中国中生代晚期蜉蝣目化石研究及水生昆虫群落演替分析
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摘要
位于内蒙古宁城道虎沟地区的中侏罗统九龙山组和辽西早白垩统义县组地层产有大量的动植物化石,其中就有丰富的昆虫化石。它们对于揭示昆虫的起源与早期演化提供了重要的证据。
本文介绍了我国东北中生代晚期蜉蝣目昆虫化石的产地、地质年代及其典型地层剖面,回顾了世界蜉蝣目昆虫化石研究历史和现状,以及蜉蝣昆虫的地质历史和古生态。描述了蜉蝣目昆虫的外部形态特征、系统发育学和分类系统的研究状况。对采集道虎沟九龙山组和河北、辽西义县组的400件蜉蝣化石标本进行了研究,涉及4科11属14种,其中包括5新属14新种:短丝蜉科Siphlonuridae(广义的)包括2新属3新种,即卵形多分支蜉Multramificans ovalis Huang, Liu & Sinitshenkova, 2007(已发表),可爱侏罗短丝蜉Jurassonurus amoenus Huang, Ren & Sinitshenkova, 2008(已发表),雅致莫格祖内拉蜉Mogzonurella bellatulus sp. nov.;六族蜉蝣科Hexagenitidae包括1新属3新种,即六小脉美丽蜉Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus Huang, Ren & Shih, 2007(已发表),四小脉美丽蜉Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus Huang, Sinitshenkova & Ren, 2007 (已发表),小鳃西伯利亚蜉Siberiogenites branchicillus sp.nov;珠蜉科Mesonetidae包括5新种,即薄片珠蜉Mesoneta bracteiformis sp. nov.,强壮暗蜉Furvoneta viriosus sp. nov.,粗糙暗蜉Furvoneta raucus sp. nov.,凹形棒蜉Clavineta excavatus sp. nov.,短节棒蜉Clavineta brevinodia sp. nov.;Epeoromimidae科包括1新种,即宽阔叶状蜉Foliomimus latus sp. nov.;还有2个科级位置未定,但很特殊的2新属2新种,即钝形原始蜉Primigeuus muticus gen. et sp. nov.和奇异宽胸蜉Eurythoracalis mirabilis gen. et sp. nov.。莫格祖内拉蜉属Mogzonurella和暗蜉属Furvoneta的属征被修订。Epeoromimidae科为我国首次报道,西伯利亚蜉属Siberiogenites和叶状蜉属Foliomimus为我国新记录属。
通过对九龙山组和义县组已报道的水生昆虫及其伴生的水生动植物化石的统计,依据它们(主要是水生昆虫)的食性和栖境的分析,初步建立了两地层的水生生态系统结构和能流关系图,并重构了两地层各自的古地理环境。通过对比研究发现两地层的古生态环境具有异同点。较为相似的特点是两地区都为温暖湿润的气候环境,同时存在季节性的干旱-半干旱的小气候;低地湖泊和沼泽为低能水体环境,但同时周围还存在高山湖泊和山间溪流等不同的水体环境。不同点是九龙山组的水生生态系统不稳定,可能处于群落发展的初始阶段,而义县组地区的水生群落丰富,食物网相对复杂,生态系统已趋于成熟稳定;九龙山组地层湖体面积较小,水体较浅山体海拔较高,山与山之间距离较近,而义县组地层当时湖泊面积较大,水体较深,周围山体海拔可能相对较低,山体之间距离较远。
东方叶肢介-“三尾拟蜉蝣”-狼鳍鱼是热河生物群的3个典型代表成员。然而我们对采自热河生物群义县组的上百件蜉蝣成虫化石研究后发现之前学者报道的所谓的三尾拟蜉蝣的分类是错误的。这类标本与采自蒙古和外贝加尔的三尾拟蜉蝣存在明显的差异,应归入新建的美丽蜉属中。也就是说三尾拟蜉蝣在我国热河生物群可能并不存在。并对由此产生的有关热河生物群的分布范围和古水系等问题给予了讨论。
本文研究的蜉蝣化石标本均保存在首都师范大学生命科学学院昆虫进化与环境变迁重点实验室。
Eastern Inner Mongolia and Western Liaoning are located in the northeast part of China. Its non-marine sedimentary strata, especially in Jiulongshan Formation of Middle Jurassic and Yixian Formation of Early Cretaceous, yield a mass of notable fossils including abounded insects which providing important evidence for study of the origin and early evolution of insects.
