博格达山北麓二叠系芦草沟组油页岩地球化学特征研究
|
摘要
随着能源形式的紧张,油页岩凭借三大优势进入新能源视野。对油页岩进行相关的地球化学研究,可以确定其发育的沉积环境,了解油页岩的品质特征,预测干馏热解产物的构成特点,能够为进一步开发油页岩提供准确的背景资料。本论文采用地球化学方法对博格达山北麓二叠系芦草沟组油页岩的沉积环境、物源输入、有机质品质特征、工艺特性等方面进行研究,划分了油页岩发育的有机相带,总结了不同有机相中油页岩的品质特征。
博格达山北麓在二叠系芦草沟组时期为裂谷型陆相湖盆,微量元素与生标参数表明,沉积介质环境具有深湖-半深湖的还原和弱还原环境、咸水-半咸水状态、火山活动造就了富营养条件等显著特征,极其繁盛的藻类构成油页岩巨大的母质输入。按我国最新的评价方法,研究区油页岩以中含油率油页岩为主,且高焦油产率的油页岩含量也远远高于我国油页岩的总体水平。通过对研究区油页岩的研究发现,除了采用焦油产率(Tar)评价有机质含量外,有机碳含量(TOC)和生烃潜量(S1+S2)是评价油页岩品位快速、有效的参数。诸多评价方法均表明,研究区油页岩的有机质类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型为主,与美国绿河页岩和巴黎盆地的下托阿尔页岩的有机质类型非常相似。研究区页岩的成熟度不高,Ro值介于0.56- 0.84之间,Tmax值均低于470℃,有机质处于低成熟阶段,干酪根有巨大的热解生烃前景。与美国绿河页岩相似,研究区油页岩的热解产物以高蜡-石蜡基原油为主,干酪根结构差异是影响热解产物类型的主要因素。油页岩的热解过程可分为预热、高峰和末尾三个阶段,产物主要在高峰阶段生成。与地质过程相比,干馏过程中干酪根的熟化速度较快,导致干馏产物中含有大量的烯烃,而降低升温速率有利于减少产物中烯烃的含量。正构烷烃与正构烯烃的比值也是划分干酪根类型的有效参数。综合各方面的研究结果可将研究区油页岩的有机相划分为三类四相:深湖高盐相、半深湖还原-1相、半深湖还原-2相和半深湖弱还原相,以半深湖还原-1相中油页岩的品质最好。半深湖环境是油页岩发育最有利的环境。
With the shortage of energy resources, oil shale emerges as an alternative energy resource for its three key virtues. Under the research of geochemistry on oil shale, the sedimentary environment can be determined, and oil shale quality can be described, and the dry distillation products can be shown, and then the oil shale pre-development background is clear. Under the guidance of geochemistry, this paper does researches on several aspects such as: sedimentary environment, source input, organic character, dry distillation products character, organic facies, and quality of oil shale in different organic facies of oil shale of Permian Lucaogou formation in the northern Bogda Mountain.
The northern Bogda Mountain was continent rift lacustrine basin during the sedimentation of Permian Lucaogou formation. Trace elements and biomarkers parameters show that oil shale developed in saline lake, and in reducing and soft reducing, deep and semi-deep environment, where large quantity of nutrient elements was input by surrounding volcano activities. The main source materials of oil shale are lower hydrobionts such as algae, partially higher plants. According to the latest assessment criteria of China, the majority of the oil shale in northern Bogda Mountain belongs to medium oil yield grade, which is further better than oil shale of China. Except for Tar, TOC and S1+S2 were alao founded as effective parameters for oil yield. The types of organic wereⅠandⅡ, which were showed by several methods at the same time. The kerogen was in low mature stage, with Ro between 0.56 and 0.84, Tmax below 470℃., so the oil shale have huge hydrocarbon generation potential. Based on the kerogen type, the pyrolysate is high-wax paraffin oil, which is similar to Green River oil shale.The progress of the oil shale thermal degradation can be divided into three stages: preheating period, large amount of hydrocarbon generating period and ending period. The majority of products were generated in the second stage. Compared with natural crude oil, artificial thermal products contained series of olefins, which were generated by rapidly pyrolysis. The n-alkanes/n-olefins is a good discriminabiltity index. According to above results, the organic facies of this area can be divided into four types: high salt deep lacustrin organic facies, reducting semi-deep lacustrin organic facies-1, reducting semi-deep lacustrin organic facies-2 and soft reducting semi-deep lacustrin organic facies. Among the four facies, reducting semi-deep lacustrin organic facies-1 is the best facies, and Semi-deep lake is the best environment for the development of oil shale.
