waste trade with less-industrialised countries: eco-nomic linkages and political alliances”, Third World Quarterly, Vol15, No.3,1994, pp.505-518.
[108] Judith van Leeuwen, Jan van Tatenhove,“The triangle of marine governance inthe environmental governance of Dutch offshore platforms”, Marine Policy, No.34,2010, pp.590–597.
[109] Kuheli Dutt,“Governance, institutions and the environment-income relationship:a cross-country study”, Environ Dev Sustain, No.11,2009, pp.705-723.
[110] Katarina Eckerberg, Marko Joas,“Multi-level Environmental Governance: aconcept under stress?”, Local Environment, Vol.9, No.5, October2004, pp.405–412.
[111] Kishan Khoday,“Mobilizing Market Forces to Combat Global EnvironmentalChange: Lessons from UN–Private Sector Partnerships in China”, RECIEL, Vol.16, No.2,2007, pp.173-184.
[112]Klaus Hasselmann, Terry Barker,“The Stern Review and the IPCC fourth as-sessment report: implications for interaction between policymakers and climateexperts. An editorial essay”, Climatic Change, No.89,2008, pp.219–229.
[113] Luigi Pellizzoni,“Governing through disorder: Neoliberal environmental gover-nance and social theory”, Global Environmental Change, No.21,2011, pp.795-803.
[114] Liliana B. Andonova, Renzo Mendoza-Castro,“The Next Climate Treaty? Pe-dagogical and Policy Lessons of Classroom Negotiations”, International StudiesPerspectives, No.9,2008, pp.331–347.
[115] Liliana B. Andonova, Michele M. Betsill, and Harriet Bulkeley,“TransnationalClimate Governance”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.2, May2009,pp.52-73.
[116] Ilona Millar and Martijn Wild,“Enhanced Governance and Dispute Resolutionfor the CDM”, CCLR, No.1,2009, pp.45-57.
[117] Lilian Yap,“The Basel Convention and Global Environment (Non)Governance:Trasformismo and the Case of Electronic Wastes”, Undercurrent, Vol. I I I, No.1,2006, pp.23-33.
[118] Michele M. Betsill and Harriet Bulkeley,“Cities and the Multilevel Governanceof Global Climate Change”, Global Governance, Vol.12,2006, pp.141–159.
[119] Matthew Paterson, David Humphreys, and Lloyd Pettiford,“ConceptualizingGlobal Environmental Governance: From Interstate Regimes to Counter-Hege-monic Struggles”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.32, May2003, pp.1-10.
[120] Martin J nicke,“Dynamic governance of clean-energy markets: how technic alinnovation could accelerate climate policies”, Journal of Cleaner Production,No.22,2012, pp.50-59.
[121] Mukul Sanwal,“Evolution of Global Environmental Governance and the UnitedNations”, Global Environmental Politics Vol.7, No.3, August2007, pp.1-12.
[122] Mans Nilsson, Marc Pallemaerts, Ingmar von Homeyer,“International regimesand environmental policy integration: introducing the special issue”, Int EnvironAgreements, No.9,2009, pp.337–350.
[123] Mary C. Thompson, Manali Barua h, Edward R. Carr,“Seeing REDD+as aproject of environmental governance”, Environmental Science&Policy, No.14,2011, pp.100–110.
[124] Michele Betsill, Matthew J. Hoffmann,“The Contours of “Cap and Trade”: TheEvolution of Emissions Trading Systems for Greenhouse Gases”, Review of Pol-icy Research, Vol.28, No.1,2011, pp.83-106.
[125] Michael Mason,“The Governance of Transnational Environmental Harm: Ad-dressing New Modes of Accountability/Responsibility”, Global EnvironmentalPolitics, Vol.8, No.3, August2008, pp.8-24.
[126] Maria Ivanova, David Gordon and Jennifer Roy,“Towards Institutional Symbi-osis: Business and the United Nations in Environmental Governance”, RECIEL,Vol.16, No.2,2007, pp.123-134.
[127] Mukul Sanwal,“Trends in Global Environmental Governance: The Emergenceof a Mutual Supportiveness Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development”,Global Environmental Politics, Vol.4, No.4, November2004, pp.16-22.
[128] Mans Nilsson, Marc Pallemaerts, Ingmar von Homeyer,“International regimesand environmental policy integration: introducing the special issue”, Int EnvironAgreements, No.9,2009, pp.337–350.
[129] Margaret A. Young,“Climate Change Law and Regime Interaction”, CCLR,No.2,2011, pp.147-157.
[130] Marja Spierenburg,“Getting the Message Across Biodiversity Science and Poli-cy Interfaces–A Review”, GA, No.2,2012, pp.125-134.
[131] Michael Tsimplis,“Liability and Compensation in the International Transport ofHazardous Wastes by Sea: The1999Protocol to the Basel Convention”, The In-ternational Journal of Marine And Coastal Law, Vol.16, No.2, pp.295-346.
[132] Maureen G. Reed, Shannon Bruyneel,“Rescaling environmental governance,rethinking the state: A three-dimensional review”, Progress in Human Geogra-phy, Vol.34, No.5, pp.646–653.
[133] Michele M. Betsill,“Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Gover-nance: The Cities for Climate Protection Program”, International Studies Quar-terly, No.48,2004, pp.471–493.
[134] Nives Dolsak,“Climate Change Policy Implementation: A Cross-SectionalAnalysis”, Review of Policy Research, Vol,26, No.5,2009, pp.551-570.
[135] Oran R. Young,“The Architecture of Global Environmental Governance: Bring-ing Science to Bear on Policy”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.8, No.1,February2008, pp.14-32.
[136] Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit” Global Environ-mental Politics, Vol.4, No.4, November2004, pp.1-15.
[137] Philip McMichael,“Food system sustainability: Questions of environmental go-vernance in the new world (dis)order”, Global Environmental Change, No.21,2011, pp.804–812.
[138] Pamela S. Chasek,“Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Main-tenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small IslandStates”, RECIEL, Vol.14, No.2,2005, pp.125-137.
[139] Palblo Cubel,“Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes in InternationalLaw: The Special Case of the Mediterranean Area”, The International Journal ofMarine And Coastal Law, Vol.12, No.4,1997, pp.447-487.
[140] Robert V. Bartlett and Walter F. Baber,“Policy in Democratic Governance JohnRawls, Public Reason, and Normative Precommitment”, Public Integrity, Vol.7,No.3, pp.219–240.
[141] Ronald B. Mitchell,“A Quantitative Approach to Evaluating International Envi-ronmental Regimes”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.2, No.4, November2002, pp.58-83.
[142] Rober t T. Watson,“Turning science into policy: challenges and experiencesfrom the science-policy inter face”, Philosophical Transactions of The Royal So-ciety. B, No.360,2005, pp.471-477.
[143] Sebastian Oberthür and Thomas Gehring,“Institutional Interaction in GlobalEnvironmental Governance: The Case of the Cartagena Protocol and the WorldTrade Organization”，Global Environmental Politics，Vol.6, No.2, May2006,pp.1-31.
[144] Suraje Dessai, Nuno S. Lacasta, and Katharine Vincent,“International PoliticalHistory of the Kyoto Protocol: from The Hague to Marrakech and Beyond”, In-ternational Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.4, No.2,2003, pp.183-205.
[145] Sylvia I. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, Harro van Asselt,“Introduction: exploring andexplaining the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate”, IntEnviron Agreements, No.9,2009, pp.195–211.
[146] Stephen Peake,“Policymaking as Design in Complex Systems—The Interna-tional Climate Change Regime”, E:CO Issue, Vol.12, No.2,2010, pp.15-22.
[147] Stefanie Beyer,“Environmental Law and Policy in the People’s Republic ofChina”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.5, No.1,2006, pp.185-211.
[148] Sevasti-Eleni Vezirgiannidou,“The Climate Change Regime Post-Kyoto: WhyCompliance is Important and How to Achieve it”, Global Environmental Poli-tics,Vol.9, No.4, November2009, pp.41-63.
[149] Shaw, Alison,“Policy Relevant Scientific Information: The Co-Production ofObjectivity and Relevance in the IPCC”, Breslauer Symposium, University ofCalifornia International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley,12-01-2005.
[150] UNEP,“State of the Marine Environment Report for the East Asian Seas2009”.
[151] S. A. Mitchell' and C. M. Breen,“The role of research in informing the gover-nance process of the use of ecosystem resources”, Water Policy9Supplement,No.2,2007, pp.169-189.
[152] Tobias Bohmelt, ETH Zurich, Ulrich H.Pilster,“International EnvironmentalRegimes: Legalisation, Flexibility and Effectiveness”, Australian Journal of Po-litical Science, Vol.45, No.2, June2010, pp.245–260.
[153] Thomas Koetz, Katharine N. Farrell, Peter Bridgewater,“Building betterscience-policy interfaces for international environmental governance: assessingpotential within the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and EcosystemServices”, Int Environ Agreements, No.12,2012, pp.1–21.
[154] Wakana Takahashi,“Formation of an East Asian Regime for Acid Rain Control:The Perspective of Comparative Regionalism”, International Review for Envi-ronmental Strategies, Vol.1, No.1,2000, pp.97–117.
[155] Yasumasa Komori,“Evaluating Regional Environmental Governance in North-east Asia”, Asian Affairs: An American Review, No.37,2010, pp.1–25.
[156] ZhongXiang Zhang and Lucas Assun o,“Domestic Climate Policies and theWTO”, Blackwell Publishing Ltd2003, pp.359-386.
[157] ZhongXiang Zhang,“How far can developing country commitments go in animmediate post-2012climate regime?”, Energy Policy, No.37,2009,pp.1753–1757.
1张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版，第6-7页。
1关于东北亚地区国际环境安排的简要介绍，参见徐庆华主编：《中国国际区域环境合作文件汇编》，北京：中国环境科学出版社，2006年版，第347-348页。
2John W. Meyer, David John Frank, etc.,“Structuring of World Environmental Regime,1870-1990”, InternationalOrganization, Vol.51, No.4(Autumn,1997), p.625.
3参见Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger,“Introduction”, in Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger eds., EnvironmentalNGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, London: Taylor&Francis e-Library,2003, p.2-8.
4Ted Trzyna, eds., World Directory of Environmental Organizations (Sixth Edition), California: California Instituteof Public Affairs,2001.
5迄今为止的五期《全球环境展望》（Global Environmental Outlook）分别发表于1997年、1999年、2002年、2007年、2012年。
1UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.6,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
2参见UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.7,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
3参见UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.33-35,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
4UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.9,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
5UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook4(Summary for Decision Makers), p.11,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/media/GEO4%20SDM_launch.pdf
1UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook4(Summary for Decision Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/media/GEO4%20SDM_launch.pdf
2UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
3参见UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010:New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.14,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/PDF/year_book_2010.pdf
4参见UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010:New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.26-27,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/PDF/year_book_2010.pdf
5参见“中国气候变化信息网”：《NASA卫星图发现：97%的格陵兰冰原开始融化》，http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=32847；以及《格陵兰岛冰盖表层大面积融化》，http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=32826“中国气候变化信息网”由国家发展与改革委员会应对气候变化司主办。另，有报道称这次冰盖融化的程度为“融化殆尽”，这显然是不准确的。真实的情况如文中所述，是“出现融化现象的面积‘突然’”增加至97%。曾有研究指出，如果格陵兰岛冰盖全部融化，全球海平面将会上升七米。
1UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook4(Summary for Decision Makers), p.19,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/media/GEO4%20SDM_launch.pdf
3参见UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010:New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.54-55,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/PDF/year_book_2010.pdf
1参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版。
1参见UNEP区域海洋计划官方网站：http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/programmes/default.asp
2肯尼思·沃尔兹在《国际政治理论》一书中将“国际政治的结构”定义为“体系内的权力分配”；本文在此概念的基础上，将“治理的结构”定义为“诸治理主体的权威分配”。对此，本文第二章有详细论述。
1参见肯尼思·沃尔兹：《国际政治理论》，信强译，苏长和校，上海：上海世纪出版集团，上海人民出版社，2003年版，第124-129页。
2参见Matthew J. Hoffmann, Alice D. Ba,“Introduction: Coherence and Contestation”, in Alice D. Ba, Matthew J.Hoffmann ed., Contending Perspective on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, NewYork: Routledge,2005, p.1-14.
