扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地注水恢复期鸟类群落研究
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摘要
2005-2009年,从群落结构、集团、指示物种的层面对扎龙保护区湿地注水恢复期鸟类群落与环境因子的关系进行了系统研究,主要包括(1)鸟类群落结构(基本组成、多样性和时空格局)的研究；(2)环境因子对鸟类群落的影响；(3)鸟类群落对环境因子的响应；(4)鸟类群落组成与栖息环境的关系：(5)鸟类群落的集团分析与指示物种确定。
研究结果表明：
(1)湿地注水恢复期,扎龙鸟类群落有鸟类14目43科191种,鸟类群落的基本组成符合东北鸟类分布和湿地特征的基本规律,受胁保护物种较多(95.81%)；α-多样性指数为1.4197,均匀性指数为0.2774；种-多度关系符合Preston提出的物种“常见性和罕见性的分布”。
(2)湿地注水恢复期,鸟类群落不同时间尺度(年度、月份、季节)内时间格局的分布规律与该区鸟类的整体分布一致；环境干扰对年度间鸟类群落的分布格局影响较大。鸟类群落的空间格局各异(水平格局的分布规律与该区鸟类的整体分布一致；垂直格局的分布特点比较明显)；多数鸟类具较宽的垂直空间生态位,以地面层或植被层为主栖层进行跨层面分布。
(3)湿地注水恢复期,不同梯度下的环境因素(割苇、火烧、注水、生境类型、捕鱼、湿地旅游)均在不同时间尺度上对鸟类群落产生不同程度的影响(即时响应、短期影响、长期影响),影响鸟类群落的物种组成。具有不同生境质量的生境类型和和水对鸟类群落的影响最大,其次是火烧、捕鱼、割苇；湿地旅游相对较小。
(4)鸟类群落在不同时间尺度上对不同梯度下环境的干扰产生了即时响应、短期响应和长期响应三种不同程度的响应,并形成相应的新的鸟类群落；但响应程度与影响程度不成正比,对生境类型和注水的响应最大,其次是割苇和捕鱼,火烧和湿地旅游最小。适度的干扰利于鸟类的栖息分布；不适度的干扰对夏候鸟和旅鸟影响较大,体型较小的雀形目鸟类对干扰较敏感。
(5)湿地注水恢复期,鸟类群落内不同生态类群间的栖息分布既有分化又有重叠,湖泡、不同水位环境的芦苇沼泽和疏林是该区域中的涉禽、游禽、鸣禽和猛禽四大生态类群首选的栖息地。
(6)湿地注水恢复期,不同生活史阶段不同环境梯度下鸟类群落的分布集团体现出狭域、广域、主域的分布特点。对不同水位梯度环境表现出9个集团即深水集团、浅水集团、无水集团、稍深水集团、中水集团、广域集团、广域水位集团、无水主域集团、浅水主域集团：对不同生境类型表现的集团因生活史阶段而异,芦苇沼泽集团、农田集团、疏林集团和水域集团是共有的集团。
(7)湿地注水恢复期,不同环境梯度生境中的指示物种各异；湖泡的指示物种为红头潜鸭、绿头鸭、红嘴鸥、白骨顶、凤头鸊鷉、小鸊鷉、红骨顶、黑嘴鸥、白翅浮鸥、须浮鸥、灰沙燕；芦苇沼泽的指示物种为苍鹭,其中白翅浮鸥、须浮鸥、灰沙燕反映明水沼泽区,东方大苇莺、红脚隼反映深水位沼泽区,芦鹀、鸿雁、黄鹊鸰、凤头麦鸡反映中浅水位沼泽区；草甸草原的指示物种为云雀、田鹨；农田的指示物种为灰鹤、白额雁；疏林的指示物种为麻雀、小嘴乌鸦、喜鹊。
(8)综合分析认为：环境的区域性、生境的特质性、景观格局和环境干扰产生的生境异质性是扎龙自然保护区湿地注水恢复期鸟类群落结构格局形成的一个关键因素。
(9)注水对扎龙保护区湿地的恢复和鸟类的栖息分布有积极的作用,部分区域内生境质量变好且其内栖息的鸟类种群数量有增加的趋势(如芦苇沼泽)；但湿地环境干扰仍然存在,补水只是起到一定程度的缓解作用,湿地功能的恢复仍需要长期的过程。
研究的结果丰富了鸟类群落在特殊环境条件下生态适应对策的理论,为扎龙保护区湿地资源监测、保护、管理的实际操作从时间、区域、对象、方式、内容等角度提供了理论上的科学借鉴,也能为同区域内其它以湿地水鸟为主要保护对象的湿地类型自然保护区的有效管理对策的制定和实施提供一定程度的理论参考。
基于上述研究结果,提出如下管理建议：(1)4-10月是鸟类监测管理的重点时段；以繁殖期为主,其次是春迁期和秋迁期；(2)地面层和植被层是监测管理的主要区域；(3)居留型为夏候鸟和旅鸟的游禽、涉禽和鸣禽、猛禽是监测管理的主要对象；(4)应采用三种监测斑块和监测方式,即湖泡生境的面式监测,以涉禽和游禽为主；以芦苇沼泽为主、以苔草沼泽、草甸草原和农田为辐射的网点状监测,以涉禽和鸣禽为主；疏林生境的点式监测,以鸣禽为主(含国家重点保护鸟类)；(5)生境监测管理的主要内容是生境质量和水；其次是火烧、捕鱼、割苇,应有侧重,既要进行烧荒又要防止火灾,既要进行捕鱼又要防止打绝,既要进行割苇又要分区预留；春迁期,以生境质量和水为主,其次是剩余苇丛,然后是火烧、捕鱼和旅游；繁殖期,以生境质量和火烧为主,其次是水因子,然后是捕鱼和旅游；秋迁期,以生境质量和水为主,其次是捕鱼,芦苇因实际情况酌情管理；(6)如果需要火烧,应选择春迁期；(7)如果需要注水,应选择秋迁期。
Avian community during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation was studied in Zhalong Nature Reserve in 2005 to 2009 based on community structure, guilds and indicator species. The contents include (1) avian community structure (basic component, species diversity, temporal and spatial patterns); (2) impact of environment factor to avian community; (3) response of avian community to environment factor; (4) relation between avian community and its habitat; (5) guilds and indicator species of avian community.
The result revealed:
(1) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, we had recorded 191 species birds, and they belong to 43 family of 14 order; The basic component of avian community has accordance with the distribution character of avian community in Northeast and wetland; the species that are endangered and need protected are more (95.81%); the species diversity index (α-diversity) is 1.4197, the evenness index is 0.2774; species-abundance take on the species distribution of commonness and rarity.
(2) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, temporal patterns under different scale of avian community have accordance with the distribution of Zhalong Nature Reserve; environment disturbance play a bigger influence on year patterns of avian community. Spatial patterns of avian community are different (vertical stratification have accordance with the distribution of Zhalong Nature Reserve, horizontal pattern have obvious distribution character); many species have wide vertical spatial niche, and they distribute more vertical stratification based on ground tier or vegetation tier.
