新疆野杏生殖生态初步研究
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摘要
本文以新疆伊犁新源县野果林资源研究发展中心的野杏为研究对象,从生殖生态学的角度出发,采用野外观测与室内试验相结合的方法,对新疆野杏的开花物候、繁育系统、生殖分配、结实等特性进行研究,初步揭示了新疆野杏的生殖生态学特性,主要结论如下：
(1)新疆野杏花期在4月,单花花期6～7 d,单花花期按其形态和散粉时间可分为现蕾初期、大蕾期、未散粉期、散粉初期、散粉盛期、散粉末期、凋谢期七个阶段,访花昆虫主要为蜂类和蝇类,有极少数的蝶类。
(2)低温可有效延长新疆野杏的花粉寿命,常温储藏时其花粉寿命为40～50 d,4℃低温储藏时花粉寿命可达90～105 d。新疆野杏的花粉形态为超长球形,赤道面观为长椭圆形,极面观为三裂圆形,具3孔沟,花粉外壁纹饰呈条纹状,条纹间有穿孔。
(3)新疆野杏的柱头在开花4 h左右可授性最强,在开花后9 h内授粉,坐果率均在40%以上,开花9 h以后授粉坐果率降低,花粉活力与柱头可授性具有同步性。
(4)新疆野杏的繁育系统为混合交配系统,以异交为主,部分自交,需要传粉者。
(5)新疆野杏的生殖器官在整个生物量的分配中所占比例为43.42%。较高的生殖配置可以提高野杏种子的质量,进而提高其种子萌发后的成苗能力,从而有利于种群的世代更新、降低种群灭亡的风险。
(6)新疆野杏单果鲜重为12.07±3.44 g,含水量为69.45±4.89%,果实纵径2.89±0.38 cm；果核鲜重1.73±0.43 g,含水量26.89±3.77%；种子鲜重0.62±0.11 g,含水量31.22±7.91%。
(7)花期低温雨雪天气影响昆虫传粉,并冻伤、冻坏杏花及幼果,雌蕊败育花朵多,病虫害严重,人类活动和动物的取食影响了野杏的生存环境及天然更新等是导致新疆野杏濒危的主要原因。
The objective of this research was to reveal the characters of reproductive ecology of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. including bloosom phenophase, breeding system, reproductive partition and setting fruit, on the basis of wild apricot from wild fruit forest resources in Xinyuan County,Ili, Xinjiang. The characters of reproductive ecology of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. were firstly revealed. The main conclusion were drawn as follows:
(1) The florescence of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. appeared in April, its single anthesis lasts for 6-7 days. The single anthesis can be divided into seven periods by its shape and scattering pollen time:budding early stage, full flower bud stage, un-scattering pollen stage, scattiring pollen stage, scattering pollen full stage, scattering initial pollen final stage, withering stage. The insects visiting flowers were mainly bee and fly, and only a few of butterfly.
(2) Pollen viability of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. could be kept for 40 to 50 days under normal atmospheric temperature preservation. The pollen viability could be kept for 90～105 days at chilling temperature (4℃) preservation. The pollen shape characteristics of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. is superlong sphere, whose shape was the long oval from the equatorial face observation, and trilobation round shape from the polar face observation with three germination apertures. The external wall line decoration of pollen is atriped spape, between which there are punchings.
(3) The stigmas of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. were at the highest receptivity about 4 hours after flowering. The pollination were conducted within 9 hours after blooming. Its setting fruit percentage was over 40%. Its setting fruit percentage were decreased when pollination was conducted after flowering for 9 hours. When the pollen of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. was at the highest viabitity, the stigmas were at the highest receptivity.
(4) The breeding system of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. is mixed-mating system, the main breeding system is outcrossing, a part of them is self-bred, which need to be pollinated.
(5) The proportion of reproductive organs occupied 43.42% among the allocation of all the growth quantity. The higher reproductive organs allocation can promote its seeds quality and seedling ability, which favors the generation refreshing and thus results to a low risk of population extinction.
(6) The fresh weight per fruit of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. was 12.07±3.44 g, its water content is 69.45±4.89%, its longitude diameter is 2.89±0.38 cm; the fresh weight of seed with endocarp is 1.73±0.43 g whose water content is 26.89±3.77%; the fresh weight of seed without endocarp is 0.62±0.11 g, its water content is 31.22±7.91%.