1卡尔·多伊奇：《国际关系分析》，周启朋，郑启荣等译，北京：世界知识出版社1992年版，第1页。
2俞正梁，陈玉刚，苏长和：《21世纪全球政治范式》，上海：复旦大学出版社2005年版，第57页。
3俞正梁，陈玉刚，苏长和：《21世纪全球政治范式》，上海：复旦大学出版社2005年版，第58页。
1张海滨教授对非国际关系学科的解释方案做过比较详尽的述评，参见张海滨：《环境问题与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版，第9-16页。
2国内的研究中，张海滨教授的《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》一书，便是此类观点的典型代表。参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年。
3张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年，第253页。
1参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年，第261-266页.
1Frank Biermann, Philipp Pattberg, Harro van Asselt, Fariborz Zelli,“The Fragmentation of Global GovernanceArchitectures: A Framework for Analysis”, Global Environmental Politics9:4, Nov.2009, p.14-40.
2Harro van Asselt, Frank Biermann,“From UN-ity to Diversity? The UNFCCC, the Asia-Pacific Partnership, andthe Future of International Law on Climate Change”, Carbon and Climate Law Review1(1), p.17-28.
3IPCC, Climate Change2001: Mitigation–Contributing of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report ofthe Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC), p.626-627,转自IPCC官方网站：http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg3/pdf/10.pdf
1Hof, Andries, Mechel den Elzen, Detlef van Vuuren,“Environmental Effectiveness and Economic Consequencesof Fragmented Versus Universal Regimes: What can we learn from Model Studies?” in Global Climate Gover-nance Beyond2012: Architecture, Agency and Adaptation, edited by Frank Biermann, Philipp Pattberg, FariborzZelli, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,2010.
2Vormedal, Irja,“The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: theCase of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM”, Global Environmental Politics8(4), p.36-65.
3Yearn Hong Choi,“Cooperative Environmental Efforts in Northeast Asia: Assessment and Recommendations”,International Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.3, No.1,2002, p.137-151.
4Frank Biermann, Olwen Davies, Nicolien van der Grijp,“Environmental Policy Integration and the Architectureof Global Environmental Governance”, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law&Economics,Nov2009, Vol.9Issue4, p.351-369.
1参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第143-144页。
1Timothy Swanson,“Relations Between Nations: the Reasons that Different States View the Same Problem SoDifferently”, in Timothy Swanson, Sam Johnston, Global Environmental Problems and International Environ-mental Agreements, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999, p.69.
1Timothy Swanson,“The Evolution of International Environmental Agreements: Negotiations after Negotiations”,in Timothy Swanson, Sam Johnston, Global Environmental Problems and International Environmental Agree-ments, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999, p.170.
2Timothy Swanson,“Relations between Nations: the Reasons that Different States View the Same Problem SoDifferently”, in Timothy Swanson, Sam Johnston, Global Environmental Problems and International Environ-mental Agreements, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999, p.69.
1Timothy Swanson,“The Foundations of International Environmental Law: Recognition, Negotiation and Evolu-tion”, in Timothy Swanson, Sam Johnston, Global Environmental Problems and International EnvironmentalAgreements, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999, p.85.
1Mancur Olson,“Foreword”, in Todd Sandler, Collective Action: Theory and Applications, Michigan: The Univer-sity of Michigan Press,1992, p.2.
2Marvin S. Soroos,“Global Institutions and the Environment: An Evolutionary Perspective”, in Regina S. Axelrod,David Leonard Downie, Norman J. Vig edited, The Global Environment: Institutions, Law and Policy, Washing-ton, D.C.: CQ Press2005, p.21.
1Elizabeth R. DeSombre,“Understanding United States Unilateralism: Domestic Sources of U.S. InternationalEnvironmental Policy” in Regina S. Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, Norman J. Vig edited, The Global Envi-ronment: Institutions, Law, and Policy, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press2005, p.181-182.
2Wakana Takahashi,“Formation of an East Asian Regime for Acid Rain Control: The Perspective of ComparativeRegionalism”, International Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.1, No.1,2000, p.97-117.
3Myungjin Kim,“Environmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia”, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal Vol.22, No.3,2004, p.191-203.
1我国学者苏长和对“国际政治市场失灵”这一概念进行了论述。参见苏长和著：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版。
1参见俞可平：《全球治理引论》，转自俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第1-31页。
2See Yasumasa Komori,“Evaluating Regional Environmental Governance in Northeast Asia”, Asian Affairs: AnAmerican Review, Vol.37,2010, p.1-25.
1Hidetaka Yoshimatsu,“Understanding Regulatory Governance in Northeast Asia: Environmental and Technolo-gical Cooperation among China, Japan and Korea”, Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol.18, No.3Dec.2010,p.227-247.
1See Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004,p.1-15.
1Martin Janicke的相关研究对作者有很大启发，参见Martin Janicke,“Dynamic Governance of Clean-EnergyMarkets: How Technical Innovation Could Accelerate Climate Policy”, in Journal of Cleaner Production,22,2012, p.50-59.受知识结构影响，丘吉尔提出的“三环外交”也是笔者如此命名的思想来源。
1Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, June16,1972[UN Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1], para.6.
2Andree Kirchner,“International Marine Environmental Law: Editorial Introduction”, in Andree Kirchner ed. In-ternational Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementation and Innovations, Netherlands: Kluwer LawInternational,2003, p.1.
1参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第7-10页。
1庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第7页。
2National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Earth System Science Overview: A Program for GlobalChange (also known as the Bretherton Report), figure2.4.2,1986.转引自威廉·克拉克：《环境问题的全球化》，载约瑟夫·奈，约翰·唐纳胡主编：《全球化世界的治理》，王勇、门洪华、王荣军、肖东燕、高军、戴平辉译，北京：世界知识出版社2003年版，第78页。
1苏长和：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年版，第4页。
2参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第7-8页。
3参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第7页。
1参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第9页。
2参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第10页。
3有关的讨论可见Matthew Paterson, David Humphreys, Lloyd Pettiford,“Conceptualizing Global EnvironmentalGovernance: From Interstate Regimes to Counter-hegemonic Struggles”, Global Environmental Politics,2003Vol.3No.2, p.1-10.
4相关资料可参见Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics (the
5thEdition), Boulder: Westview Press, p.117-269.以及张海滨：《环境问题与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版，第237-239页。
1See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics (the5thEdition),Boulder: Westview Press, p.16-19.
1《人类环境宣言》（1972年）第21条原则，参见中国环境报社编译：《迈向21世纪——联合国环境与发展大会文献汇编》，北京：中国环境科学出版社1992年版，第159页。
1《联合国气候变化框架公约》，第一条第二款。
1庄贵阳，陈迎：《国际气候制度与中国》，北京：世界知识出版社2005年版，第41页。
2具体讨论可参见Jon Hovi, Tora Skodvin, Steinar Andresen,“The Perisitence of the Kyoto Protocol: Why OtherAnnex I Countries Move on Without the United States”, Global Environmental Politics3:4November2003, p.1-23.
1M. G. J. den Elzen, A. P. G. de Moor,“The Bonn Agreement and Marrakesh Accords: an Updated Analysis”,RIVM Report,2001.
2庄贵阳，陈迎：《国际气候制度与中国》，北京：世界知识出版社2005年版，第152页。
3参见桑德琳·马龙-杜波依斯，凡妮莎·理查德：《国际气候变化制度的未来蓝图——从〈哥本哈根协议〉到〈坎昆协议〉》，载《上海大学学报（社会科学版）》，2012年3月，第29卷第2期，第1-14页。
1参见解振华：《坎昆协议是气候变化谈判的积极动力》，载《低碳世界》，2011年第四期，第18-19页。
2参见吕学都：《德班世界气候大会成果解读与中国未来面临的挑战》，载《阅江学刊》，2012年第2期，第38-44页。
2参见吕学都：《德班世界气候大会成果解读与中国未来面临的挑战》，载《阅江学刊》，2012年第2期，第38-44页。
1John McCormick,“The Role of Environmental NGOs in International Regimes”, in Regina S. Axelrod, DavidLeonard Downie, Norman J. Vig ed. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Second Edition),Washington D. C.: CQ Press, p.84.
1Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics (the5thEdition), Bould-er: Westview Press, p.165.
1UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.33,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
2参见联合国环境规划署：《联合国环境规划署年鉴（2009）》，第1页。转自联合国环境规划署官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/
1蒋志刚：《CITES公约与生物多样性保护与持续利用》，载《中国生物多样性保护与研究进展VI——第六届全国生物多样性与持续利用研讨会论文集》，第329-349页。
2参见中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会（CITES中国履约科学机构）官方网站，http://www.cites.org.cn/article/show.php?itemid=729
3参见联合国环境规划署官方网站，http://www.unep.org/chinese/Themes/Biodiversity/Programmes_And_Activities/index.asp
4John Lanchbery,“The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES): Responding to Calls for Action from Other Nature Conservation Regimes”, in Sebastian Oberthur,Thomas Gehring ed., Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict amongInternational and EU Policies, p.166-167.
1参见《拉姆萨尔公约》官方网站，http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__
2《生物多样性公约》第十一次缔约方大会于2012年10月8日-19日在印度海德拉巴召开。
3参见《生物多样性公约》官方网站，http://www.cbd.int/intro/
1《国际河流利用规则》第十条第一款，转自中华人民共和国水利部中国水利国际经济技术交流网，http://www.icec.org.cn/gjhl/gjhltf/200512/t20051212_49721.html
2《跨界水道和国际湖泊保护和利用公约》第五条、第六条，转自中华人民共和国水利部中国水利国际经济技术交流网，http://www.icec.org.cn/gjhl/gjhltf/200512/t20051212_49720.html
3参见斯特芬C.麦卡弗里：《国际水道非航行使用法公约》，转自联合国官方网站，http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/pdf/ha/clnuiw/clnuiw_c.pdf
1《联合国防治荒漠化公约》第二条第一款，转自《联合国防治荒漠化公约》官方网站，http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/conventionText/conv-chi.pdf
1参见王杰，张海滨，张志洲主编：《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》，北京：北京大学出版社2004年版，第334-337页。
2UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
3UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.59,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
4UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook4(Summary for Decision Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/media/GEO4%20SDM_launch.pdf
1资料来源：世界自然基金会，转自UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.11,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
1刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第46-47页。参见蔡守秋、何卫东著：《当代海洋环境资源法》，北京：煤炭工业出版社2001年版，第6-9页。
2《联合国海洋法公约》，北京：海洋出版社1992年，第3页。
3本文本部分的写作参考了刘中民、王曦的研究，参见刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第78-84页；王曦：《联合国环境规划署环境法教程》，北京：法律出版社2002年版。
4参见刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第78-84页。
5《防止倾倒废弃物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》，第三条第三款。参见http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/fg1.asp?id=1121
1刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第79页。
2王曦：《联合国环境规划署环境法教程》，北京：法律出版社2002年版，第238页。
3《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》，第一条e款。
4《国际防止船舶污染公约》（1973）序言。参见，http://www.iicc.ac.cn/05international_coopera-tion/t20031110_17790.htm
1《对公海上发生油污事故进行干涉的国际公约》，第一条。参见，http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/fg1.asp? id=1117
2《对公海上发生油污事故进行干涉的国际公约》，第三条。参见，http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/fg1.asp? id=1117
3《对公海上发生油污事故进行干涉的国际公约》，第五条第一款、第六条第一款。参见，http://www.gdmsa.gov.cn/fg1.asp? id=1117
1《联合国海洋法公约》第61条，北京：海洋出版社1992年版，第30页。
2《21世纪议程》，见http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp? Id=44316
3参见Andree Kirchner,“International Marine Environmental Law: Editorial Introduction”, in Andree Kirchner ed.International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementation and Innovations, Netherlands: KluwerLaw International,2003, p.3.