博格达山北麓在二叠系芦草沟组时期为裂谷型陆相湖盆,微量元素与生标参数表明,沉积介质环境具有深湖-半深湖的还原和弱还原环境、咸水-半咸水状态、火山活动造就了富营养条件等显著特征,极其繁盛的藻类构成油页岩巨大的母质输入。按我国最新的评价方法,研究区油页岩以中含油率油页岩为主,且高焦油产率的油页岩含量也远远高于我国油页岩的总体水平。通过对研究区油页岩的研究发现,除了采用焦油产率(Tar)评价有机质含量外,有机碳含量(TOC)和生烃潜量(S1+S2)是评价油页岩品位快速、有效的参数。诸多评价方法均表明,研究区油页岩的有机质类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型为主,与美国绿河页岩和巴黎盆地的下托阿尔页岩的有机质类型非常相似。研究区页岩的成熟度不高,Ro值介于0.56- 0.84之间,Tmax值均低于470℃,有机质处于低成熟阶段,干酪根有巨大的热解生烃前景。与美国绿河页岩相似,研究区油页岩的热解产物以高蜡-石蜡基原油为主,干酪根结构差异是影响热解产物类型的主要因素。油页岩的热解过程可分为预热、高峰和末尾三个阶段,产物主要在高峰阶段生成。与地质过程相比,干馏过程中干酪根的熟化速度较快,导致干馏产物中含有大量的烯烃,而降低升温速率有利于减少产物中烯烃的含量。正构烷烃与正构烯烃的比值也是划分干酪根类型的有效参数。综合各方面的研究结果可将研究区油页岩的有机相划分为三类四相:深湖高盐相、半深湖还原-1相、半深湖还原-2相和半深湖弱还原相,以半深湖还原-1相中油页岩的品质最好。半深湖环境是油页岩发育最有利的环境。
With the shortage of energy resources, oil shale emerges as an alternative energy resource for its three key virtues. Under the research of geochemistry on oil shale, the sedimentary environment can be determined, and oil shale quality can be described, and the dry distillation products can be shown, and then the oil shale pre-development background is clear. Under the guidance of geochemistry, this paper does researches on several aspects such as: sedimentary environment, source input, organic character, dry distillation products character, organic facies, and quality of oil shale in different organic facies of oil shale of Permian Lucaogou formation in the northern Bogda Mountain.
The northern Bogda Mountain was continent rift lacustrine basin during the sedimentation of Permian Lucaogou formation. Trace elements and biomarkers parameters show that oil shale developed in saline lake, and in reducing and soft reducing, deep and semi-deep environment, where large quantity of nutrient elements was input by surrounding volcano activities. The main source materials of oil shale are lower hydrobionts such as algae, partially higher plants. According to the latest assessment criteria of China, the majority of the oil shale in northern Bogda Mountain belongs to medium oil yield grade, which is further better than oil shale of China. Except for Tar, TOC and S1+S2 were alao founded as effective parameters for oil yield. The types of organic wereⅠandⅡ, which were showed by several methods at the same time. The kerogen was in low mature stage, with Ro between 0.56 and 0.84, Tmax below 470℃., so the oil shale have huge hydrocarbon generation potential. Based on the kerogen type, the pyrolysate is high-wax paraffin oil, which is similar to Green River oil shale.The progress of the oil shale thermal degradation can be divided into three stages: preheating period, large amount of hydrocarbon generating period and ending period. The majority of products were generated in the second stage. Compared with natural crude oil, artificial thermal products contained series of olefins, which were generated by rapidly pyrolysis. The n-alkanes/n-olefins is a good discriminabiltity index. According to above results, the organic facies of this area can be divided into four types: high salt deep lacustrin organic facies, reducting semi-deep lacustrin organic facies-1, reducting semi-deep lacustrin organic facies-2 and soft reducting semi-deep lacustrin organic facies. Among the four facies, reducting semi-deep lacustrin organic facies-1 is the best facies, and Semi-deep lake is the best environment for the development of oil shale.
引文
1.刘招君,柳蓉.中国油页岩特征及开发利用前景分析.地学前缘,2005,12(3):316-324
2.候祥麟.中国页岩油工业.北京:石油工业出版,1984: 14 -15,53
3. B.P.蒂索,D.H.威尔特.石油的形成和分布(郝石生译).北京:石油工业出版社,1982:14-110
4.彭承麟.油页岩干馏基本知识.北京:石油工业出版社,1958:33
5. James W. Bunger, Peter M. Crawford, Harry R. Johnson. Is oil shale America’s answer to peak-oil challenge? Oil&Gas Journal, 2004,8:16-24
6.姜在兴.沉积学.北京:石油工业出版社,2003: 252
7.张家强,王德杰.国内外油页岩开发利用前景及对策[R]《.地质工作战略研究参考》2004年合订本,第4期,勘查技术发展.
8. Knutson C F. Developments in oil shale in 1985 [J] .AAPG,1990,69(10B):372-379
9. Yefimov V . Oil shale processing in Estonia and Russia [J]. Oil Shale,2000,17(4) :367-385
10. Opik J , Golubev N , Kaidalov A ,et al . Current status of oil shale processing in solid heat carrier UTT(Galoter) retorts in Estonia [J] . Oil Shale,2001,18(8) :98-108
11. International Energy Agency(IEA) (2002).World Energy Outlook 2002,Paris:OECD
12. Knutson C F. Developments in oil shale in 1989 [J]. AAPG,1990,74(10):1882-1889
13. Kindorkin B .About thermal low temperature processing of oil shale by solid heat carrier , method [J] .Oil Shale , 2004, 21(3):195-203
14. Hohmann J P , Martignoni W P ,Rubens E M . Novicki edw in M Piper[C]//Petrosix-A successful oil shale operational complex . Kentucky: Institute for Mining & Minerals Research , University of Kentucky , 1992
15. James W. Bunger,Peter M. Crawford,Harry R. Johnson. Is oil shale America’s answer to peak-oil challenge?[J]Oil&Gas Journal,2004,8:16-24
