用户名: 密码: 验证码:
黄土高原西北部集雨水高效利用研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
本论文以黄土高原西北部为研究区,通过中国科学院皋兰生态农业试验站2000~2001年雨水集流试验与春小麦、西瓜、西兰花和黄瓜的补灌试验,对各种集流场的年产流率和集流费用、蓄水窖(池)的贮水费用、作物的土壤水分变化动态、耗水规律、产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率和灌水效率(单方水产值)、以及各作物集雨补灌的投资与效益进行了研究,并探讨了300mm年雨量区日光温室高效的集水—用水模式。
     对几种集流面的测定表明:年产流率大小顺序为日光温室棚面>路面>废膜集流面>屋面>红沙集流面>清除土表杂草,各集流面的年均产流率为57.9%。集流费用的大小顺序为清除土表杂草>红沙集流面>废膜集流面>棚面>屋面>路面,平均集流费用为1.07元/m~3。所选的几种蓄水窖(池)的平均贮水费用为5.08元/m~3,贮水费用明显地高于集流费用。
     各作物生育期土壤水分变化动态曲线表明:由于受降水、灌水和作物耗水的影响,土壤水分变化动态曲线呈波动式下降;另外,砂田西瓜土壤水分变化动态曲线还受覆盖方式的影响。
     各作物的耗水规律表明:随灌水量的增加,作物耗水量增加;小麦、西瓜、西兰花和黄瓜的平均日均耗水量为2.08mm、1.65mm、3.91mm和1.91mm。
     各作物的产量及其构成因素分析表明:小麦试验灌水量和互作间的差异达极显著水平,随灌水量的增加,产量增加;各灌水方式间产量大小顺序为微喷灌、滴灌、管灌和对照;随灌水量的增加,千粒重对产量的贡献减少,而公顷穗数对产量的贡献增加。西瓜灌水量间的差异达显著水平,随灌水量的增加,产量、单瓜重和采收瓜数增加。西兰花试验结果表明,滴灌处理在株高、冠幅、花球重、单株茎叶重和产量上均明显优于管灌和微喷灌处理;在同一灌水方式内随灌水量增加,株高、冠幅、花球重、单株茎叶重和产量均增加。黄瓜试验表明,产量、采收瓜条数和单瓜重最大的处理为滴灌180mm。
     各作物的水分利用效率分析表明:小麦补灌各处理的水分利用效率均高于对照,微喷灌的水分利用效率高于管灌和滴灌,以微喷灌67.5mm处理为最高;西瓜的水分利用效率随灌水量的增加而增加,以滴灌67.5mm处理最
    
     高:西兰花的水分利用效率是滴灌高于管灌和微喷灌;黄瓜以滴灌180——处
     理水分利用效率最高。
     各作物的灌水效率(单方水产值)分析表明:小麦微喷灌的灌水效率高
     于滴灌和管灌;西瓜的灌水效率随灌水量的增加而降低:西兰花滴灌的灌水
     效率高于管灌和微喷灌;黄瓜以滴灌 90mm和滴灌 180mm处理的灌水效率
    .最高。对四种作物的单方水产值比较分析表明,其大小顺序依次为日光温室
     黄瓜、大田西兰花、砂田西瓜和大田小麦。
     对各作物集雨水利用的投资与效益分祈表明:小麦各处理的净产值均为
     负值,随灌水量的增加,净产值降低:砂日西瓜随灌水量的增加,投资额。
     总产值和净产值也增加;西兰花滴灌和管灌的投资显著高于微喷灌,但其总
     产值和净产值也显著高于微喷灌,在同一灌水方式内随灌水量的增加,其总
     投资、总产值和净产值增加,以滴灌975mtn处理净产值最高;日光温室黄
     瓜随灌水量的增加,其总投资增加,而总产值和净产值以滴灌 180nun处理最
     高,其中净产值达187017.3元fi3.u--\对四种作物集雨水利用的效益比较分析
     表明,净产值的大小顺序依次为日光温室黄瓜、大田西兰花、砂田西瓜和大
     田小麦。
     对日光温室棚面集水和温室内集雨补灌的分析表明:在300nun年雨量
     区,普通日光温室棚面(建筑面积 637 i勺的年产流量为 162.4in’;满足产
     量、水分利用效率、产值和单方上产值最高的灌水量为 180mm,这一处理的
     总耗水量为119.9 m‘;为便于日光温室蔬菜生产,建议在温室内修建一座贮
     水量为 20 m3的水池,在温室外修建贮水量为 100 m‘的水窖(池人即为日光
     温室集水一用水的“一池一窖”模式。
With the northwest Loess Plateau as an interesting study area, the paper was based on the experimental study on in-situ rainwater harvesting and the supplementary irrigation study on spring wheat, watermelon, broccoli and cucumber. The experiments were conducted at the ecological experiment station (Gaolan County, Gansu Province), Chinese Academy of Science, in 2000-2001. The paper was designed to explore the rate of runoff and the catchment's cost of various catchments, analyze the storage cost of various water cellars, and investigate the soil water dynamics, regular of water consumption, yield and its content, water use efficiency (WUE), water irrigation efficiency (WIE) or economic benefit per cubic water, and output value of various crops. Based on the above studies, a catchments-water utilization model for solar greenhouse in the region of precipitation 300mm was proposed.