(7) The pollination of the insects were affected by low temperature of rain and snow climate at the flowering stage and the apricot flower and young fruit suffer from freezing damage, during such climate there are high female abortive percentage, the damage by disease and insects were serious, human and animal activity which influences living environment and natural afforestation of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. are also the main reason of imminent damage.
(1)新疆野杏花期在4月,单花花期6～7 d,单花花期按其形态和散粉时间可分为现蕾初期、大蕾期、未散粉期、散粉初期、散粉盛期、散粉末期、凋谢期七个阶段,访花昆虫主要为蜂类和蝇类,有极少数的蝶类。
(2)低温可有效延长新疆野杏的花粉寿命,常温储藏时其花粉寿命为40～50 d,4℃低温储藏时花粉寿命可达90～105 d。新疆野杏的花粉形态为超长球形,赤道面观为长椭圆形,极面观为三裂圆形,具3孔沟,花粉外壁纹饰呈条纹状,条纹间有穿孔。
(3)新疆野杏的柱头在开花4 h左右可授性最强,在开花后9 h内授粉,坐果率均在40%以上,开花9 h以后授粉坐果率降低,花粉活力与柱头可授性具有同步性。
(4)新疆野杏的繁育系统为混合交配系统,以异交为主,部分自交,需要传粉者。
(5)新疆野杏的生殖器官在整个生物量的分配中所占比例为43.42%。较高的生殖配置可以提高野杏种子的质量,进而提高其种子萌发后的成苗能力,从而有利于种群的世代更新、降低种群灭亡的风险。
(6)新疆野杏单果鲜重为12.07±3.44 g,含水量为69.45±4.89%,果实纵径2.89±0.38 cm；果核鲜重1.73±0.43 g,含水量26.89±3.77%；种子鲜重0.62±0.11 g,含水量31.22±7.91%。
(7)花期低温雨雪天气影响昆虫传粉,并冻伤、冻坏杏花及幼果,雌蕊败育花朵多,病虫害严重,人类活动和动物的取食影响了野杏的生存环境及天然更新等是导致新疆野杏濒危的主要原因。
The objective of this research was to reveal the characters of reproductive ecology of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. including bloosom phenophase, breeding system, reproductive partition and setting fruit, on the basis of wild apricot from wild fruit forest resources in Xinyuan County,Ili, Xinjiang. The characters of reproductive ecology of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. were firstly revealed. The main conclusion were drawn as follows:
(1) The florescence of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. appeared in April, its single anthesis lasts for 6-7 days. The single anthesis can be divided into seven periods by its shape and scattering pollen time:budding early stage, full flower bud stage, un-scattering pollen stage, scattiring pollen stage, scattering pollen full stage, scattering initial pollen final stage, withering stage. The insects visiting flowers were mainly bee and fly, and only a few of butterfly.
(2) Pollen viability of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. could be kept for 40 to 50 days under normal atmospheric temperature preservation. The pollen viability could be kept for 90～105 days at chilling temperature (4℃) preservation. The pollen shape characteristics of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. is superlong sphere, whose shape was the long oval from the equatorial face observation, and trilobation round shape from the polar face observation with three germination apertures. The external wall line decoration of pollen is atriped spape, between which there are punchings.
(3) The stigmas of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. were at the highest receptivity about 4 hours after flowering. The pollination were conducted within 9 hours after blooming. Its setting fruit percentage was over 40%. Its setting fruit percentage were decreased when pollination was conducted after flowering for 9 hours. When the pollen of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. was at the highest viabitity, the stigmas were at the highest receptivity.
(4) The breeding system of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. is mixed-mating system, the main breeding system is outcrossing, a part of them is self-bred, which need to be pollinated.
(5) The proportion of reproductive organs occupied 43.42% among the allocation of all the growth quantity. The higher reproductive organs allocation can promote its seeds quality and seedling ability, which favors the generation refreshing and thus results to a low risk of population extinction.
(6) The fresh weight per fruit of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. was 12.07±3.44 g, its water content is 69.45±4.89%, its longitude diameter is 2.89±0.38 cm; the fresh weight of seed with endocarp is 1.73±0.43 g whose water content is 26.89±3.77%; the fresh weight of seed without endocarp is 0.62±0.11 g, its water content is 31.22±7.91%.
(7) The pollination of the insects were affected by low temperature of rain and snow climate at the flowering stage and the apricot flower and young fruit suffer from freezing damage, during such climate there are high female abortive percentage, the damage by disease and insects were serious, human and animal activity which influences living environment and natural afforestation of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. are also the main reason of imminent damage.
引文
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