16. Dyni J R. Geology and resources of some world oil shale deposits [J] . Oil Shale,2003,20 (3):193-252.
17. Brendowk. Global oil shale issues and perspectives [J] .Oil Shale,2003,20(1):81-92.
18. Mxfarland J O . 2003 Quarterly Report [R] . Staurt : Southern Pacific Petroleum , 2003
19. Yefimv V ,Doilov S . Efficiency of processing oil shale in differert arrangement of outlets for oil vapors[J] .Oil Shale,1999, 16(4S): 455-463
20. Barnet W I .Union Oil Company of California oil shale retorting processes[C]//Allred V D .Oil shale processing technology . East Brunswick : The Center for Professional Advancement , 1982: 169-187
21. Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves . Strategic significance of America’s oil shale resourced [R] . Washington , D. C: Department of Energy ,2004.
22. J.Qian,J,Wang,S,Li.Oil Shale Development In China[J].Oil Shale,2003,20(3):356-359
23.刘招君,董清水,叶松青,等.中国油页岩资源现状.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6):869-866
24.施国权.一种现实的石油替代能源-油页岩.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6):888-891
25.钱家麟,王剑秋,李术元.世界油页岩资源利用和发展趋势.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6): 877-887
26.柳蓉,刘招君.国内外油页岩资源现状及综合开发潜力分析.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6): 982-988
27.白云来.准噶尔盆地东南缘油页岩的开发前景.新疆石油地质,2008,29(4):462-465
28.张海龙.东北北部区油页岩资源评价及评价方法研究:[博士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学, 2004
29.唐祥华.油页岩的开发与利用.科学中国人:59
30. Dyni J R. Geology and resources of some world oil shale deposites. Oil Shale, 2003,20(3S):193-252
31. Nonnell J R. Western United States oil shale resources and geology[C]//Synthetic fuels from oil shale. Chicago: Institute of Gas Technology,1980:17-19
32. Donnell J R. Tertiary geology and oil shale resources of the piceance Creek Basin between the Colorado and White Rivers, northwestern Colorado. Denver:U. S. Geological Survery Bull, 1961: 835-891
33. Trudell I. G. Primary oil shale resources of the Green River Formation in the eastern Uinta Basin, Utah. Denver: Department of Energy Laramie Energy Technology Center, 1983:1-110
34. Culbertson W C. Oil shale resources and geology of the Green River Formation in the Green River Basin, Wyoming. U. S. Department of Energy Laramie Energy Technology Center LETC/R1-80/6,1980
35.刘立,王东坡.湖相油页岩的沉积环境及其层序地层学意义.石油实验地质,1996,18(3): 311-316.
36. LIU Zhaojun, WANG Dongpo, LIU Li, et al. Sedimentary Characteristics of the Cretaceousin the Songliao Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1993,6(2):167-180.
37.柳蓉,刘招君,刘沣.抚顺盆地始新世计军屯组油页岩贫富矿成矿机制.大庆石油地质与开发,2008,27(2):47-49
38.刘招君,柳蓉.中国油页岩特征及开发利用前景分析.地学前缘,2005,12(3):315-323
39.王世辉,陈春瑞,郑玉龙,等.黑龙江省达连河油页岩地球化学特征及成因探讨.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006:36(6):933-937
40.杜江峰,刘招君,张健,等.吉林松江盆地大拉子组上段油页岩特征及成矿机制.中国地质, 2008,35(1):79-87
41.严焕榕,朱建伟,李殿超等.茂名盆地金塘矿区油页岩特征及形成条件.世界地质,2006, 25(4):407-410
42.许圣传,董清水,闫丽萍,等.山东黄县断陷盆地油页岩特征及生成机制.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006:36(6): 954-958
43.周珍琦,董清水,厚刚福,等.与盐碱矿共生的油页岩形成环境及沉积演化-以桐柏吴城盆地油页岩矿床为例.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006:36(6):1001-1005
44.严焕榕,朱建伟,李殿超,等.广西钦县盆地稔子坪勘查区油页岩形成条件及开发前景.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006:36(6):986-990
45.李成博,郭巍,宋玉勤,等.新疆博格达山北麓油页岩成因类型及有利区预测.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6): 949-953
46.王东营.博格达山北麓二叠系芦草沟组油页岩地质特征与沉积成矿作用研究:[博士学位论文].中国地质大学(北京),2008
47.吴绍祖.从古气候探讨新疆北部石炭—二叠纪生油层位,新疆地质,1998,16(1):58-68
48.新疆地矿局.新疆维吾尔自治区区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,1993:10-20
49.魏红兴,博格达山南缘构造特征及其形成演化:[博士学位论文].西安:西北大学,2007
50.王丹,新疆博格达山南缘上二叠统精细层序地层学研究:[博士学位论文].西安:西北大学,2006
51.卢苗安.天山东段盆山构造格局的多期演变:[博士学位论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2007
52.张传恒,刘典波,张传林,等.新疆博格达山初始隆升时间的地层学标定.地学前缘,2005,12 (1):294-301
53.卢进才,李玉宏,魏仙样,等.西北地区油页岩形成条件及找矿方向.西北地质,2006,39(4):57-63
54.候祥麟.中国页岩油工业.北京:石油工业出版,1984: 153
55.张厚福,方朝亮,高先志,等.石油地质学.北京:石油工业出版社,1999,86-95
56.石油地质学,张厚福,45,49
57. B.P.蒂索,D.H.威尔特.石油的形成和分布.北京:石油工业出版社,1982,48-60;93-97[0]
58.邬立言,顾信章,盛志伟,等.生油岩热解快速定量评价.北京:科学出版社,1986:9-10;39-47
59.邓宏文,钱凯.沉积地球化学与环境分析.兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993:4-28;97
60.周仰康,何锦文,王子玉.硼作为古盐度指标的应用.见:沉积学和有机地球化学学术会议论文选集.北京:科学出版社,1984:55-57
61. Degens, E.T., Williams, E.G. and Keith, M.L., Environmental studies of carboniferous sediments partⅠ: Geochemical criteria for different marine from fresh-water shales, AAPG, 1957, 41:2427-2455.