1Agustin Blanco-Bazan,“The Environmental UNCLOS and the Work of IMO in the Field of Prevention of Pollu-tion from Vessels”, in Andree Kirchner ed. International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementa-tion and Innovations, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International,2003, p.31.
2Agustin Blanco-Bazan,“The Environmental UNCLOS and the Work of IMO in the Field of Prevention of Pollu-tion from Vessels”, in Andree Kirchner ed. International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementa-tion and Innovations, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International,2003, p.32.
3David H. Anderson,“The Role of ITLOS as a Means of Dispute Settlement under UNCLOS”, in Andree Kirchnered. International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Implementation and Innovations, Netherlands: KluwerLaw International,2003, p.19-20.
4刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版，第88页。
2联合国环境规划署：《全球环境展望3》，第206-207页。
3Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment (Second Edition), New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2004,p.67-69.
4Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment (Second Edition), New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2004,p.69-72.
1UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook5(Summary for Policy Makers), p.10,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/GEO5_SPM_English.pdf
2联合国环境规划署：《全球环境展望3》，第179页。
3UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.14,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
4联合国环境规划署：《全球环境展望200》，见http://pops.pku.edu.cn/geo2000c/index.htm
1David Leonard Downie, Jonathan Krueger, Henrik Selin,“Global Policy for Hazardous Chemicals”, in Regina S.Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, Nroman J. Vig ed., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (the2nd Edition), Washington, D.C.,2005, p.128.
2《巴塞尔公约》缔约方大会第十次会议于10月21日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳闭幕。参见联合国官方网站：http://www.un.org/chinese/News/fullstorynews.asp?newsID=16513
3参见张湘兰，秦天宝：《控制危险废物越境转移的巴塞尔公约及其最新发展：从框架到实施》，载《法学评论》，2003年第3期，第93-104页。
1David Leonard Downie, Jonathan Krueger, Henrik Selin,“Global Policy for Hazardous Chemicals”, in Regina S.Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, Nroman J. Vig ed., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (the2nd Edition), Washington, D.C.,2005, p.132.
2余刚，周隆超，黄俊，邓述波：《持久性有机污染物和〈斯德哥尔摩公约〉履约》，载《环境保护》，2010年第23期，第13-15页。
1参见“巴塞尔行动网络”官方网站，http://www.ban.org/about/
2UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.26,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2010/PDF/GYB2010_English_full.pdf
1参见俞可平：《全球治理引论》，转自俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年。
2詹姆斯·罗西瑙主编，张胜军，刘小林译：《没有政府的治理》，南昌：江西人民出版社，2001年版，第5页。
1Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighborhood, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995, p.2-3.
2托尼·麦克格鲁：《走向真正的全球治理》，转自俞可平主编、张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第151页。
3俞可平：《全球治理引论》，转自俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年，第13页。
4蔡拓主编，刘贞晔副主编：《国际关系学》，北京：高等教育出版社2011年版，第299页。
1Robert W. Cox,“Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory”, in Timothy J.Sinclair ed., Global Governance: Critical Concepts in Political Science, New York: Routledge,2004, p.5.
2“全球公民社会”是国际关系研究中一个颇有争议的概念，很多研究对其进行了讨论。但总的来说，即便是比较激进的保守主义文献，在强调国家的主导地位的同时，也无法完全否认全球化时代非国家行为体的兴起，及其跨国联系的逐步密集；而只能对其重要性进行质疑，但又很难否认其愈发重要的趋势。因而，可以认为“全球公民社会”的出现是全球化时代的一个重要特征。具体讨论可参见：”Reconstructing WorldPolitics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies,1992,21, p.389-420.以及Ronnie D. Lipschutz, Judith Mayer, Global Civil Society and Global Economic Governance: ThePolitics of Nature from Place to Planet, Albany: State University of New York Press,1996.
4戴维·布朗，桑杰夫·卡格莱姆，马克·摩尔，彼得·弗鲁姆金：《全球化、非政府组织与多部门联系》，转自约瑟夫·S.奈，约翰·D.唐纳胡主编：《全球化世界的治理》，王勇、门洪华、王荣军、肖东燕、高军、戴平辉译，北京：世界知识出版社2003年版，第11页。
5Martin Hewson, Timothy J. Sinclair,“The Emergence of Global Governance Theory”, in Timothy J. Sinclair ed.,Global Governance: Critical Concepts in Political Science, New York: Routledge,2004, p.230.
1俞可平：《全球治理引论》，转自俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年，第6-7页。
2See Peter M. Hass,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, in Global Environmental Governance4:4, Nov.2004.
3俞正樑：《国际关系与全球政治——21世纪国际关系学导论》，上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版，第250页。
4俞正樑：《国际关系与全球政治——21世纪国际关系学导论》，上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版，第251页。
1参见陈志敏：《次国家政府与对外事务》，北京：长征出版社，2001年，第24-32页。
2Hideo Nakazawa,“Between the Global Environmental Regime and Local Sustainability: A Local Review on theInclusion, Failure and Reinventing Process of the Environmental Governance”, in International Journal of Japa-nese Sociology,2006, Nov.15, p.69-85.
1星野昭吉：《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》，刘小林，梁运祥译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第199页。
2Evan Schofer, Ann Hironaka,“The Effects of World Society on Environmental Protection Outcomes”, in SocialForces, Vol.84, No.1,2005, Sept., p.25-45.
3参见周俊：《全球公民社会在治理结构中的作用及其限度》，载《马克思主义理论与现实》，2008年第1期，第94-100页。
1詹姆斯N.罗西瑙：《面向本体论的全球治理》，载俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第64页。
2See Jennifer Clapp,“Transnational Corporation and Global Environmental Governance”, Peter Dauvergne ed.,Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Northampton MA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.284-298.
3See Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestations and Implications”, inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed., The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance, New York: Rout-ledge,2008, p.77-96.
1参见奥兰·杨：《全球治理：迈向一种分权世界秩序的理论》，载俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第77页。
2See Kishan Khoday,“Mobilizing Market Forces to Combat Global Environmental Change: Lessons fromUN-Private Sector Partnerships in China”, in Review of European Community and International EnvironmentalLaw,16(2)2007, p.173-184.
2Jonas Ebbesson,“Transboundary Corporate Responsibility in Environmental Matters: Fragments and Foundationsfor a Future Framework”, in Gerd Winter ed., Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change: Perspec-tives from Science, Sociology and the Law, p.155.
1参见星野昭吉：《全球治理的结构与向度》，载《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》，2011年第3期。
2Mattew J. Hoffmann, Alice D. Ba,“Introduction”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmann ed., Contending Perspec-tives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Routledge,2005, p.8.
1王金良：《全球治理：结构与过程》，载《太平洋学报》，2011年第4期，第43-53页。
2Arendt H.,“What is Authority?” in Between Past and Future, Cleveland and New York: Viking,1968.转自戴维·米勒，韦农·波格丹诺主编：《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》，中国问题研究所，南亚发展研究中心，中国农村发展信托投资公司组织翻译，北京：中国政法大学出版社1992年版，第45页。
3转自戴维·米勒，韦农·波格丹诺主编：《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》，中国问题研究所，南亚发展研究中心，中国农村发展信托投资公司组织翻译，北京：中国政法大学出版社1992年版，第45页。
1蔡拓：《从国家政治到非国家政治——对政治走向的一种理论思考》，载蔡拓：《全球化与政治的转型》，北京：北京大学出版社。
1See Barry B. Hughes, Continuity and Change in World Politics: The Clash of Perspective, New York: Pren-tice-Hall,1991, p.48-81.
1参见肯尼思·沃尔兹：《国际政治理论》，上海：上海世纪出版集团2003年版，第118-132页。
1Mattew J. Hoffmann, Alice D. Ba,“Introduction”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmann ed., Contending Perspec-tives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Routledge,2005, p.8.
1See James N. Rosenau,“Global Governance as Disaggregated Complexity”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmanned., Contending Perspectives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York:Routledge,2005, p.135.
2Oran R. Young,“Regime Theory and the Quest for Global Governance”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmann ed.,Contending Perspectives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Rout-ledge,2005, p.92.
3奥兰·扬所论述的机制（Regime），也被翻译为‘规制’。在其语境中，机制不仅包括国际机制，也包括跨国机制。总的来看，奥兰·扬对非国家主体参与到跨国机制中，形成一种多元化的治理结构，是非常赞赏的。参见奥兰·杨：《全球治理：迈向一种分权世界秩序的理论》，载俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版，第74-92页。
4James N. Rosenau,“Global Governance as Disaggregated Complexity”, in Alice D. Ba, Mattew J. Hoffmann ed.,Contending Perspectives on Global Governance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Rout-ledge,2005, p.133.
1Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004, p.1-15.
2Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004, p.1-15.
3参见詹姆斯·罗西瑙：《全球新秩序中的治理》，载戴维·赫尔德，安东尼·麦克格鲁主编：《治理全球化：权力、权威与全球治理》，曹湘荣，龙虎等译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第87页。
4参见马蒂亚斯·科尼格-阿尔基布吉：《绘制全球治理》，载戴维·赫尔德，安东尼·麦克格鲁主编：《治理全球化：权力、权威与全球治理》，曹湘荣，龙虎等译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年版，第43页。
1参见恩盖尔·伍兹：《全球治理与制度角色》，戴维·赫尔德，安东尼·麦克格鲁主编：《治理全球化——权力、权威与全球治理》，曹荣湘、龙虎译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2004年版，第10-12页。
1苏长和：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版，第86页。
2See Barry B. Hughes, Continuity and Change in World Politics: The Clash of Perspective, New York: Pren-tice-Hall,1991, p.251-255.也可见苏长和：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版，第88页。本文对于国际公共物品分类的阐述，参考了上述研究。
1关于对抗性、非对抗性、排他性、非排他性四个概念的阐释，转引自苏长和：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版，第87页。
2Frank Biermann,“Global Environmental Governance”, in Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, Jerrell D. Coggburn ed.,Handbook of Globalization and the Environment, Boca Raton, London, New York: CRC Press,2007, p.137-155.
1Anne-Marie Slaughter, Thomas Hale,“Transgovernmental Networks and Emerging Power”, in Alan S. Alexan-droff, Andrew F. Cooper ed., Rising States, Rising Institutions: Challenges for Global Governance, Baltimore:Brookings Institution Press,2010, p.48.
2See Peter M. Hass,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, in Global Environmental Governance4:4, Nov.2004.
1See Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004,p.1-15.
1也有学者将其概括为“权威场域（Sphere of Authority）”。See James N. Rosenau,“Global Governance asDisaggregated Complexity”, in Alice D. Ba, Matthew J. Hoffman ed., Contending Perspectives on Global Go-vernance: Coherence, Contestation and World Order, New York: Routledge,2005, p.133.