    The results of rainwater harvesting experiment are listed as follow: The rates of runoff per year were the surface of solar greenhouse>the road surface>waste plastic catchments>the house surface>the red-sand catchments>the catchments cleaned weeds; the average annual rate of runoff was 57.9%. The catchment's costs were the catchments cleaned weeds>the red-sand catchments>the waste plastic catchments>the surface of solar greenhouse>the house surface>the road surface; the average catchment's cost was 1.07 Yuan.m"J. The average storage cost of various water cellars was 5.08 Yuan.m"3; the storage cost was significantly higher than the catchment's cost.
    The results of the soil water dynamics of various crop's growth period are listed as follow: Due to influence of precipitation, irrigation and crop's water consumption, the soil water dynamics appeared fluctuated decreasing. Besides, the soil water dynamics of watermelon in gravel-mulched field were subjected to the way of mulching.
    The results of the regulation of water consumption of various crops are listed as
    
    
    
    follow: With irrigation quantities increased, the water consumption of crops was increasing. The wheat and broccoli experiments showed that the water consumption of crops don't change with the ways of irrigation. The average water consumptions of wheat, watermelon, broccoli and cucumber were respectively 2.08mm, 1.65mm, 3.91mm and 1.91mm.
    The results of yields and theirs contents are listed as follow: About wheat, the differences among irrigation quantities treats and among interaction were very significant; with irrigation quantities increased, the yields were increasing; the yields of the ways irrigation were micro-sprinkle irrigation> pipe-irrigation> drip-irrigation>CK; with irrigation quantities increased, the contribution of 1000 grain weight was decreasing, but the contribution of the number of ears per heliometers was increasing. The differences among irrigation quantities of watermelon were significant; with irrigation quantities increased, the yields, the weight of per fruit and the number of watermelon were increasing. About broccoli, the plant height, crown, the fruit weight, the weight of stem and leaves and the yield of drip-irrigation was superior than of pipe-irrigation and micro-sprinkle irrigation; with irrigation quantities increased, the yields and theirs contents were increasing. About cucumber, the treat of drip-irrigation 180mm had significant supper in yield, the number of cucumber and the fruit weight.
    The results of WUE of crops are listed as follow: The WUE of irrigation's treats were higher than of CK; the WUE of micro-sprinkle irrigation were higher than of pipe-irrigation and drip-irrigation; the WUE of micro-sprinkle irrigation 67.5mm was highest. The WUE of watermelon was increasing with irrigation quantities increased; the highest WUE was drip-irrigation 67.5rrrn. About broccoli, the WUE of drip-irrigation were higher than of pipe-irrigation and micro-sprinkle irrigation. The WUE of drip-irrigation 180mm was highest about cucumber.