In present dissertation, the geological age of the strata fossil Ephemeroptera of Northeast China and same representative geological sections are introduced. A brief history and actuality of the research on fossil Ephemeroptera, geological history and paleoecology of it are given. The morphology and phylogenetic study of mayfly are reviewed. A comprehensive taxonomic work on fossil mayflies from western Liaoning, eastern Inner Mongolia and north Hebei is presented. 4 families 11 genera and 14 species are reported, including 5 new genera,2 new record genera (Siberiogenites and Foliomimus) and 14 new species. The family Siphlonuridae s. l. includes 2 new genua and 3 new species (Multramificans ovalis gen. et sp. nov.; Jurassonurus amoenus gen. et sp. nov.; Mogzonurella bellatulus sp. nov.). Hexagenitidae includes 1 new genua and 3 new species (Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus gen. et sp. nov.; Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus sp. nov.; Siberiogenites branchicillus sp.nov.). Mesonetidae includes 5 new species (Mesoneta bracteiformis sp. nov.; Furvoneta viriosus sp. nov.; Furvoneta raucus sp. nov.; Clavineta excavatus sp. nov.; Clavineta brevinodia sp. nov.). Epeoromimidae includes 1 new species- Foliomimus latus sp. nov. Furthermore, there are 2 new genera and 2 new species that their station are uncertain at the family level, namely Primigeuus muticus gen. et sp. nov. and Eurythoracalis mirabilis gen. et sp. nov. In addition, 3 new genera and 4 new species (Multramificans ovalis Huang, Liu & Sinitshenkova, 2007; Jurassonurus Huang, Ren & Sinitshenkova , 2008; Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus Huang, Ren & Shih, 2007; Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus Huang, Sinitshenkova & Ren, 2007) ) have been published. The diagnosis of genus Mogzonurella and genus Furvoneta is emended. Epeoromimidae is first recorded from China.
Based on the publications reported, aquatic insects with associated animals and plants from Jiulongshan Formation and Yixian Formation are enumerated. According to their biological and ecological characteristics, hypothetical structure and energy flow of aquatic ecosystem on the above two strata are elementarily established, and their environmental settings are reconstructed. By comparison, the climate of the two regions at the time of disposition was all warm and humid, while there was seasonal arid and semi-arid climate in some small places; there were lentic lakes and swamps, in the vicinity of which there were alpines and mountain streams. They are difference as followed. In Jiulongshan Formation, species diversity of aquatic insects was high; aquatic ecosystem was relatively unstable and it may be in the early stage of this community; there were in a small and shallow water environment. While in Yixian Formation, species diversity of aquatic insects was relatively low; food web was intricacy, aquatic ecosystem was comparatively stable and mature; water area was large and deep.
The conchostracan Eosestheria, nymphal mayfly“Ephemeropsis”and fish Lycoptera are three typical representatives of Jehol Biota. However, after we studied about one hundred fossil mayfly specimens from Yixian Formation of the Jehol Biota, we believe previously-described specimens from the Yixian Formation, the so-called Ephemeropsis trisetalis, were put into error place of taxonomy and should be transferred into the new genus Epicharmeropsis. In addition, the definition, stratigraphic correlation, geographical distribution of the Jehol Biota and river system during Late Mesozoic are discussed.
All the type specimens of the new species are preserved at the Key Laboratory of Insect Evolution & Environment Change, Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.
本文介绍了我国东北中生代晚期蜉蝣目昆虫化石的产地、地质年代及其典型地层剖面,回顾了世界蜉蝣目昆虫化石研究历史和现状,以及蜉蝣昆虫的地质历史和古生态。描述了蜉蝣目昆虫的外部形态特征、系统发育学和分类系统的研究状况。对采集道虎沟九龙山组和河北、辽西义县组的400件蜉蝣化石标本进行了研究,涉及4科11属14种,其中包括5新属14新种:短丝蜉科Siphlonuridae(广义的)包括2新属3新种,即卵形多分支蜉Multramificans ovalis Huang, Liu & Sinitshenkova, 2007(已发表),可爱侏罗短丝蜉Jurassonurus amoenus Huang, Ren & Sinitshenkova, 2008(已发表),雅致莫格祖内拉蜉Mogzonurella bellatulus sp. nov.;六族蜉蝣科Hexagenitidae包括1新属3新种,即六小脉美丽蜉Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus Huang, Ren & Shih, 2007(已发表),四小脉美丽蜉Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus Huang, Sinitshenkova & Ren, 2007 (已发表),小鳃西伯利亚蜉Siberiogenites branchicillus sp.nov;珠蜉科Mesonetidae包括5新种,即薄片珠蜉Mesoneta bracteiformis sp. nov.,强壮暗蜉Furvoneta viriosus sp. nov.,粗糙暗蜉Furvoneta raucus sp. nov.,凹形棒蜉Clavineta excavatus sp. nov.,短节棒蜉Clavineta brevinodia sp. nov.;Epeoromimidae科包括1新种,即宽阔叶状蜉Foliomimus latus sp. nov.;还有2个科级位置未定,但很特殊的2新属2新种,即钝形原始蜉Primigeuus muticus gen. et sp. nov.和奇异宽胸蜉Eurythoracalis mirabilis gen. et sp. nov.。莫格祖内拉蜉属Mogzonurella和暗蜉属Furvoneta的属征被修订。Epeoromimidae科为我国首次报道,西伯利亚蜉属Siberiogenites和叶状蜉属Foliomimus为我国新记录属。