2作者参考了彼得·哈斯关于全球环境治理诸主体的功能的相关研究，See Peter M. Haas,“Addressing theGlobal Governance Deficit”, Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004, p.1-15
3以EBSCO数据库检索结果为依据，检索关键词为environmental governance; environmental policy+governance;environmental policy+regimes; environmental policy+institutions,检索日期为2012年10月10日。
1Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Jane Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: Westview Press,2010, p.53-63.
2Peter M. Haas,“Science and International Environmental Governance”, Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbook of Glob-al Environmental Politics, Northampton MA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.383-402.
3Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger, Jack P. Manno,“Translational Linkages”, in Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger,Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, London and New York: Routledge,1994, p.217-236.
4See Jennifer Clapp,“Transnational Corporation and Global Environmental Governance”, Peter Dauvergne ed.,Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Northampton MA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.284-298.
1Sanjeev Khagram, Saleem H. Ali,“Transnational Transformations: From Government-Centric Interstate Regimesto Cross-Sectoral Multi-level Networks of Global Governance”, in Jacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed.,The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance, New York: Routledge,2008, p.132-162.
2Sanjeev Khagram, Saleem H. Ali,“Transnational Transformations: From Government-Centric Interstate Regimesto Cross-Sectoral Multi-level Networks of Global Governance”, in Jacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed.,The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance, New York: Routledge,2008, p.132-162.
1Liesbel Hooghe,“Introduction: Reconciling EU-wide Policy and National Diversity”, in Liesbel Hooghe edited,Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building Multilevel Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996, p.16.
1David Leonard Downie,“Global Environmental Policy: Governance through Regimes” in Norman J. Vig, ReginaS. Axelrod ed., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Second Edition), Washington D.C.: CQPress,2005, p.64-83.
2Peter H. Sand,“Global Environmental Change and the Nation State: Sovereignty Bounded?”, in Gerd Winter ed.,Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change: Perspectives from Science, Sociology and the Law,New York: Cambridge University Press,2006, p.519-520.
3参见《联合国生物多样性公约》，第十五条。
1该概念可参见：Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, International Undertaking on Plant Ge-netic (Conference Resolution8/83of the FAO), Article1.
2Raustiala K., Victor D.G.,“The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources”, International Organization58(2004), p.277-309.
3Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Jane Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: Westview Press,2010, p.139-140.
1不同附件所列的物质管制标准不同。附件A为“完全禁止（Elimination）”，附件B为“严格限制（SeverelyLimited）”，附件C为“无意中产生的（Unintentionally Produced）”。
2Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Jane Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.148-149.
3Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Jane Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: Westview Press,2010, p.148-149.
4See Stockholm Convention’s website at http://chm.pops.int. and Earth Negotiation Bulletin atwww.iisd.ca/process/chemical_management.htm#pops.
5“Summary of the Fourth Meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Con-vention:13-17October2008”, Earth Negotiation Bulletin15, No.161
1Iwona Rummel-Bulska,“The Protection of the Ozone Layer under the Global Framework”, in Cees Flintermaned., Transboundary Air Pollution, Netherland: Martinus Nijhoff,1986, p.281-296.
2J. Farman et al.,“Large Loss of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal ClOx/NOxInteraction”, Nature315,May1985, p.207-210.
1“Summary of the Sixteenth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol:22-26November2004”, Earth Nego-tiation Bulletin19, No.40. www. iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb1940e.pdf.
1Robert Boardman, International Organization and the Conservation of Nature, Bloomington: Indiana UniversityPress,1981, p.88-94.
2Patrica Birnie,“The Role of International Law in Solving Certain Environmental Conflicts”, in John E. Carrolled., International Environmental Diplomacy: The Management and Resolution of Transfrontier EnvironmentalProblems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1988, p.107-108.
3See Pamela S. Chasek,“Environmental Organizations and Multilateral Diplomacy: A Case Study of the EarthNegotiations Bulletin”, in James P. Muldoon ed., Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today, Boulder:Westview,2005.
1Thomas Pricen,“The Ivory Trade Ban: NGOs and International Conservation”, in Jack P. Manno, Margaret L.Clark, Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, New York: Routledge,1994, pp125.
2US Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal Register,54(110), June9,1989,24758-61,“Moratorium on Importation ofRaw and Worked Ivory From all Ivory Producing and Intermediary Nations”.
3公平的说，20世纪80年撒哈拉以南非洲的主要象牙产出国，为打击偷猎进行了巨大的努力。但由于偷猎现象的过度广泛，政府力量显得相对不足。See Thomas Pricen,“The Ivory Trade Ban: NGOs and InternationalConservation”, in Jack P. Manno, Margaret L. Clark, Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Localand the Global, New York: Routledge,1994。
4Thomas Pricen,“The Ivory Trade Ban: NGOs and International Conservation”, in Jack P. Manno, Margaret L.Clark, Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, New York: Routledge,1994, pp126.
5Thomas Pricen,“The Ivory Trade Ban: NGOs and International Conservation”, in Jack P. Manno, Margaret L.Clark, Environmental NGOs in World Politics: Linking the Local and the Global, New York: Routledge,1994, pp126.
1关于东亚酸沉降治理中各类治理主体的发展变化，及其所拥有的权威，本文参考了Yasumasa Komori的研究，See Yasumasa Komori,” Evaluating Regional Environmental Governance in NortheastAsia”, in Asian Affairs:An American Review,37:1–25,2010.
2Wakana Takahashi,”Problems of Environmental Cooperation in East Asia”, in International Environmental Co-operation: Politics and Diplomacy in Pacific Asia, Paul G. Harris, Boulder, CO.: University Press of Colorado,2002.
1See Yasumasa Komori.” Evaluating Regional Environmental Governance in Northeast Asia”, in Asian Affairs: AnAmerican Review,37:1–25,2010.
2Anna Brettell,“Security, Energy, and the Environment: The Atmospheric Link”, in In-Taek Hyun, Miranda A.Schreurs ed., The Environmental Dimension of Asian Security: Conflict and Cooperation over Energy, Resources,and Pollution, Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace,2007, p.93.
3Y. Ichikawa, S. Fujita,“An Analysis of Wet Deposition of Sulfate Using a Trajectory Model for East Asia”, WaterAir and Soil Pollution,1995, Vol.85, No.4, p.1931.
1Yoon, Lee, and Wu,“The State and Nongovernmental Organizations in Northeast Asia Environmental Security”, p.212.
2Yoon, Lee, and Wu,“The State and Nongovernmental Organizations in Northeast Asia Environmental Security”, p.215-216.
3Yoon, Lee, and Wu,“The State and Nongovernmental Organizations in Northeast Asia Environmental Security”, p.225.
1Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Governance: The Ci-ties for Climate Protection Program”, in International Studies Quarterly,(2004)48, p.471-493.
1Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Cities and the Multilevel Governance of Global Climate Change”, inGlobal Governance (2006)12, p.141-159.
2Ute Collier,“Local Authorities and Climate Protection in the EU: Putting Subsidiarity into Practice?” Local En-vironment2, no.1(1997), p.39–57; Benjamin De Angelo and L. D. Danny Harvey,“The Jurisdictional Frame-work for Municipal Action to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Case Studies from Canada, USA and Germa-ny,” Local Environment3, no.2(1998), p.111–136; Darryn McEvoy, David Gibbs, and James Longhurst,“TheProspects for Improved Energy Efficiency in the UK Residential Sector,” Journal of Environmental Planning andManagement42, no.3(1999), p.409–424; Thomas Wilbanks and Robert W Kates,“Global Change in Local
3Places: How Scale Matters,” Climatic Change43(1999), p.601–628.Richard Gilbert, Don Stevenson, Herbert Giradet, and Richard Stren, Making Cities Work: The Role of Local Au-thorities in the Urban Environment, London: Earthscan,1996, p.69.
4Intergovernmental Committee on Ecologically Sustainable Development (ICESD), Future Directions for Austral-ia’s National Greenhouse Strategy, ICESD Discussion Paper, Canberra,1997; J. M. Lumb, K. Buckley, and K. A.Auty, Greenhouse Action and Local Government: The New Directions, report prepared for the National Envi-ronmental Law Association, Melbourne: NELA,1994.
1Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Cities and the Multilevel Governance of Global Climate Change”, inGlobal Governance (2006)12, p.141-159.
2Lilian Yap,“The Basel Convention and Global Environment (Non)Governance:‘Trasfromismos’ and the Case ofElectronic Wastes”, in Undercurrent, Vo.3, No.1,2006, p.23-33.
3Basel Secretariat; Philippe Rckacewicz, http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/trends-in-transboundary-movement-of-waste-among-parties-to-the-basel-convention.
1UNEP, UNEP Year Book2010: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment, p.4,转自UNEP官方网站：http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/PDF/year_book_2010.pdf
1俞海、周国梅、程路连：《国际环境治理与联合国环境署改革》，载杨洁勉主编：《世界气候外交和中国的应对》，北京：时事出版社2009年版，第152-174页。
1转自俞海、周国梅、程路连：《国际环境治理与联合国环境署改革》，载杨洁勉主编：《世界气候外交和中国的应对》，北京：时事出版社2009年版，第152-174页。
1Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.117-119.
1Andre Nollkaemper,“Responsibility of Transnational Corporations in International Environmental Law: ThreePerspectives”, in Gerd Winter ed., Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change: Perspectives fromScience, Sociology and the Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.180.
2Peter Newell,“Towards a Political Economy of Global Environmental Governance” in Peter Dauvergne ed.,Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar,2005,p.187-189.
3See James Connelly and Graham Smith, Politics and the Environment: From Theory to Practice, London andNew York: Routledge,2001, p.183-216
4See Sanjeev Khagram and Saleem H. Ali,“Transnational Transformations: from Government-centric InterstateRegimes to Cross-sectoral Multi-level Networks of Global Governance”, in Jacob Park, Ken Conca, MatthiasFinger, The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Political Economy of Sustainability,London and New York: Routledge,2008, p.132-162.
1See Darrell Whitman,“’Stakeholders’ and the Politics of Environmental Policymaking” in Jacob Park, Ken Conca,Matthias Finger, The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Political Economy of Sustai-
2nability, London and New York: Routledge,2008, p.162-192.
See Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment (Second Edition), New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2004, p.114-116.
3See Peter M. Hass,“Science and International Environmental Governance”, in Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbook ofGlobal Environmental Politics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.383-402.
4Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestations and Implications”, inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger, The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Po-litical Economy of Sustainability, London and New York: Routledge,2008, p.77.
1环境政策市场化工具是公共政策领域的一个重要议题。环境政策是一个综合性的政策领域,在环境政策中，政策工具的选择与政策成败关系密切，恰当的政策工具可以使政策从失败走向成功。市场化工具作为一种新型的工具形态，具有成本节约以及激励的可持续性等优势，因而广受关注。可参见崔先维：《中国环境政策中的市场化工具问题研究》，吉林大学2010年博士学位论文。
2See Marc Williams,“Knowledge and Global Environmental Policy”, in Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbook of GlobalEnvironmental Politics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.383-402.
3See Fariborz Zelli,“The World Trade Organization: Free Trade and Its Environmental Impacts”, in Khi V. Thai,Dianne Rahm, Jerrell D. Coggburn ed., Handbook of Globalization and the Environment, Boca Raton, London,New York: Taylor&Francis Group,2007, p.177-216.
1See Andre Nollkaemper,“Responsibility of Transnational Corporations in International Environmental Law:Three Perspectives”, in Gerd Winter ed., Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change: Perspectivesfrom Science, Sociology and the Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.179-200.