    The results of WIE of crops (economic benefit per cubic water) are listed as follow: The WIE of micro-sprink
引文
1.马天恩 高世铭,集水高效农业,兰州:甘肃科技出版社,1997.6
    2.赵松龄,集水农业引论,西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1996.1
    3.蔺海明 胡恒觉,旱地农业生态学,兰州: 兰州大学出版社,1992.12
    4.王留芳 蔺海明,农业生态学,西安:陕西科技出版社,1994.10
    5.胡恒觉 高旺盛 黄高宝,甘肃省土地生产力与承载力,北京:中国科技出版社,1992.10
    6.朱首军 丁艳芳 薛泰谦,土壤—植物—大气(SPAC)系统和农林复合系统水分运动研究综述,水上保持研究,2000,7(1):49—52
    7.刘昌明 王会肖等,土壤—作物—大气界面水分过程与节水调控,北京:科学出版社,1999.10
    8.康绍忠,土壤—植物—大气连续体水热动态模拟的研究,生态学报,1991,11(3):256—261
    9.康绍忠,土壤—植物—大气连续体水流阻力分布规律的研究,生态学报,1993,13(2):157—163
    10.康绍忠 刘晓明,玉米生育期土壤—植物—大气连续体水流阻力与水势的分布,应用生态学报,1993,4(3):260—266
    11.陈建耀 刘昌明 吴凯,利用大型蒸渗仪模拟土壤—植物—大气连续体水分蒸散,应用生态学报,1999,10(1):45—48
    12.康绍忠 张富仓 梁银丽,玉米生长条件下农田土壤水分动态预报方法的研究,生态学报,1997,17(3):245—251
    13.郭庆荣 李玉山,植物根系吸水过程中根系水流阻力的变化特征,生态科学,1999,18(1):30—34
    14.赵聚宝等,补充灌溉的增产效果,中国北方旱地农田与水分开发利用,北京:中国农业出版社,1996.6
    15.陈万金等,中国旱地农业综合发展与对策,北京:中国农业出版社,1994.1
    16.山仑等,节水农业,济南大学出版社,清华大学出版社,
    17.冯广龙 罗远培,土壤水分与冬小麦根、冠功能均衡关系的模拟研究,生态学报,1999,19(1):96—103
    18.郭安红 魏虹 李凤民 赵松龄,土壤水分亏缺对春小麦根系赶物重累积和分配的影响,生态学报,1999,19(2):179—184
    19.康定明,不同生育期受旱对春小麦干物质积累和产量形成的影响,第一届全国青年作物栽培作物生理学术会议论文集,北京:科技出版社,1993:99—103
    20.张宪法 于贤昌等,水分对蔬菜生长动态的影响,中国蔬菜,2000(4):48—50
    21.黄占斌,干湿变化与作物补偿效应规律研究,生态农业研究,2000,8(1):27—29
    
    
    22.曹国蕃,半干旱区集雨节灌农业研究,博士学位论文,1999.5
    23.马忠明,绿洲灌区有限灌溉效应与作物抗逆栽培技术研究,博士学位论文,1997.5
    24.尹光华,陇中旱农区集雨补灌种植模式的水分效应及产量形成规律研究,硕士学位论文,1999.5
    25.康绍忠等,新的农业科技革命与21世纪我国节水农业的发展,干旱地区农业研究,1998,16(1):11—17
    26.邓国凯 张源沛等,集雨节灌对地膜春小麦的产量和水分利用效率的影响,节水灌溉,1999(10):22—24
    27.李锋瑞,集雨节灌—半干旱区农业水利化建设的战略途径,农业现代化研究,1997,18(3)
    28.秦舒浩,陇中半干旱区集雨补灌小麦玉米的产量水分效应及生理特性研究,硕士学位论文,2000.5
    29.李秀君,坡地田间微地形集雨种植技术研究,水土保持通报,2000,20(2):41—42
    30.付兆堂 刘玉录等,路面集雨—果树微喷技术在海岛的试验研究,中国农村水利水电,2000(2):31
    31.赵东辉 罗健恩,宁南山区水窖节水灌溉技术应用,中国农村水利水电,1999(5):13—14
    32.马文林 崔文慧,宁南山区集雨微灌工程实践,中国农村水利水电,2000(9):11—12
    33.蔡焕杰 王健等,降雨聚集条件下节水高效农业综合技术,干旱地区农业研究,1998 (9):78—83