62. WALKERCT. Evaluation of boron as a paleosalinity indicator and its application to offshore prospects. AAPG Bull, 1968,52:751-766.
63.孙镇城,杨藩,张枝焕,等.中国新生代咸化湖泊沉积环境与气生成.北京:石油工业出版社,1997: 2;133-254
64.同济大学地质系,海陆相地层辨认标志,北京:科学出版社,1980:171~175
65.史忠生,陈开远,史军,等.运用锶钡比判定沉积环境的可行性分析.断块油气田,2003,10 (2):12-16
66.曾英,倪师军,张成江.钒的生物效应及其环境地球化学行为.地球科学进展,2004,19 (6):472-476
67.王争鸣.缺氧沉积环境的地球化学标志.甘肃地质学报,2003,12(2):55-58
68.刘英俊,曹励明.元素地球化学导论.北京:地质出版社.1987:57-97
69.鲁洪波,姜在兴.稀土元素地球化学分析在岩相古地理研究中的应用.石油大学学报, 1999, 23(1): 6-9
70.刘锐娥,卫孝峰,王雅丽,等.泥质岩稀土元素地球化学特征在物源分析中的意义-以鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界为例.天然气地球科学, 2005, 16 (6 ) : 788-791
71.陈庆春,吴智平,李伟.济阳坳陷稀土元素特征及其在物源对比中的应用.地质论评,2003, 49 (6) : 622-629
72.杨守业,李从先. REE示踪沉积物物源研究进展.地球科学进展,1999, 14 (2) : 164-167
73. Nesbitt H S, Young G W . Petrogenesis of sediment in the absence of chemical weathering: effencts of abrasion and sorting on bulk compo sition and mineralogy. Sedimentology, 1996,43:341~35
74.陈骏,王洪涛,鹿化煜,等.陕西洛川黄土沉积物中稀土元素及其它微量元素的化学淋滤研究.地质学报,1996,70(1): 61-72.
75.赵一阳,鄢明才.中国浅海沉积物地球化学.北京:科学出版社,1994:130-150.
76.侯读杰,王铁冠,孔庆云.松辽盆地朝长地区原油的地球化学特征.石油大学学报(自然科学版),1999,29(2):27-29
77.傅家谟,盛国英,许家友,等.应用生物标志化合物参数判识古沉积环境,地球化学,1991, 1:1-12
78. K.E.彼得斯,J.M.莫尔多万.生物标记化合物指南.北京:石油工业出版社(姜乃煌,张水昌,林永汉,等译). 79-149
79.王铁冠.试论我国某些原油与生油岩中沉积环境生物标志化合物.地球化学,1990,19 (3):256-263
80.侯读杰,冯子辉,黄清华.松辽盆地白垩纪缺氧地质事件的地质地球化学特征.现代地质,2003,17(3):311-317
81.张立平,王社教,瞿辉.准噶尔盆地原油地球化学特征与油源讨论.勘探家,2008,5(3):30~53
82.侯读杰,王铁冠,黄光辉,等.低熟烃源岩中的五环三萜类的分布形式.江汉石油学院学报,1994.16(4):39-44
83.沈忠民,周光甲,洪志华.低成熟石油生成环境的生物标志化合物特征.成都理工学院学报,1999,26(4):396-401
84.孔庆云[0],周辉,李铁.生物标志化合物指标的探讨.大庆石油学院学报,1987,35(3):9-15
85.张立平,黄第藩,廖志勤.伽马蜡烷-水体分层的地球化学标志.沉积学报,1999,17(1): 136-140
86.朱扬明,苏爱国,梁狄刚,等.柴达木盆地第三系咸水湖相原油地球化学特征.地质科学,2004,39(4):475-485
87.王红梅,谢树成,赖旭龙,等.分子地质微生物学研究方法述评.地球科学进展,2005,20(6):664-670
88.黄杏珍,邵宏舜,顾树松,等.柴达木盆地的油气形成与寻找油气田方向.兰州:甘肃出版社1993
89.王志勇,卫延召,赵长毅.三塘湖盆地低熟油的发现及其地球化学特征.沉积学报.2001,19 (4):598~604
90.苏传国,王志勇,金颖,等.三塘湖盆地原油成因类型及原油分析.吐哈油气,2000,5(4):1~5
91.杨斌,廖健德,韩军,等.准噶尔盆地三台地区原油地球化学特征.新疆石油地质,2005,26 (5):493~498
92. Radke M, Welte D H and Wilsch H. Geochemical Study on a well in the Western Canada Basin relation of the aromatic distribution pattern to maturify of organic matter. Geochem Cosmochim Acta, 1982,46: 1831-1848
93. Radke M, Welte D H and Wilsch H. Maturity parameters based on aromatic hydrocarbons: Information of the organic matter type.Geochem,1986,10:51-63
94.任拥军,李瑞雪.西藏措勒盆地地下白垩统海相灰岩的芳烃地球化学特征.沉积学报,2001, 19 (2):283-286
95. Norgate C M, Boreham C J, Wilkins A J. Changes in hydro-carbon maturity indices with coal rake and type, Buller coalfield, New Zealand. Organic Geochemistry, 1999,30(8): 985- 1010.