2Mukul Sanwal,“Trends in Global Environmental Governance: The Emergence of Mutual Supportiveness Ap-proach to Achieve Sustainable Development”, in Global Environmental Politics4:4, Nov.2004, p.16-22.
3See Stacy D. VanDeveer,“Effectiveness, Capacity Development and International Environmental Cooperation”,in eter Dauvergne ed., Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA,USA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.95-110.
4Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.99-100.
1Martin Janicke的相关研究对本文有很大启发，See Martin Jannicke,“Dynamic Governance of Clean-energyMarkets: How Technical Innovation Could Accelerate Climate Policy”, Journal of Cleaner Production,22,2012,p.50-59.此外，受知识结构的影响，丘吉尔提出的“三环外交”也是笔者如此命名的思想来源。
1Stephen Peake,“Policymaking as Design in Complex Systems–The International Climate Change Regime”, inE:CO Issue Vol.12, No.22010, p.15-22.
2See Thomas Koetz, Katharine N. Farrell, Peter Bridge Water,“Building Better Science-Policy Interface for Inter-national Governance: Assessing Potential within the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and EcosystemServices”, in Int Environ Agreements,201212, p.1–21.
3Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.179-189.
4庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第239页。
5See Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”,in Royal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
1IPCC官方网站：《政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）介绍》， http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/ipcc-faq/ipcc-introduction-ch.pdf
2庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第242页。
3Alison Shaw,“Policy Relevant Scientific Information: The Co-Production of Objectivity and Relevance in theIPCC” in Breslauer Symposium, University of California International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley, athttp://escholarship.org/uc/item/0d81p739
1John Houghton,“An Overview of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Its Process of ScienceAssessment”, in R. E. Hester, R. M. Harrison ed., Global Environmental Change, Cambridge: Royal Society ofChemistry,2002, p.5.
2Keith,“Shine of Reading University”, in Reuters,20Dec,1995.转自庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第243页。
3See Kevin Mooney,“UN Climate Summary Designed to Dupe, Critics Say”, in CNSNews.com Staff Writer, Fe-brurary2002.2007.
4See Beatrice Cointe, Paul-Alain Ravon, Emmanuel Guerin,“2℃: the History of a Policy-Science Nexus”, in ID-DRI SciencesPo. Working Paper, Dec.2011, at www.iddri.org.
5Alison Shaw,“Policy Relevant Scientific Information: The Co-Production of Objectivity and Relevance in theIPCC” in Breslauer Symposium, University of California International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley, athttp://escholarship.org/uc/item/0d81p739
1See “Copenhagen Accord” Article2, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/l07.pdf
2See IPCC:“Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change2007”,http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/zh/spm.html
3Beatrice Cointe, Paul-Alain Ravon, Emmanuel Guerin,“2℃: the History of a Policy-Science Nexus”, in IDDRISciencesPo. Working Paper, Dec.2011, at www.iddri.org.
1See Kathi K. Beratan,“Complexity and the Science-Policy Interface”, in Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, Jarrell D.Coggburn ed., Handbook of Globalization and the Environment, Baca Raton, London New York: CRC Press,2007, p.527-553.
2Marja Spierenburg,“Getting the Message Across: Biodiversity Science and Policy Interfaces–A Review”, inGA/A, Feb.2,2012, p.125-134.
1Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”, inRoyal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
2See David D. Kemp, Global Environmental Issues: A Climatological Approach (Second Edition), London andNew York: Rouledge,1994, p.121-144.
1See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.164-179.
2V. H. Hey Wood,“Global Biodiversity Assessment”, at http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c23/CI011056.pdf
3See Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”,in Royal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
4See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.226-235; S. A. Mitchell, C. M. Breen,“The Role of Research in Informing the GovernanceProcess of the Use of Ecosystem Resources”, in Water Policy9Supplement2,2007, p.169-189.
5Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”, inRoyal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
1Marja Spierenburg,“Getting the Message Across: Biodiversity Science and Policy Interfaces–A Review”, inGA/A, Feb.2,2012, p.125-134.
2See Marja Spierenburg,“Getting the Message Across: Biodiversity Science and Policy Interfaces–A Review”, inGA/A, Feb.2,2012, p.125-134.
3See Julian Saurin,“Global Environmental Crisis as ‘Disaster Triumphant’: The Private Capture of Public Goods”,in Environmental Politics10,4: p.63-84.
1Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestation and Implications”, inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed., The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Toward a NewPolitical Economy of Sustainability, London and New York,2008, p.77.
2See G. Kristin Rosendal,“The Convention on Biological Diversity: Tensions with the WTO TRIPS Agreementover Access to Genetic Resources and the Sharing of Benefits”, in Sebastian Oberthur, Thomas Gehring ed., In-stitution Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EUPolicies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: MIT Press,2006, p.79-103.
3See Peter Hass,“Science and International Environmental Governance”, in Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbook ofGlobal Environmental Politics Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar,2005, p.283-402.
4Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestation and Implications”, inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed., The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Toward a NewPolitical Economy of Sustainability, London and New York,2008, p.77.
5Peter Newell,“Globalization and Sustainable Development: A Dialogue of the Deaf?” in International Review forEnvironmental Strategies,2002,3, p.41-52.
1See David Leonard Downie, Jonathan Krueger, and Henrik,“Global Policy for Hazardous Chemicals”, in NormanJ. Vig, Regina S. Axelrod ed., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Second Edition), Wash-ington D.C.: CQ Press,2005, p.125-146; Lilian Yap,“The Basel Convention and Global Environment(Non)Governance:‘Trasfromismos’ and the Case of Electronic Wastes”, in Undercurrent, Vo.3, No.1,2006, p.23-33;
2萧邀，洪其华，王佴：《“洋垃圾”背后的商业利益——专找国际条约漏洞》，载《第一财经日报》，2007年1月25日，第A01版。
3See Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Asia and the Pacific, http://ch.bcrc.cn/column.jsp?id=1256805408531¤t=1
4萧邀，洪其华，王佴：《“洋垃圾”背后的商业利益——专找国际条约漏洞》，载《第一财经日报》，2007年1月25日，第A01版。
1Peter Newell,“The Marketization of Global Environmental Governance: Manifestations and Implications”, in inJacob Park, Ken Conca, Matthias Finger ed., The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance, New York: Rout-ledge,2008, p.78.
2See Alice Palmer, Beatrice Chaytor, Jacob Werksman,“Interactions between the World Trade Organization andInternational Environmental Regimes”, in Sebastian Oberthur, Thomas Gehring ed., Institutional Interaction inGlobal Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EU Policies, Massachusettsand London: MIT Press,2006, p.181-205.
2See Jon Hovi, Tora Skodvin, Steinar Andresen,“The Persistence of the Kyoto Protocol: Why Other Annex ICountries Move on Without the United States”, in Global Environmental Politics3:4, November2003, p.1-23.
3Charlotte Streck, Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Works: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform”,in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.19, No.2, p.409-442.
1Jan-Peter Vob,“Innovation Processes in Governance: the Development of ‘Emission Trading’ as a New PolicyInstrument”, in Science and Public Policy,34(5), June2007, p.329-343.
2杨雄：《象牙走私黑洞》，载《南都周刊》，2012年第38期，转自http://www.nbweekly.com/news/china/201209/31336.aspx
1REN21, Renewables2011Global Status Report, Paris,2011, at www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/g2011.
2See Martin Janicke,“Dynamic Governance of Clean-energy Markets: How Technical Innovation Could Accele-rate Climate Policy”, Journal of Cleaner Production,22,2012, p.50-59.
1See Martin Janicke,“Dynamic Governance of Clean-energy Markets: How Technical Innovation Could Accele-rate Climate Policy”, Journal of Cleaner Production,22,2012, p.50-59.
2Martin Janicke, K. Jacob, Environmental Governance in Global Perspective–New Approaches to EcologicalModernisation (Second Edition), Berlin: Forschungsstelle Fur Umweltpolitik, Freie Universitat,2007; Martin Ja-nicke, St. Lindemann,“Governing Environmental Innovations”, in Environmental Politics,2010, Vol.19, No.1,p.127-141
1N. Jonstone ed., Environmental Policy and Corporate Behaviour, Cheltenham and Northampton: Edgar Publish-ing,2007; OECD, Towards Green Growth Paris,2011.
1Robert T. Watson,“Turning Science into Policy: Challenges and Experiences from Science-Policy Interface”, inRoyal Society Publishing, at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
2See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.164-179.
3See Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder: WestviewPress,2010, p.164-179.
1Liliana B. Andonova, Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Transnational Climate Governance”, in Global En-vironmental Politics9:2, May2009, p.52-73.
2See Suraje Dessai, Nuno S. Lacasta, Katharine Vincent,“International Political History of the Kyoto Protocol:From the Hague to Marrakech and Beyond”, in International Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.4, No.2,2003, p.183-205.
1See Michel G. J. den Elzen, Niklas Hohne, Bernd Brouns, Harald Winkler, Herrmann E. Ott,“Differentiation ofCountries’ Future Commitments in a Post-2012Climate Regime”, in Environmental Science&Policy,10,2007,p.185-203.
2E. Lisa F. Schpper,“Conceptual History of Adaptation in the UNFCCC Process”, in Review of European Commu-nity and International Environmental Law,15(1)2006, p.82-93.
3Pamela S. Chasek,“Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific IslandStates and the Alliance of Small Island States”, in Review of European Community and International Environ-mental Law,14(2)2005, p.125-138.
4Future International Action on Climate Change, at www.fiacc.net
1Jorgen Wettestad,“European Climate Policy: Toward Centralized Governance?”, in Review of Policy Research,Vol.26No.3,2009, p.311-329.
2Joseph E. Aldy, Eduardo Ley, Ian Parry,“A Tax-Based Approach to Slowing Global Climate Change”, in NationalTax Journal, Sept.2008, p.493-516.
3Charlotte Streck, Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Work: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform”,in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.19No.22008, p.409-442.
1Michele Betsill, Matthew J. Hoffmann,“The Contours of ‘Cap and Trade’: The Evolution of Emissions TradingSystems for Greenhouse Gases”, in Review of Policy Research, Vol.28No.12011, p.83-107.
2Charlotte Streck, Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Work: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform”,in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.19No.22008, p.409-442.
1See Suraje Dessai, Nuno S. Lacasta, Katharine Vincent,“International Political History of the Kyoto Protocol:From the Hague to Marrakech and Beyond”, in International Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.4, No.2,2003, p.183-205.
2Beatrice Cointe, Paul-Alain Ravon, Emmanuel Guerin,“2℃: the History of a Policy-Science Nexus”, as IDDRISciencesPo. Working Paper, Dec.2011, at www.iddri.org.
1庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第143-144页。
2《京都议定书》第十二条。
3主要参考资料包括：the UNFCCC CDM website; the rules of procedure of the EB in decision3/CMP.1,“Modali-ties and procedures for a clean development mechanism”, available athttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2005/cmp1/eng/08a01.pdf; Baker and McKenzie (2004); Legal Issues Guidebookto the Clean Development Mechanism, p.23; and Green, J.F.(2009).“Delegation and Accountability in the CleanDevelopment Mechanism: The New Authority of Non-State Actors”. Journal of International Law and Interna-tional Relations4(2):33—34.
1CDM Policy Dialogue Report,“CDM Policy Dialogue Research Programme–Research Area: Governance”, Oct.1,2012, p.71-84.
2See Liliana B. Andonova, Michele M. Betsill, Harriet Bulkeley,“Transnational Climate Governance”, in GlobalEnvironmental Politics9:2, May2009, p.52-73.