    34.甘肃旱地集雨节灌高效农业试验示范总结报告,甘肃集雨节灌高效农业试验示范项目组,1996—1998
    35.尹光华等,甘肃省集雨农业研究成果及进展,甘肃科技,1998年增刊:40—42
    36.吴玉芹 史群,微灌—节水灌溉基本知识讲座,节水灌溉,1999(2):35—38
    37.马学良 赵其恒等,国内外设施农业节水灌溉设备技术现状与发展,节水灌溉,1999 (2):4—6
    38.王留运 叶清平等,我国微灌技术发展的回顾与预测,节水灌溉,2000(3):3—7
    39.节水灌溉技术,水利部科技司、水利部农水司、水利部科技推广中心、中央广播电视大学和中国燎原广播电视大学合编,北京:中央广播电视大学,1999.4
    40.张志新,滴灌,新疆:新疆科技卫生出版社,1992.3
    41.农业节水技术,社会发展科技司、国家科委农村科技司、科技成果司、水利部科技教育司和农业部科学技术司合编,北京:水利水电出版社,1992.3
    42.战洪成 王德次等,大棚蔬菜滴灌与畦灌应用的对比研究,节水灌溉,1999(5):30—31
    43.旱作物地面灌溉节水技术,水利部农村水利司、中国灌排水技术开发培训中心编,北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999
    
    
    44.朱景武 于海荣,旱作物关键灌水期的确定,中国农村水利水电,2000(3):31—23
    45.李洁,作物的生理节水及需水关键期—非充分灌溉知识讲座,节水灌溉,1999(2):29—34
    46.张志山 陇中旱农区春小麦集雨补灌的产量及水分效应,学士学位论文,1999.5
    47.李建民 王璞等,灌溉制度对春小麦耗水及产量的影响,生态农业研究,1999,7(4):23—26
    48.李锋瑞 赵松龄等,陇东黄土旱塬作物组合系统农田耗水规律研究,生态学报,1995,15(4):420—426
    49.邓西平等,旱地春小麦对有限灌水高效利用的研究,干旱地区农业研究,1995,13(3):42—45
    50.王梅春等,定西半干旱区春小麦需水规律的研究,干旱地区农业研究,1989(3):66—72
    51.李凤民等,黄土高原半干旱区春小麦农田有限灌溉对策初探,应用生态学报,1995,6(3):31—34
    52.信茜诠 赵聚宝,旱地农田水分状况与调控技术,北京:农业出版社,1992.5
    53.党增春 刘耀宏等,旱地胡麻覆膜穴播种植与节水补灌试验研究,水土保持通报,2000,20(2):12—14
    54.曹国蕃,半干旱区发展集雨节灌农业的效益研究,水土保持通报,1999,19(2):40—43
    55.王新元 李登顺等,日光温室冬春茬黄瓜产量与灌水量的关系,中国蔬菜,1999(1):18—21
    56.王潍民 杨斌锋等,日光温室蔬菜滴灌栽培,北方园艺,2000(125):60
    57.刘建勇,西北半干旱地区番茄窖水灌溉技术的研究,中国蔬菜,2000((?)):21—23
    58.黄高宝,甘肃黄土高原旱作农业持续发展问题刍议,
    59.王亚军 谢忠奎等,西北冷凉区地膜春小麦复种西兰花栽培模式研究,北方园艺,1996.6(129):22—23
    60.杨晓光 于沪宁,夏玉米水分胁迫与反冲机制及其应用,生态农业研究,1999,7(3):27—31
    61.李凤民,论我国半干旱地区农业生产力与生态系统可持续发展,资源科学,1999,21(5):25—29
    62.尹光华 刘作新等,旱地农田集雨补灌增产机制,低山丘陵半干旱区—农业可持续发展,刘作新主编,北京:科技出版社,2000.7
    63.陶毓汾 王立祥等中国北方旱农地区水分生产潜力及开发,北京:气象出版社,1992.2
    64.中国农业科学院,中国北方不同类型旱地农业综合增产增产技术,北京:中国农业科技出版社,1993.10
    
    
    65.沈振荣 苏人琼,中国农业水危机对策研究,北京:中国农业科技出版社,1998.12
    66.甘肃省科委政策法规处、甘肃省农科院蔬菜研究所编,第二代节能日光温室建造与蔬菜高效栽培技术,兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1999.11
    67.周宝利 林桂荣等编著,蔬菜嫁接栽培,北京:中国农业出版社,1997.9
    68.胡恒觉等.我国砂田免耕法.耕作制度论文集.北京:农业出版社.1981,9.pp206-217.