96. Jaap S, Sinninghe Damsté, Jan W, Deleeuw A C Kock-van Dalen et al . , The occurence and identification of series of organic sulphur compounds in oils and sediment extracts. I. A. study of Rozel Point Oil ( U. S. A.) , Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1987, 51:2369-2391
97.林壬子,王培荣,戴允健,等.矿物燃料中多环芳烃的石油地球化学意.中国地质学会,中国石油学会,中国矿物岩石地球化学学会,有机地球化学论文集.北京:地质出版社, 1987:129-140
98.黄光辉.矿物燃料中的芴及其衍生物的有机地球化学意义与成因初探.刘德汉,史继扬,吴泽霖,等.中国科学院地球化学研究所有机地球化学开放实验室研究年报.北京:科学出版社,1987,211-220
99.侯读杰,张善文,肖建新,等.陆相断陷湖盆优质烃源岩形成机制与成藏贡献-以济阳坳陷为例.北京:地质出版社.2008:1-8
100.金强,朱光有.中国中新生代咸化湖盆烃源岩沉积的问题及相关进展.高校地质学报, 2006,12(4):483-492
101.中国中新生代咸化湖盆烃源岩沉积的问题及相关进展,中的参考文献
102.阎霞,黄第藩,李晋超等.应用热解气相色谱法研究干酪根的类型及其演化特征.有机地球化学与陆相生油.北京:石油工业出版社,1986.163-176
103.韩方,李荣,黄清华等.生油岩热解气相色谱分析方法及地质应用.录井技术,1999, 10(3):13-21
104.傅家谟,秦匡宗.干酪根地球化学.广州:广东科技出版社,1995
105.蔡云开.东梁矿区沙四、三段干酪根的热解气相色谱研究.地球科学,1992,17(4):411-413
106. Horsfield B.Practical. criteria for classifying kerogen:some observation from pyrolysis gas chromatography. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1989,53:891-901
107.孙永革,盛国英,傅家谟.裂解气相色谱技术在煤成烃评价中的应用.中国科学(D辑), 1996,26(6):551-554
108.孙永革,盛国英,傅家谟.我国主要含煤油气盆地煤系源岩PY-PC热解产物组成及意义.沉积学报,1995,13(2):120-127
109.王启君,陈建渝.石油地球化学(试用教材)[M].武汉地质学院教材科
110.孟庆涛,刘招君,柳蓉,等.松辽盆地农安地区上白垩统油页岩含油率影响因素.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6): 963-968
111.程顶胜.有机相在油气勘探中的应用.地质地球化学.1996,5:59-62
112. RogersMA.Application of organic facies conceptsto hydrocarbons ouce rockevaluation.10th. world Petr.Cong.,1979:25-30.
113. Jones R W . Organicfacies In: Adrancein Petroleum geochemistry, Academicpress, London, 1987,2:1-90.
114.郝芳,陈建渝.油气地球化学基础理论和勘探应用研究的新进展.地质科技情报.1991,10(4):51-57
115.朱创业.海相碳酸盐岩沉积有机相研究及其在油气资源评价中的应用.成都大学学报(自然科学版), 2000,19(1) :1-6
2.候祥麟.中国页岩油工业.北京:石油工业出版,1984: 14 -15,53
3. B.P.蒂索,D.H.威尔特.石油的形成和分布(郝石生译).北京:石油工业出版社,1982:14-110
4.彭承麟.油页岩干馏基本知识.北京:石油工业出版社,1958:33
5. James W. Bunger, Peter M. Crawford, Harry R. Johnson. Is oil shale America’s answer to peak-oil challenge? Oil&Gas Journal, 2004,8:16-24
6.姜在兴.沉积学.北京:石油工业出版社,2003: 252
7.张家强,王德杰.国内外油页岩开发利用前景及对策[R]《.地质工作战略研究参考》2004年合订本,第4期,勘查技术发展.