1Klaus Hasselmann, Terry Barker,“The Stern Review and the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Implications forInteraction between Policymakers and Climate Experts: an Editorial Essay”, in Climatic Change200889, p.219–229
1Joseph E. Aldy, Eduardo Ley, Ian Parry,“A Tax-Based Approach to Slowing Global Climate Change”, in NationalTax Journal, Sept.2008, p.493-516.
2关于全球气候治理政策工具有效性的比较研究，可参见刘培林：《全球气候治理政策工具的比较分析：基于国别间关系的考察角度》，载《世界经济与政治》，2011年第5期。
3Charlotte Streck, Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Works: A Review of CDM Performance and the Need for Reform”,in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.19, No.2, p.409-442.
1Jorgen Wettestad,“European Climate Policy: Toward Centralized Governance?”, in Review of Policy Research,Vol.26No.3,2009, p.311-329.
1庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第189页。
2参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第189页。
3参见庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版，第188-195页。
1俞正梁，陈玉刚，苏长和著：《21世纪全球政治范式》，复旦大学出版社，2005年，第57页。
[1]薄燕主编：《环境与国际关系（复旦国际关系评论第七辑）》，上海：上海人民出版社2007年版。
[2]蔡拓等著：《全球问题与国际关系》，天津：天津人民出版社2002年版。
[3]蔡拓著：《全球化与政治的转型》，北京：北京大学出版社2007年版。
[4]蔡拓主编，刘贞晔副主编：《国际关系学》，北京：高等教育出版社2011年版。
[5]陈承新：《国内“全球治理”研究述评》，载《政治学研究》，2009年第1期。
[6]崔大鹏著：《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》，北京：商务印书馆2003年版。
[7]曹湘荣主编：《全球大变暖：气候经济、政治与伦理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版。
[8]郭晨星：《全球环境治理主体结构模型建构及其经验验证》，山东大学2010年博士学位论文。
[9]胡鞍钢，管清友著：《中国应对全球气候变化》，北京：清华大学出版社2009年版。
[10]刘中民等著：《国际海洋环境制度导论》，北京：海洋出版社2007年版。
[11]林云华著：《国际气候合作与排放权交易制度研究》，北京：中国经济出版社2007年版。
[12]李惠斌主编，薛晓源副主编：《全球化与公民社会》，南宁：广西师范大学出版社2003年版。
[13]潘忠岐主编：《多边治理与国际秩序（复旦国际关系评论第六辑）》，上海：上海人民出版社2006年版。
[14]潘亚玲：《试论全球化下威斯特伐利亚体系的生存能力》，载《教学与研究》，2011年第7期。
[15]秦亚青主编：《理性与国际合作：自由主义国际关系理论研究》，北京：世界知识出版社2008年版。
[16]秦亚青主编：《文化与国际社会：建构主义国际关系理论研究》，北京：世界知识出版社2006年版。
[17]苏长和著：《全球公共问题与国际合作：一种制度的分析》，上海：上海人民出版社2009年版。
[18]唐颖侠著：《国际气候变化条约的遵守机制研究》，北京：人民出版社2009年版。
[19]王伟光，郑国光主编，潘家华，罗勇，陈洪波副主编：《应对气候变化报告（2009）——通向哥本哈根》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2009年版。
[20]王伟光，郑国光主编，潘家华，罗勇，陈迎副主编：《应对气候变化报告（2010）——坎昆的挑战与中国的行动》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版。
[21]王伟光，郑国光主编，罗勇，潘家华，巢清尘副主编：《应对气候变化报告（2011）——德班的困境与中国的战略选择》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2011年版。
[22]王杰，张海滨，张志洲主编：《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》，北京：北京大学出版社2004年版。
[23]王金良：《全球治理：结构与过程》，载《太平洋学报》，2011年第4期。
[24]郇庆治主编：《环境政治学：理论与实践》，济南：山东大学出版社2007年版。
[25]郇庆治著：《环境政治国际比较》，济南：山东大学出版社2007年版。
[26]星野昭吉：《全球治理的结构与向度》，载《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》，2011年第3期。
[27]俞正樑著：《国际关系与全球政治——21世纪国际关系导论》，上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版。
[28]俞正樑，陈玉刚，苏长和著：《21世纪全球政治范式》，上海：复旦大学出版社2005年版。
[29]俞可平主编，张胜军副主编：《全球化：全球治理》，北京：社会科学文献出版社2003年版。
[30]杨鲁慧：《环境外交中的国家意志与公共政策协调》，载《世界经济与政治》，2010年第6期。
[31]庄贵阳，朱仙丽，赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》，杭州：浙江人民出版2009年版。
[32]张海滨著：《环境与国际关系——全球环境问题的理性思考》，上海：上海人民出版社2008年版。
[33]张海滨：《有关世界环境与安全研究中的若干问题》，载《国际政治研究》，2008年第2期。
[34]张骥，王宏斌：《全球环境治理中的非政府组织》，载《社会主义研究》，2005年第6期。
[35]周俊：《全球公民社会在治理结构中的作用及其限度》，载《马克思主义理论与现实》，2008年第1期。
[1]乔万尼·阿瑞吉，贝弗里·J·西尔弗等著：《现代世界体系的混沌与治理》，王宇洁译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店2003年版。
[2]莫顿·卡普兰著：《国际政治的系统和过程》，薄智跃译，上海：世纪出版集团，上海人民出版社2008年版。
[3]罗伯特·基欧汉著，罗伯特·基欧汉，门洪华编：《局部全球化世界中的自由主义、权力与治理》，门洪华译，北京：北京大学出版社2004年版。
[4]莉萨·马丁，贝思·西蒙斯编：《国际制度》，黄仁伟，蔡鹏鸿等译，上海：上海世纪出版集团2006年版。
[5]戴维·赫尔德，安东尼·麦克格鲁编：《治理全球化：权力、权威与全球治理》，曹荣湘，龙虎等译，北京：社会科学出版社2004年版。
[6]乌尔里希·贝克等著：《全球政治与全球治理——政治领域的全球化》，张世鹏等译，北京：中国国际广播出版社2004年版。
[7]曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的逻辑》，陈郁，郭宇峰，李崇新译，上海：上海人民出版社1995年版。
[8]詹姆斯·罗西瑙主编：《没有政府的治理》，张胜军，刘小林等译，南昌：江西人民出版社2001年版。
[9]星野昭吉著：《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》，刘小林，梁云祥译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年版。
[10]彼得·卡赞斯坦，罗伯特·基欧汉，斯蒂芬·克拉斯纳编：《世界政治理论的探索与争鸣》，秦亚青，苏长和，门洪华，魏玲译，上海：上海世纪出版集团2006年版。
[11]奥兰·扬著：《世界事务中的治理》，陈玉刚，薄燕译，上海：上海世纪出版集团2007年版。
[12]肯尼思·奥耶编：《无政府状态下的合作》，田野，辛平译，上海：上海世纪出版集团2010年版。
[13]约瑟夫·奈，约翰·唐纳胡主编：《全球化世界的治理》，王勇，门洪华，王荣军，肖东燕，高军，戴平辉译，北京：世界知识出版社2003年版。
[14]大卫·希尔曼，约瑟夫·韦恩·史密斯著：《气候变化的挑战与民主的失灵》，武锡申，李楠译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2009年版。
[15]安东尼·吉登斯著，《气候变化的政治》，曹荣湘译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2009年版。
[16]约翰·塞兹著：《全球议题》，刘贞晔，李轶译，北京：社会科学文献出版社2010年版。
[1] Alice D. Ba, Matthew J. Hoffmann ed., Contending perspectives on global gover-nance: coherence and contestation, Routledge,2005
[2] Alan S. Alexandroff, Andrew F. Cooper, ed., Rising States, Rising Institutions:Challenges for Global Governance, Centre for International Governance Innova-tion,2010.
[3] Jim Whitman, The limits of global governance, Routledge,2005.
[4] Andrew F. Cooper, Christopher W. Hughes and Philippe De Lombaerde, Regiona-lisation and global governance: the taming of globalisation? Routledge,2008.
[5] Andrew F. Cooper, John English and Ramesh Thakur, Enhancing Global Gover-nance: Towards a New Diplomacy? Tokyo, New York, Paris: United NationsUniversity Press,2002.
[6] Andree Kirchner, International Marine Environmental Law: Institutions, Imple-mentation and Innovations, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International,2003.
[7] Ann M. Florini ed., The Third Force: the Rise of Transnational Civil Society,Washington D. C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,2000.
[8] Arjun Appadurai, Globalization, Durham and London: Duke University Press,2001.
[9] Bharat H. Desai, Multilateral environmental agreements: legal status of the secre-tariats, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press,2010.
[10] Bjorn Hettne ed., Human Values and Global Governance: Studies in Development,Security and Culture, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2008.
[11] Brendan Gleeson and Nicholas Low, Governing for the Environment: GlobalProblems, Ethics and Democracy, New York: Palgrave Publisher,2001.
[12] Chukwumerije Okereke, Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Gover-nance: Ethics, sustainable development and international cooperation, Londonand New York: Routledge,2008.
[13] David D. Kemp, Global environmental issues: A climatological approach (SecondEdition), London and New York: Routledge,1990.
[14] Daniel W. Drezner, All Politics is Global: Explaining International RegulatoryRegimes, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press,2007.
[15] Emil J. Kirchner and James Sperling, National Security Cultures: Patterns ofGlobal Governance, London and New York: Routledge,2010.
[16] Erich Vranes ed., Trade and the Environment: Fundamental Issues in Internation-al Law, WTO Law and Legal Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2009.
[17] Feargal Cochrane, Rosaleen Duffy, Jan Selby, Global Governance, Conflict andResistance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2003.
[18] Gerd Winter ed., Multilevel governance of global environmental change: pers-pectives from science, sociology and the law, Cambridge University Press,2006.
[19] Howard M. Hensel ed., Sovereignty and the Global Community: the Quest forOrder in the International System, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company,2004.
[20] Helen James ed., Civil Society, Religion and Global Governance: Paradigms ofPower and Persuasion, London and New York: Routledge,2007.
[21] James Connelly and Graham Smith, Politics and the environment: From theory topractice, London and New York: Routledge,2001.
[22] Jacob Park, Ken Conca and Matthias Finger, The Crisis of Global EnvironmentalGovernance: Towards a new political economy of sustainability, London and NewYork: Routledge,2008.
[23] Joseph S. Nye Jr., John D. Donahue ed., Governance in a Globalizing World,Washington D. C.: Brookings Institution Press,2000.
[24] Jerry McBeath and Jonathan Rosenberg, Comparative Environmental Politics,Netherland: Springer,2006.
[25] Joseph F. C. DiMento, The Global Environment and International Law, Austin:University of Texas Press,2003.
[26] Joan DeBardeleben and Achim Hurrelmann, Democratic Dilemmas of MultilevelGovernance: Legitimacy, Representation and Accountability in the European Un-ion, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2007.
[27] John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Second Edition),New York: Longman,2003.
[28] Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, Jerrell D. Coggburn, Handbook of globalization andthe environment, Boca Raton, London, New York: CRC Press,2007.
[29] Lorraine Elliott, The global politics of the environment (the Second Edition),Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press,2004
[30] Lloyd Jensen, Lynn H. Miller, Global challenge: change and continuity in worldpolitics, Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers,1997.
[31] Michael E. Kraft, Environmental policy and politics: toward the twenty-first cen-tury, New York: HarperCollins,1996.
[32] Michele M. Betsill, Kathryn Hochstetler and Dimitris Stevis ed., InternationalEnvironmental Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2006.