    69.贾登云,曾希琳,张永洋等.籽用西瓜旱砂田覆膜栽培技术试验.中国西瓜甜瓜.1998(1):20-21.
    70.雒焕,白银地区砂田的防旱作用及其耕作.干旱地区农业研究.1999,(1):36-45.
    71.吕忠恕,陈邦瑜.甘肃砂田的研究.农业学报.1955,6(3):299-312.
    72.施成熙.陆地水文学(上册).北京:科学出版社.1959.
    73.王天送,苏贺昌,杨世维.兰州地区砂田土壤的水分特征.干旱地区农业研究.1991,(1):66-69.
    74.武延安,林淑敏.砂田厚皮甜瓜与花生、秋菜间作栽培技术.中国西瓜甜瓜.1999,(1).
    75.杨文治,绍明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究.北京:科学出版社..2000,10.
    76.赵尊练.西瓜栽培的土壤水分管理.中国西瓜甜瓜.1998,(3):24.
    77.程龙军.浅谈高山蔬菜的发展.北方园艺.2001,140(5):13-14.
    78.高国训,张学东等.青花菜夏季异地育苗技术.长江蔬菜.2001,(3):21-22.
    79.李小雁.干旱半干旱过渡带雨水集流实验与微型生态集雨模式.中国科学院博士学位研究生学位论文.2000,7.
    80.刘金成.夏播青花菜栽培管理技术.蔬菜.2001,(6):7-8.
    81.青花菜.农业大词典.北京:中国农业出版社.1998,(9):1311.
    82.苏英京.青花菜种植密度与双球处理试验.蔬菜.2001,(12):26-27.
    83.邢立增.绿宝塔青花菜栽培技术.山东蔬菜.2001,(1):27.
    84.张宝珍,李素文等.青花菜异常花球产生的原因及防治措施.长江蔬菜.2001,(7):23.
    85.陈士宾.农业系统工程.兰州:甘肃民族出版社.1990.
    86.杜尧东,王建,刘作新等.春小麦田喷灌的水量分布及小气候效应.应用生态学报,2001,12(3):398-400.
    87.蔺海明,牛俊义,秦舒浩.陇中半干旱区小麦和玉米补灌效应研究.干旱地区农业研究.2001,19(4):80-86.
    88.刘海军,龚时宏,王广兴,喷灌条件下冬小麦生长及耗水规律研究.灌溉排水,2000,19(1):26-29.
    89.牛俊义,杨祁峰.作物栽培学研究方法.兰州:甘肃民族出版社.1998.
    
    
    90.牛西午,冯永平,董孟雄等.“简易微喷灌技术”及其在旱塬麦田应用研究初报.水土保持学报,1999,19(1):28-32.
    91.尹光华.旱地小麦集雨补灌增产机制初探.干旱地区农业研究.2001,19(2):55-60.
    92.张旭东,柯晓新,杨兴国等.甘肃河东小麦需水规律及其分布特征.干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1):39-44.
    93.李凤民,王静,赵松龄.半干旱黄土高原集水高效旱地农业的发展.生态学报,1999,19(2):259-264.