8. Knutson C F. Developments in oil shale in 1985 [J] .AAPG,1990,69(10B):372-379
9. Yefimov V . Oil shale processing in Estonia and Russia [J]. Oil Shale,2000,17(4) :367-385
10. Opik J , Golubev N , Kaidalov A ,et al . Current status of oil shale processing in solid heat carrier UTT(Galoter) retorts in Estonia [J] . Oil Shale,2001,18(8) :98-108
11. International Energy Agency(IEA) (2002).World Energy Outlook 2002,Paris:OECD
12. Knutson C F. Developments in oil shale in 1989 [J]. AAPG,1990,74(10):1882-1889
13. Kindorkin B .About thermal low temperature processing of oil shale by solid heat carrier , method [J] .Oil Shale , 2004, 21(3):195-203
14. Hohmann J P , Martignoni W P ,Rubens E M . Novicki edw in M Piper[C]//Petrosix-A successful oil shale operational complex . Kentucky: Institute for Mining & Minerals Research , University of Kentucky , 1992
15. James W. Bunger,Peter M. Crawford,Harry R. Johnson. Is oil shale America’s answer to peak-oil challenge?[J]Oil&Gas Journal,2004,8:16-24
16. Dyni J R. Geology and resources of some world oil shale deposits [J] . Oil Shale,2003,20 (3):193-252.
17. Brendowk. Global oil shale issues and perspectives [J] .Oil Shale,2003,20(1):81-92.
18. Mxfarland J O . 2003 Quarterly Report [R] . Staurt : Southern Pacific Petroleum , 2003
19. Yefimv V ,Doilov S . Efficiency of processing oil shale in differert arrangement of outlets for oil vapors[J] .Oil Shale,1999, 16(4S): 455-463
20. Barnet W I .Union Oil Company of California oil shale retorting processes[C]//Allred V D .Oil shale processing technology . East Brunswick : The Center for Professional Advancement , 1982: 169-187
21. Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves . Strategic significance of America’s oil shale resourced [R] . Washington , D. C: Department of Energy ,2004.
22. J.Qian,J,Wang,S,Li.Oil Shale Development In China[J].Oil Shale,2003,20(3):356-359
23.刘招君,董清水,叶松青,等.中国油页岩资源现状.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6):869-866
24.施国权.一种现实的石油替代能源-油页岩.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6):888-891
25.钱家麟,王剑秋,李术元.世界油页岩资源利用和发展趋势.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6): 877-887
26.柳蓉,刘招君.国内外油页岩资源现状及综合开发潜力分析.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6): 982-988
27.白云来.准噶尔盆地东南缘油页岩的开发前景.新疆石油地质,2008,29(4):462-465
28.张海龙.东北北部区油页岩资源评价及评价方法研究:[博士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学, 2004
29.唐祥华.油页岩的开发与利用.科学中国人:59
30. Dyni J R. Geology and resources of some world oil shale deposites. Oil Shale, 2003,20(3S):193-252
31. Nonnell J R. Western United States oil shale resources and geology[C]//Synthetic fuels from oil shale. Chicago: Institute of Gas Technology,1980:17-19
32. Donnell J R. Tertiary geology and oil shale resources of the piceance Creek Basin between the Colorado and White Rivers, northwestern Colorado. Denver:U. S. Geological Survery Bull, 1961: 835-891
33. Trudell I. G. Primary oil shale resources of the Green River Formation in the eastern Uinta Basin, Utah. Denver: Department of Energy Laramie Energy Technology Center, 1983:1-110
34. Culbertson W C. Oil shale resources and geology of the Green River Formation in the Green River Basin, Wyoming. U. S. Department of Energy Laramie Energy Technology Center LETC/R1-80/6,1980
35.刘立,王东坡.湖相油页岩的沉积环境及其层序地层学意义.石油实验地质,1996,18(3): 311-316.
36. LIU Zhaojun, WANG Dongpo, LIU Li, et al. Sedimentary Characteristics of the Cretaceousin the Songliao Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1993,6(2):167-180.