[33] Matthew Paterson, Understanding Global Environmental Politics: Domination,Accumulation, Resistance, London: Palgrave Macmillan,2000.
[34] Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall ed., Power in Global Governance, Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press,2005.
[35] Piers H. G. Stephens, John Barry and Andrew Dobson, Contemporary Environ-mental Politics: From Margins to Mainstream, London and New York: Routledge,2006.
[36] Paul F. Diehl, The Politics of Global Governance: International Organizations inan Interdependent World, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers,1997.
[37] Pierre De Senarclens and Ali Kazancigil ed., Regulating Globalization: CriticalApproaches to Global Governance, Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nation Press,2007.
[38] Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Downie, Janet Welsh Brown, Global environmentalpolitics (the Fifth Edition), Boulder, CO: Westview Press,2010.
[39] Peter Dauvergne ed., Handbooks of global environmental politics, Cheltenham,and Northampton: Edward Elgar,2005.
[40] R. E. Hester and R. M. Harrison, Global environmental change: Issues in Envi-ronmental Science and Technology, Royal Society of Chemistry,2002.
[41] Regina S. Axelrod, David Leonard Downie, Norman J. Vig ed., The Global Envi-ronment: Institutions, Law and Policy (Second Edition), Washington: CQ Press,2005.
[42] Richard E. Saunier and Richard A. Meganck: Dictionary and introduction toglobal environmental governance (Second Edition), London Sterling, VA:Learthscan,2009.
[43] Ruchi Anand, International Environmental Justice: A North-South Dimension,Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Press,2004.
[44] Susan G. Shapiro, Environment and our global community, New York, Amster-dam, Brussels: international debate education association,2005.
[45] Sebastian Oberthur and Thomas Gehring: Institutional interaction in global envi-ronmental governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EU Poli-cies, Cambridge and Massachusetts: MIT Press,2006.
[46] Shawkat Alam, Natalie Klein and Juliette Overland, Globalisation and the Questfor Social and Environmental Justice: the Relevance of International Law in anEvolving World Order, New York: Routledge,2011.
[47] Timothy M. Swanson and Sam Johnston, Global environmental problems and in-ternational environmental agreements: the economics of international institutionbuilding, Elgar Pub.,1999.
[48] Thomas Princen and Matthias Finger, Environmental NGOs in world politics:Linking the local and the global, London and New York: Routledge,1994.
[49] Timothy J. Sinclair, Global Governance: Critical Concept in Political Science,New York and London: Routledge,2004.
[50] Volker Rittberger, Global Governance and United Nation System, Tokyo, NewYork, Paris: United Nations University Press,2001.
[51] Wang Gungwu and Zheng Yongnian ed., China and the New International Order,London and New York: Routledge,2008.
[52] William C. G. Burns and Hari M. Osofsky, Adjudicating Climate Change: State,National, and International Approaches, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009.
[53] Asa Persson,“Environmental policy integration and bilateral development assis-tance: challenges and opportunities with an evolving governance framework”, IntEnviron Agreements, No.9,2009, pp.409-429.
[54] A.N.Sarkar,“Global Climate Governance: Emerging Policy Issues and FutureOrganisational Landscapes”, IJBIT, Vol.4, Issue2, April2011-September2011,pp.67-83.
[55] Andrew Jordan and Andrea Lenschow,“Policy Paper Environmental Policy Inte-gration: a State of the Art Review”, Environmental Policy and Governance, Env.Pol. Gov. No.20,2010, pp.147-158.
[56] Adil Najam, Ioli Christopoulou, and William R. Moomaw,“The Emergent “Sys-tem” of Global Environmental Governance”, Global Environmental Politics,Vol.4, No.4, November2004, pp.23-35.
[57] Ann Florini,“The National Context for Transparency-based Global Environmen-tal Governance”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.10, No.3, August2010, pp.120-131.
[58] Atle Midttun,“The Weakness of Strong Governance and the Strength of SoftRegulation: Environmental Governance in Post-modern Form”, Innovation, Vol.12, No.2,1999, pp.235-250.
[59] Ana Flavia Barros-Platiau,“When emergent countries reform global governanceof climate change: Brazil under Lula”, Rev. Bras. Polít. Int., No.53(special edi-tion),2010, pp.73-90.
[60] Anja Lindroos, Michael Mehling,“From Autonomy to Integration? InternationalLaw, Free Trade and the Environment”, Nordic Journal of International Law, No.77,2008, pp.253–273.
[61] Barry G. Rabe,“Beyond Kyoto: Climate Change Policy in Multilevel GovernanceSystems” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, andInstitutions, Vol.20, No.3, July2007, pp.423-444.
[62] Benjamin Cashore, Graeme Auld, Steven Berstein and Constance McDermott,“Can Non-state governance ‘Ratchet Up’ Global Environmental Standards?Lessons from the Forest Sector”, RECIEL, Vol.16, No.2,2007, pp.158-172.
[63] Bradley C. Karkkainen,“Post-Sovereign Environmental Governance”, GlobalEnvironmental Politics, Vol.4, No.1, February2004, pp.72-96.
[64] Bradley C Parks and J Timmons Roberts,“Inequality and the global climate re-gime: breaking the north-south impasse”, Cambridge Review of InternationalAffairs,Vol.21, No.4, December2008, pp.621-648.
[65] Béatrice Cointe, Paul-Alain Ravon, Emmanuel Guérin,“2°C: the history of a pol-icy-science nexus”, Working Paper N°19/11, December2011, pp.5-27.
[66] Carolyn Deere-Birkbeck,“Global governance in the context of climate change:the challenges of increasingly complex risk parameters”, International Affairs,No.85, Vol.6,2009, pp.1173–1194.
[67] Cinnamon Pinon Carlarne,“Good Climate Governance: Only a Fragmented Sys-tem of International Law Away?”, LAW&POLICY, Vol.30, No.4, October2008, pp.450-480.
[68] Chris Spence, Kati Kulovesi, María Gutiérrez and Miquel Mu oz,“Great Expec-tations: Understanding Bali and the Climate Change Negotiations Process”, RE-CIEL, Vol.17, No.2,2008, pp.142-153.
[69] Chukwumerije Okereke,“Equity Norms in Global Environmental Governance”,Global Environmental Politics, Vol.8, No.3, August2008, pp.25-50.
[70] Chukwumerije Okereke,“Global environmental sustainability: Intragenerationalequity and conceptions of justice in mult ilateral environmental regimes”, Geo-forum, No.37,2006, pp.725-738.
[71] CDM Policy Dialogue Research Programme Research Area: Governance, FinalEdited Report, October1,2012.
[72] C. E. Barnard,“Key drivers in environmental legislation towards good gover-nance”, Water Policy9Supplement, No.2,2007, pp.31-50.
[73] Charlotte Streck and Jolene Lin,“Making Markets Work: A Review of CDMPerformance and the Need for Reform”, The European Journal of InternationalLaw, Vol.19, No.2,2008, pp.409-442.
[74] Daniel C. Esty,“Rethinking Global Environmental Governance to Deal with Cli-mate Change: The Multiple Logics of Global Collective Action”, AmericanEconomic Review: Papers&Proceedings, Vol.98, No.2,2008, pp.116–121.
[75] Detlef P. van Vuuren, Michel G.J. den Elzen, Jasper van Vliet, Tom Kram, PaulLucas, Morna Isaac,“Comparison of different climate regimes: the impact ofbroadening participation”, Energy Policy, No.37,2009, pp.5351-5362.
[76] Eva L vbrand, Teresia Rindefj ll, and Joakim Nordqvist,“Closing the LegitimacyGap in Global Environmental Governance? Lessons from the Emerging CDMMarket”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.2, May2009, pp.74-100.
[77] E. Lisa F. Schipper,“Conceptual History of Adaptation in the UNFCCC Process”,RECIEL, Vol.15, No.1,2006, pp.82-92.
[78] Evan Schofer, Ann Hironaka,“The Effects of World Society on EnvironmentalProtection Outcomes”, Social Forces, Vol.84, No.1, September2005, pp.25-47.
[79] Erik Beukel,“Ideas, Interests, and State Preferences: The Making of MultilateralEnvironmental Agreements with Trade Stipulations”, Policy Studies, Vol.24, No.1,2003, pp.3-16.
[80] Emma Larsson,“Science and Policy in the International Framing of the ClimateChange Issue”, Master of Science Thesis, Environmental Science Programme,Department of thematic studies Campus Norrk ping,2004.
[81] Frank Jotzo,“Climate Change Economics and Policy in the Asia Pacific”ASIAN-PACIFIC ECONOMIC LITERATURE, No.2,2008, pp.14-30.
[82] Frank Biermann, Olwen Davies, Nicolien van der Grijp,“Environmental policyintegration and the architecture of global environmental governance”, Int Envi-ron Agreements, No.9,2009, pp.351-369.
[83] Feng shi Wu,“Environmental Politics in China: An Issue Area in Review”, Jour-nal of Chinese Political Science, No.3, September2009, pp.383-406.
[84] Frank Biermann, Philipp Pattberg, Harro van Asselt, and Fariborz Zelli,“TheFragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis”,Global Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.4, November2009, PP.14-40.
[85] Gerald Chan, Pak K Lee and Lai-Ha Chan,“China’s Environmental Governancethe domestic-international nexus”, Third World Quarterly, Vol.29, No.2,2008,pp.291–314.
[86] Gerald Chan,“China’s compliance in global environmental affairs”, Asia PacificViewpoint, Vol.45, No.1, April2004, pp.69-86.
[87] GJ Levermore,“A review of the IPCC Assessment Report Four,Part1: the IPCCprocess and greenhouse gas emission trends from buildings worldwide”, Build-ing Serv. Eng. Res. Technol., Vol.29, No.4,2008, pp.349–361.
[88] Hideo Nakazawa,“Between the Global Environmental Regime and Local Sustai-nability: A Local Review on Process of the Environmental Governance”, Inter-national Journal of Japanese Sociology,2006, No.15, pp.69-85.
[89] Harriet Bulkeley and Susanne C. Moser,“Responding to Climate Change: Go-vernance and Social Action beyond Kyoto”, Global Environmental Politics,Vol.7, No.2, May2007, pp.1-10.
[90] Heleen de Coninck, Karin Backstrand,“An International Relations perspective onthe global politics of carbon dioxide capture and storage”, Global EnvironmentalChange, No.21,2011, pp.368–378.
[91] Harro Van Asselt, Francesco Sindico, and Michael A. Mehling,“Global ClimateChange and the Fragmentation of International Law”, Law&Policy, Vol.30, No.4, October2008, pp.423-449.
[92] HongYuan Yu,“Global Environment Regime and Climate Policy Coordination inChina”, Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol.9, No.2, Fall2004, pp.63-77.
[93] Ian Bailey,“Blackwell Publishing Ltd Neoliberalism, climate governance and thescalar politics of EU emissions trading”, Area, Vol.39, No.4,2007, pp.431–442.
[94] Joseph E. Aldy, Eduardo Ley, Ian Parry,“A Tax-Based Approach to SlowingGlobal Climate Change”National Tax Journal, Vol. LXI, No.3September2008,pp.493-517.
[95] Jorgen Wettestad,“European Climate Policy: Toward Centralized Governance?”,Review of Policy Research, Vol.26, No.3,2009, pp.311-328.
[96] Jan-Peter Vo,“Innovation processes in governance: the developmentof‘emissions trading’ as a new policy instrument”, Science and Public Policy,Vol.34, No.5, June2007, pp.329–343.
[97] Joanna Depledge,“The Opposite of Learning: Ossification in the Climate ChangeRegime”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.6, No.1, February2006, pp.1-22.