    94.钱正英。西部大开发中的甘肃水资源问题.中国水利,2000,(6):5-6。
    95.刘昌明。我国西部大开发中有关水资源的若干问题。中国水利,2000(8):23-25。
    96.冯应新,钱加绪。甘肃省集水高效农业研究。西北农业学报,1999,8((?)):93-97。
    97.张志斌。关于我国设施蔬菜生产可持续发展的探讨。沈阳农业大学学报,2000,31(1):15-17。
    98.刘云发.我国大田作物滴灌现状及发展前景。节水灌溉,1998,4:26-31.
    99.徐学选,穆兴民,王文龙。黄土高原(陕西部分)雨水资源化潜力出版分析.资源科学,2000,22(1):31-35。
    100.王勇,崔明九,樊廷录等。旱原地膜冬小麦集雨结水灌溉研究。干旱地区农业研究,1997,15(3):57-63。
    101. Kang Shaozhong Cai Huanjie Zhang Jianhua, Estimation of maize evapotranspiration under water deficits in semiarid region, Agricultural Water Management, 43(2000)1—14
    102. Maurer A R, Ormrod D P, and Scott N J, Effect of 5 soil water regimes on growth and composition of snap beans, Can.J.Plant Sci,1969, 49:271—278
    103. Miller D G, Manning C E, and Teare I D。Effect of soil water levels on component of growth and yield in peas, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 1977, 102(3): 349—351
    104. Loomis E L and Crandall P C, Water consumption of cucumbers during vegetative and reproductive stages of growth, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 1977, 102(2): 124—127
    105. Choriki, R.T., Hide, J.C., Drall, L.L. & Brown, B.L. (1964). Rock and gravel mulch aid in moisture storage. Crops and Soils, 16: 24.
    106. Fairborn, M.L. (1973). Effect of gravel mulch on crop yields. Agronomy Journal, 65:925-928.
    107. Fairborn, M.L. & Cluff, C.B. (1974). Use gravel to save water for crops. Crop and Soil Magazine, April-May: 15-17.
    108. Gale, W.J., McColl, R.W. & Xiefang. (1993). Sandy fields traditional farming water conservation in China. Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, 48: 474-477.
    109. Kemper, W.D., Nick, A.D. & Corey, A.T. (1994). Accumulation of water in soils under gravel and sand mulches. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58: 56-57.
    
    
    110. Lamb, J. & Chapman, J.E. (1943) . Effect of surface stones on erosion, evaporation, soil temperature, and soil moisture. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, 35: 567-578.
    111. Li, X.Y., Gong, J.D. and Wei, X.H. (2000) . In-situ rainwater harvesting and gravel mulch combination for corn production in the dry semi-arid region of China. Journal of Arid Environments, 46:371-382.
    112. Modaihsh, A.S., Horton, R. & Kirkham, D. (1985) . Soil water evaporation suppression by sand mulches. Soil Science,139: 357-361.
    113. Nachtergaele, J., Poesen, J.W. & Van Wesemael, B. (1998) . Gravel mulching in vineyards of southern Switzerland. Soil & Tillage Research, 46: 51-59.
    114. National Academy of Science. (1974) . More water for arid lands. Washington, D.C.
    115. Unger, P.W. (1971a). Soil profile gravel layer: Effect on water storage, distribution, and evaporation. Soil Science Society of America Proceeding, 35: 631-634.
    116. Unger, P.W. (1971b). Soil profile gravel layer: Effect on growth and water use by a hybrid forage sorghum. Soil Science Society of America proceeding, 35:980-983.
    117. brooks, K.N., Folliott, PR, & Gregersen, H.M. et al. Hydrology and the management of watershed. Iowa State University Press,1996.
    118. Geddes, H.J. Water harvesting, Proc. ASCE, J. Irrig, Drain. Div., 1963,104: 43-58.
    119. Li J.S Modeling crop yield as affected by uniformity of sprinkler irrigation system. Agricultural water management. 1998, 38:135-146.
    120. Li j, Kawano H. the areal distribution of soil moisture under sprinkler irrigation. Agricultural water management. 1996, 32:29-26.
    121. Wang D, Shannon MC, Grieve CM et al. Soil water and temperature regimes in drip and sprinkler irrigation, and implications to soybean emergence. Agricultural water management. 2000, 43:15-28

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700