37.柳蓉,刘招君,刘沣.抚顺盆地始新世计军屯组油页岩贫富矿成矿机制.大庆石油地质与开发,2008,27(2):47-49
38.刘招君,柳蓉.中国油页岩特征及开发利用前景分析.地学前缘,2005,12(3):315-323
39.王世辉,陈春瑞,郑玉龙,等.黑龙江省达连河油页岩地球化学特征及成因探讨.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006:36(6):933-937
40.杜江峰,刘招君,张健,等.吉林松江盆地大拉子组上段油页岩特征及成矿机制.中国地质, 2008,35(1):79-87
41.严焕榕,朱建伟,李殿超等.茂名盆地金塘矿区油页岩特征及形成条件.世界地质,2006, 25(4):407-410
42.许圣传,董清水,闫丽萍,等.山东黄县断陷盆地油页岩特征及生成机制.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006:36(6): 954-958
43.周珍琦,董清水,厚刚福,等.与盐碱矿共生的油页岩形成环境及沉积演化-以桐柏吴城盆地油页岩矿床为例.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006:36(6):1001-1005
44.严焕榕,朱建伟,李殿超,等.广西钦县盆地稔子坪勘查区油页岩形成条件及开发前景.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006:36(6):986-990
45.李成博,郭巍,宋玉勤,等.新疆博格达山北麓油页岩成因类型及有利区预测.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6): 949-953
46.王东营.博格达山北麓二叠系芦草沟组油页岩地质特征与沉积成矿作用研究:[博士学位论文].中国地质大学(北京),2008
47.吴绍祖.从古气候探讨新疆北部石炭—二叠纪生油层位,新疆地质,1998,16(1):58-68
48.新疆地矿局.新疆维吾尔自治区区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,1993:10-20
49.魏红兴,博格达山南缘构造特征及其形成演化:[博士学位论文].西安:西北大学,2007
50.王丹,新疆博格达山南缘上二叠统精细层序地层学研究:[博士学位论文].西安:西北大学,2006
51.卢苗安.天山东段盆山构造格局的多期演变:[博士学位论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2007
52.张传恒,刘典波,张传林,等.新疆博格达山初始隆升时间的地层学标定.地学前缘,2005,12 (1):294-301
53.卢进才,李玉宏,魏仙样,等.西北地区油页岩形成条件及找矿方向.西北地质,2006,39(4):57-63
54.候祥麟.中国页岩油工业.北京:石油工业出版,1984: 153
55.张厚福,方朝亮,高先志,等.石油地质学.北京:石油工业出版社,1999,86-95
56.石油地质学,张厚福,45,49
57. B.P.蒂索,D.H.威尔特.石油的形成和分布.北京:石油工业出版社,1982,48-60;93-97[0]
58.邬立言,顾信章,盛志伟,等.生油岩热解快速定量评价.北京:科学出版社,1986:9-10;39-47
59.邓宏文,钱凯.沉积地球化学与环境分析.兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993:4-28;97
60.周仰康,何锦文,王子玉.硼作为古盐度指标的应用.见:沉积学和有机地球化学学术会议论文选集.北京:科学出版社,1984:55-57
61. Degens, E.T., Williams, E.G. and Keith, M.L., Environmental studies of carboniferous sediments partⅠ: Geochemical criteria for different marine from fresh-water shales, AAPG, 1957, 41:2427-2455.
62. WALKERCT. Evaluation of boron as a paleosalinity indicator and its application to offshore prospects. AAPG Bull, 1968,52:751-766.
63.孙镇城,杨藩,张枝焕,等.中国新生代咸化湖泊沉积环境与气生成.北京:石油工业出版社,1997: 2;133-254
64.同济大学地质系,海陆相地层辨认标志,北京:科学出版社,1980:171~175
65.史忠生,陈开远,史军,等.运用锶钡比判定沉积环境的可行性分析.断块油气田,2003,10 (2):12-16
66.曾英,倪师军,张成江.钒的生物效应及其环境地球化学行为.地球科学进展,2004,19 (6):472-476
67.王争鸣.缺氧沉积环境的地球化学标志.甘肃地质学报,2003,12(2):55-58
68.刘英俊,曹励明.元素地球化学导论.北京:地质出版社.1987:57-97
69.鲁洪波,姜在兴.稀土元素地球化学分析在岩相古地理研究中的应用.石油大学学报, 1999, 23(1): 6-9
70.刘锐娥,卫孝峰,王雅丽,等.泥质岩稀土元素地球化学特征在物源分析中的意义-以鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界为例.天然气地球科学, 2005, 16 (6 ) : 788-791
71.陈庆春,吴智平,李伟.济阳坳陷稀土元素特征及其在物源对比中的应用.地质论评,2003, 49 (6) : 622-629
72.杨守业,李从先. REE示踪沉积物物源研究进展.地球科学进展,1999, 14 (2) : 164-167
73. Nesbitt H S, Young G W . Petrogenesis of sediment in the absence of chemical weathering: effencts of abrasion and sorting on bulk compo sition and mineralogy. Sedimentology, 1996,43:341~35
74.陈骏,王洪涛,鹿化煜,等.陕西洛川黄土沉积物中稀土元素及其它微量元素的化学淋滤研究.地质学报,1996,70(1): 61-72.
75.赵一阳,鄢明才.中国浅海沉积物地球化学.北京:科学出版社,1994:130-150.