通过对九龙山组和义县组已报道的水生昆虫及其伴生的水生动植物化石的统计,依据它们(主要是水生昆虫)的食性和栖境的分析,初步建立了两地层的水生生态系统结构和能流关系图,并重构了两地层各自的古地理环境。通过对比研究发现两地层的古生态环境具有异同点。较为相似的特点是两地区都为温暖湿润的气候环境,同时存在季节性的干旱-半干旱的小气候;低地湖泊和沼泽为低能水体环境,但同时周围还存在高山湖泊和山间溪流等不同的水体环境。不同点是九龙山组的水生生态系统不稳定,可能处于群落发展的初始阶段,而义县组地区的水生群落丰富,食物网相对复杂,生态系统已趋于成熟稳定;九龙山组地层湖体面积较小,水体较浅山体海拔较高,山与山之间距离较近,而义县组地层当时湖泊面积较大,水体较深,周围山体海拔可能相对较低,山体之间距离较远。
东方叶肢介-“三尾拟蜉蝣”-狼鳍鱼是热河生物群的3个典型代表成员。然而我们对采自热河生物群义县组的上百件蜉蝣成虫化石研究后发现之前学者报道的所谓的三尾拟蜉蝣的分类是错误的。这类标本与采自蒙古和外贝加尔的三尾拟蜉蝣存在明显的差异,应归入新建的美丽蜉属中。也就是说三尾拟蜉蝣在我国热河生物群可能并不存在。并对由此产生的有关热河生物群的分布范围和古水系等问题给予了讨论。
本文研究的蜉蝣化石标本均保存在首都师范大学生命科学学院昆虫进化与环境变迁重点实验室。
Eastern Inner Mongolia and Western Liaoning are located in the northeast part of China. Its non-marine sedimentary strata, especially in Jiulongshan Formation of Middle Jurassic and Yixian Formation of Early Cretaceous, yield a mass of notable fossils including abounded insects which providing important evidence for study of the origin and early evolution of insects.
In present dissertation, the geological age of the strata fossil Ephemeroptera of Northeast China and same representative geological sections are introduced. A brief history and actuality of the research on fossil Ephemeroptera, geological history and paleoecology of it are given. The morphology and phylogenetic study of mayfly are reviewed. A comprehensive taxonomic work on fossil mayflies from western Liaoning, eastern Inner Mongolia and north Hebei is presented. 4 families 11 genera and 14 species are reported, including 5 new genera,2 new record genera (Siberiogenites and Foliomimus) and 14 new species. The family Siphlonuridae s. l. includes 2 new genua and 3 new species (Multramificans ovalis gen. et sp. nov.; Jurassonurus amoenus gen. et sp. nov.; Mogzonurella bellatulus sp. nov.). Hexagenitidae includes 1 new genua and 3 new species (Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus gen. et sp. nov.; Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus sp. nov.; Siberiogenites branchicillus sp.nov.). Mesonetidae includes 5 new species (Mesoneta bracteiformis sp. nov.; Furvoneta viriosus sp. nov.; Furvoneta raucus sp. nov.; Clavineta excavatus sp. nov.; Clavineta brevinodia sp. nov.). Epeoromimidae includes 1 new species- Foliomimus latus sp. nov. Furthermore, there are 2 new genera and 2 new species that their station are uncertain at the family level, namely Primigeuus muticus gen. et sp. nov. and Eurythoracalis mirabilis gen. et sp. nov. In addition, 3 new genera and 4 new species (Multramificans ovalis Huang, Liu & Sinitshenkova, 2007; Jurassonurus Huang, Ren & Sinitshenkova , 2008; Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus Huang, Ren & Shih, 2007; Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus Huang, Sinitshenkova & Ren, 2007) ) have been published. The diagnosis of genus Mogzonurella and genus Furvoneta is emended. Epeoromimidae is first recorded from China.
Based on the publications reported, aquatic insects with associated animals and plants from Jiulongshan Formation and Yixian Formation are enumerated. According to their biological and ecological characteristics, hypothetical structure and energy flow of aquatic ecosystem on the above two strata are elementarily established, and their environmental settings are reconstructed. By comparison, the climate of the two regions at the time of disposition was all warm and humid, while there was seasonal arid and semi-arid climate in some small places; there were lentic lakes and swamps, in the vicinity of which there were alpines and mountain streams. They are difference as followed. In Jiulongshan Formation, species diversity of aquatic insects was high; aquatic ecosystem was relatively unstable and it may be in the early stage of this community; there were in a small and shallow water environment. While in Yixian Formation, species diversity of aquatic insects was relatively low; food web was intricacy, aquatic ecosystem was comparatively stable and mature; water area was large and deep.
The conchostracan Eosestheria, nymphal mayfly“Ephemeropsis”and fish Lycoptera are three typical representatives of Jehol Biota. However, after we studied about one hundred fossil mayfly specimens from Yixian Formation of the Jehol Biota, we believe previously-described specimens from the Yixian Formation, the so-called Ephemeropsis trisetalis, were put into error place of taxonomy and should be transferred into the new genus Epicharmeropsis. In addition, the definition, stratigraphic correlation, geographical distribution of the Jehol Biota and river system during Late Mesozoic are discussed.
All the type specimens of the new species are preserved at the Key Laboratory of Insect Evolution & Environment Change, Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.
引文
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