[98] Jon Hovi, Tora Skodvin and Steinar Andresen,“The Persistence of the KyotoProtocol: Why Other Annex I Countries Move on Without the United States”,Global Environmental Politics, Vol.3, No.4, November2003, pp.1-23.
[99] Jonas Tallberg,“The Power of the Chair: Formal Leadership in International Co-operation”, International Studies Quarterly, No.54,2010, pp.241–265.
[100] Joshua Su-Ya Wu,“The State of China’s Environmental Governance After the17th Party Congress”, East Asia, No.26,2009, pp.265–284.
[101] J rgen Wettestad,“Interaction between EU carbon trading and the internationalclimate regime:Synergies and learning”, Int Environ Agreements, No.9,2009,pp.393–408.
[102] John Vogler,“The institutionalisation of trust in the international climate regime”,Energy Policy, No.38,2010, pp.2681–2687.
[103] Joachim Blatter,“Performing Symbolic Politics and International EnvironmentalRegulation: Tracing and Theorizing a Causal Mechanism beyond RegimeTheory”, Global Environmental Politics,Vol.9, No.4, November2009, pp.81-110.
[104] Jon Rosales, David Viner, Roger Pulwarty and Stewart Cohen, Karin Obdeijnand Marcel Kok,“Communication and The Science-Policy Interface”, ClimateChange Communication Conference, Session C2, June2000, pp.1-18.
[105] Jan-Peter Vo,“Innovation processes in governance: the developmentof‘emissions trading’ as a new policy instrument”, Science and Public Policy,Vol.34, No.5, June2007, pp.329-343.
[106] Jaro Mayda,“IPCC and Policy Development: Toward the Third Assessment Re-port”, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, Vol.2, No.2, June2000, pp.249–262.
[107] Jennifer Clapp,“The toxic waste trade with less-industrialised countries: eco-nomic linkages and political alliances”, Third World Quarterly, Vol15, No.3,1994, pp.505-518.
[108] Judith van Leeuwen, Jan van Tatenhove,“The triangle of marine governance inthe environmental governance of Dutch offshore platforms”, Marine Policy, No.34,2010, pp.590–597.
[109] Kuheli Dutt,“Governance, institutions and the environment-income relationship:a cross-country study”, Environ Dev Sustain, No.11,2009, pp.705-723.
[110] Katarina Eckerberg, Marko Joas,“Multi-level Environmental Governance: aconcept under stress?”, Local Environment, Vol.9, No.5, October2004, pp.405–412.
[111] Kishan Khoday,“Mobilizing Market Forces to Combat Global EnvironmentalChange: Lessons from UN–Private Sector Partnerships in China”, RECIEL, Vol.16, No.2,2007, pp.173-184.
[112]Klaus Hasselmann, Terry Barker,“The Stern Review and the IPCC fourth as-sessment report: implications for interaction between policymakers and climateexperts. An editorial essay”, Climatic Change, No.89,2008, pp.219–229.
[113] Luigi Pellizzoni,“Governing through disorder: Neoliberal environmental gover-nance and social theory”, Global Environmental Change, No.21,2011, pp.795-803.
[114] Liliana B. Andonova, Renzo Mendoza-Castro,“The Next Climate Treaty? Pe-dagogical and Policy Lessons of Classroom Negotiations”, International StudiesPerspectives, No.9,2008, pp.331–347.
[115] Liliana B. Andonova, Michele M. Betsill, and Harriet Bulkeley,“TransnationalClimate Governance”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.2, May2009,pp.52-73.
[116] Ilona Millar and Martijn Wild,“Enhanced Governance and Dispute Resolutionfor the CDM”, CCLR, No.1,2009, pp.45-57.
[117] Lilian Yap,“The Basel Convention and Global Environment (Non)Governance:Trasformismo and the Case of Electronic Wastes”, Undercurrent, Vol. I I I, No.1,2006, pp.23-33.
[118] Michele M. Betsill and Harriet Bulkeley,“Cities and the Multilevel Governanceof Global Climate Change”, Global Governance, Vol.12,2006, pp.141–159.
[119] Matthew Paterson, David Humphreys, and Lloyd Pettiford,“ConceptualizingGlobal Environmental Governance: From Interstate Regimes to Counter-Hege-monic Struggles”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.32, May2003, pp.1-10.
[120] Martin J nicke,“Dynamic governance of clean-energy markets: how technic alinnovation could accelerate climate policies”, Journal of Cleaner Production,No.22,2012, pp.50-59.
[121] Mukul Sanwal,“Evolution of Global Environmental Governance and the UnitedNations”, Global Environmental Politics Vol.7, No.3, August2007, pp.1-12.
[122] Mans Nilsson, Marc Pallemaerts, Ingmar von Homeyer,“International regimesand environmental policy integration: introducing the special issue”, Int EnvironAgreements, No.9,2009, pp.337–350.
[123] Mary C. Thompson, Manali Barua h, Edward R. Carr,“Seeing REDD+as aproject of environmental governance”, Environmental Science&Policy, No.14,2011, pp.100–110.
[124] Michele Betsill, Matthew J. Hoffmann,“The Contours of “Cap and Trade”: TheEvolution of Emissions Trading Systems for Greenhouse Gases”, Review of Pol-icy Research, Vol.28, No.1,2011, pp.83-106.
[125] Michael Mason,“The Governance of Transnational Environmental Harm: Ad-dressing New Modes of Accountability/Responsibility”, Global EnvironmentalPolitics, Vol.8, No.3, August2008, pp.8-24.
[126] Maria Ivanova, David Gordon and Jennifer Roy,“Towards Institutional Symbi-osis: Business and the United Nations in Environmental Governance”, RECIEL,Vol.16, No.2,2007, pp.123-134.
[127] Mukul Sanwal,“Trends in Global Environmental Governance: The Emergenceof a Mutual Supportiveness Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development”,Global Environmental Politics, Vol.4, No.4, November2004, pp.16-22.
[128] Mans Nilsson, Marc Pallemaerts, Ingmar von Homeyer,“International regimesand environmental policy integration: introducing the special issue”, Int EnvironAgreements, No.9,2009, pp.337–350.
[129] Margaret A. Young,“Climate Change Law and Regime Interaction”, CCLR,No.2,2011, pp.147-157.
[130] Marja Spierenburg,“Getting the Message Across Biodiversity Science and Poli-cy Interfaces–A Review”, GA, No.2,2012, pp.125-134.
[131] Michael Tsimplis,“Liability and Compensation in the International Transport ofHazardous Wastes by Sea: The1999Protocol to the Basel Convention”, The In-ternational Journal of Marine And Coastal Law, Vol.16, No.2, pp.295-346.
[132] Maureen G. Reed, Shannon Bruyneel,“Rescaling environmental governance,rethinking the state: A three-dimensional review”, Progress in Human Geogra-phy, Vol.34, No.5, pp.646–653.
[133] Michele M. Betsill,“Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Gover-nance: The Cities for Climate Protection Program”, International Studies Quar-terly, No.48,2004, pp.471–493.
[134] Nives Dolsak,“Climate Change Policy Implementation: A Cross-SectionalAnalysis”, Review of Policy Research, Vol,26, No.5,2009, pp.551-570.
[135] Oran R. Young,“The Architecture of Global Environmental Governance: Bring-ing Science to Bear on Policy”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.8, No.1,February2008, pp.14-32.
[136] Peter M. Haas,“Addressing the Global Governance Deficit” Global Environ-mental Politics, Vol.4, No.4, November2004, pp.1-15.
[137] Philip McMichael,“Food system sustainability: Questions of environmental go-vernance in the new world (dis)order”, Global Environmental Change, No.21,2011, pp.804–812.
[138] Pamela S. Chasek,“Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Main-tenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small IslandStates”, RECIEL, Vol.14, No.2,2005, pp.125-137.
[139] Palblo Cubel,“Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes in InternationalLaw: The Special Case of the Mediterranean Area”, The International Journal ofMarine And Coastal Law, Vol.12, No.4,1997, pp.447-487.
[140] Robert V. Bartlett and Walter F. Baber,“Policy in Democratic Governance JohnRawls, Public Reason, and Normative Precommitment”, Public Integrity, Vol.7,No.3, pp.219–240.
[141] Ronald B. Mitchell,“A Quantitative Approach to Evaluating International Envi-ronmental Regimes”, Global Environmental Politics, Vol.2, No.4, November2002, pp.58-83.
[142] Rober t T. Watson,“Turning science into policy: challenges and experiencesfrom the science-policy inter face”, Philosophical Transactions of The Royal So-ciety. B, No.360,2005, pp.471-477.
[143] Sebastian Oberthür and Thomas Gehring,“Institutional Interaction in GlobalEnvironmental Governance: The Case of the Cartagena Protocol and the WorldTrade Organization”，Global Environmental Politics，Vol.6, No.2, May2006,pp.1-31.
[144] Suraje Dessai, Nuno S. Lacasta, and Katharine Vincent,“International PoliticalHistory of the Kyoto Protocol: from The Hague to Marrakech and Beyond”, In-ternational Review for Environmental Strategies, Vol.4, No.2,2003, pp.183-205.
[145] Sylvia I. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, Harro van Asselt,“Introduction: exploring andexplaining the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate”, IntEnviron Agreements, No.9,2009, pp.195–211.
[146] Stephen Peake,“Policymaking as Design in Complex Systems—The Interna-tional Climate Change Regime”, E:CO Issue, Vol.12, No.2,2010, pp.15-22.
[147] Stefanie Beyer,“Environmental Law and Policy in the People’s Republic ofChina”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.5, No.1,2006, pp.185-211.
[148] Sevasti-Eleni Vezirgiannidou,“The Climate Change Regime Post-Kyoto: WhyCompliance is Important and How to Achieve it”, Global Environmental Poli-tics,Vol.9, No.4, November2009, pp.41-63.
[149] Shaw, Alison,“Policy Relevant Scientific Information: The Co-Production ofObjectivity and Relevance in the IPCC”, Breslauer Symposium, University ofCalifornia International and Area Studies, UC Berkeley,12-01-2005.
[150] UNEP,“State of the Marine Environment Report for the East Asian Seas2009”.
[151] S. A. Mitchell' and C. M. Breen,“The role of research in informing the gover-nance process of the use of ecosystem resources”, Water Policy9Supplement,No.2,2007, pp.169-189.
[152] Tobias Bohmelt, ETH Zurich, Ulrich H.Pilster,“International EnvironmentalRegimes: Legalisation, Flexibility and Effectiveness”, Australian Journal of Po-litical Science, Vol.45, No.2, June2010, pp.245–260.
[153] Thomas Koetz, Katharine N. Farrell, Peter Bridgewater,“Building betterscience-policy interfaces for international environmental governance: assessingpotential within the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and EcosystemServices”, Int Environ Agreements, No.12,2012, pp.1–21.
[154] Wakana Takahashi,“Formation of an East Asian Regime for Acid Rain Control:The Perspective of Comparative Regionalism”, International Review for Envi-ronmental Strategies, Vol.1, No.1,2000, pp.97–117.
[155] Yasumasa Komori,“Evaluating Regional Environmental Governance in North-east Asia”, Asian Affairs: An American Review, No.37,2010, pp.1–25.
[156] ZhongXiang Zhang and Lucas Assun o,“Domestic Climate Policies and theWTO”, Blackwell Publishing Ltd2003, pp.359-386.
[157] ZhongXiang Zhang,“How far can developing country commitments go in animmediate post-2012climate regime?”, Energy Policy, No.37,2009,pp.1753–1757.