76.侯读杰,王铁冠,孔庆云.松辽盆地朝长地区原油的地球化学特征.石油大学学报(自然科学版),1999,29(2):27-29
77.傅家谟,盛国英,许家友,等.应用生物标志化合物参数判识古沉积环境,地球化学,1991, 1:1-12
78. K.E.彼得斯,J.M.莫尔多万.生物标记化合物指南.北京:石油工业出版社(姜乃煌,张水昌,林永汉,等译). 79-149
79.王铁冠.试论我国某些原油与生油岩中沉积环境生物标志化合物.地球化学,1990,19 (3):256-263
80.侯读杰,冯子辉,黄清华.松辽盆地白垩纪缺氧地质事件的地质地球化学特征.现代地质,2003,17(3):311-317
81.张立平,王社教,瞿辉.准噶尔盆地原油地球化学特征与油源讨论.勘探家,2008,5(3):30~53
82.侯读杰,王铁冠,黄光辉,等.低熟烃源岩中的五环三萜类的分布形式.江汉石油学院学报,1994.16(4):39-44
83.沈忠民,周光甲,洪志华.低成熟石油生成环境的生物标志化合物特征.成都理工学院学报,1999,26(4):396-401
84.孔庆云[0],周辉,李铁.生物标志化合物指标的探讨.大庆石油学院学报,1987,35(3):9-15
85.张立平,黄第藩,廖志勤.伽马蜡烷-水体分层的地球化学标志.沉积学报,1999,17(1): 136-140
86.朱扬明,苏爱国,梁狄刚,等.柴达木盆地第三系咸水湖相原油地球化学特征.地质科学,2004,39(4):475-485
87.王红梅,谢树成,赖旭龙,等.分子地质微生物学研究方法述评.地球科学进展,2005,20(6):664-670
88.黄杏珍,邵宏舜,顾树松,等.柴达木盆地的油气形成与寻找油气田方向.兰州:甘肃出版社1993
89.王志勇,卫延召,赵长毅.三塘湖盆地低熟油的发现及其地球化学特征.沉积学报.2001,19 (4):598~604
90.苏传国,王志勇,金颖,等.三塘湖盆地原油成因类型及原油分析.吐哈油气,2000,5(4):1~5
91.杨斌,廖健德,韩军,等.准噶尔盆地三台地区原油地球化学特征.新疆石油地质,2005,26 (5):493~498
92. Radke M, Welte D H and Wilsch H. Geochemical Study on a well in the Western Canada Basin relation of the aromatic distribution pattern to maturify of organic matter. Geochem Cosmochim Acta, 1982,46: 1831-1848
93. Radke M, Welte D H and Wilsch H. Maturity parameters based on aromatic hydrocarbons: Information of the organic matter type.Geochem,1986,10:51-63
94.任拥军,李瑞雪.西藏措勒盆地地下白垩统海相灰岩的芳烃地球化学特征.沉积学报,2001, 19 (2):283-286
95. Norgate C M, Boreham C J, Wilkins A J. Changes in hydro-carbon maturity indices with coal rake and type, Buller coalfield, New Zealand. Organic Geochemistry, 1999,30(8): 985- 1010.
96. Jaap S, Sinninghe Damsté, Jan W, Deleeuw A C Kock-van Dalen et al . , The occurence and identification of series of organic sulphur compounds in oils and sediment extracts. I. A. study of Rozel Point Oil ( U. S. A.) , Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1987, 51:2369-2391
97.林壬子,王培荣,戴允健,等.矿物燃料中多环芳烃的石油地球化学意.中国地质学会,中国石油学会,中国矿物岩石地球化学学会,有机地球化学论文集.北京:地质出版社, 1987:129-140
98.黄光辉.矿物燃料中的芴及其衍生物的有机地球化学意义与成因初探.刘德汉,史继扬,吴泽霖,等.中国科学院地球化学研究所有机地球化学开放实验室研究年报.北京:科学出版社,1987,211-220
99.侯读杰,张善文,肖建新,等.陆相断陷湖盆优质烃源岩形成机制与成藏贡献-以济阳坳陷为例.北京:地质出版社.2008:1-8
100.金强,朱光有.中国中新生代咸化湖盆烃源岩沉积的问题及相关进展.高校地质学报, 2006,12(4):483-492
101.中国中新生代咸化湖盆烃源岩沉积的问题及相关进展,中的参考文献
102.阎霞,黄第藩,李晋超等.应用热解气相色谱法研究干酪根的类型及其演化特征.有机地球化学与陆相生油.北京:石油工业出版社,1986.163-176
103.韩方,李荣,黄清华等.生油岩热解气相色谱分析方法及地质应用.录井技术,1999, 10(3):13-21
104.傅家谟,秦匡宗.干酪根地球化学.广州:广东科技出版社,1995
105.蔡云开.东梁矿区沙四、三段干酪根的热解气相色谱研究.地球科学,1992,17(4):411-413
106. Horsfield B.Practical. criteria for classifying kerogen:some observation from pyrolysis gas chromatography. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1989,53:891-901
107.孙永革,盛国英,傅家谟.裂解气相色谱技术在煤成烃评价中的应用.中国科学(D辑), 1996,26(6):551-554
108.孙永革,盛国英,傅家谟.我国主要含煤油气盆地煤系源岩PY-PC热解产物组成及意义.沉积学报,1995,13(2):120-127
109.王启君,陈建渝.石油地球化学(试用教材)[M].武汉地质学院教材科
110.孟庆涛,刘招君,柳蓉,等.松辽盆地农安地区上白垩统油页岩含油率影响因素.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(6): 963-968
111.程顶胜.有机相在油气勘探中的应用.地质地球化学.1996,5:59-62
112. RogersMA.Application of organic facies conceptsto hydrocarbons ouce rockevaluation.10th. world Petr.Cong.,1979:25-30.
113. Jones R W . Organicfacies In: Adrancein Petroleum geochemistry, Academicpress, London, 1987,2:1-90.
114.郝芳,陈建渝.油气地球化学基础理论和勘探应用研究的新进展.地质科技情报.1991,10(4):51-57
115.朱创业.海相碳酸盐岩沉积有机相研究及其在油气资源评价中的应用.成都大学学报(自然科学版), 2000,19(1) :1-6