(3) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, every environment factor under different environment gradient play different degree influence on avian community under different temporal scale, and they influence the species component of avian community. Habitat type with different habitat quality and water play an important effect on avian community, secondly fire, fishing and reed harvest, wetland tourism has lesser effect.
(4) avian community have different degree response to environment factor under different temporal scale namely real-time response, short term response and long term response, and some new avian community was formed under the environment disturbance; but, the response level of avian community has no line relation with influence level, the response to habitat type and irrigation are the biggest, the next are reed harvest and fishing, fire and wetland tourism are the lesser. Moderate environment disturbance play the positive role to avian distribution; immoderate environment disturbance have more bigger influence on summer bird and passing migrant bird, and Passeriformes are sensitive to these disturbance.
(5) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, distribution of different ecological group birds take on the character of polarization and overlap, lake, reed marsh with different water level and tree belt are the main habitat of Grallatores, Natatores, Passeres and Raptatores.
(6) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, the guilds under different environment gradient (water level and habitat type) and different life history take on the distribution character of zone-narrowing, macro-zone and master zone.
(7) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, the habitat under different environment gradient have different indicator species; the indicator species of lake are Aythya ferina, Anas platyrhynchos, Larus ridibundus, Fulica atra, Podiceps cristatus, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Gallinula chloropus, Larus saundersi, Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias hybrida, Riparia riparia; the indicator species of reed marsh is Ardea cinerea, of these, Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias hybrida and Riparia riparia have good indicator to reed marsh with lake; Acrocephalus orientalis and Falco amurensis reflect reed marsh with deep water level; Emberiza schoeniclus, Anser cygnoides, Motacilla flava and Vanellus vanellus reflect the habitat quality of reed marsh with shallow water level; Alauda arvensis and Anthus novaeseelandiae are indicator species of meadow steppe; Grus grus and Anser albifrons are indicator species of farmland; Passer montanus, Corvus macrorhynchos and Pica pica, are indicator species of tree belt.
(8) by analyses, regional characteristic of environment, subjectivity of habitat type, landscape pattern and habitat heterogeneity after environment disturbance are a key factor of avian community structure mechanism during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation in Zhalong Nature Reserve.
(9) wetland irrigation had an positive influence to wetland restoration and avian distribution; the habitat quality of some zone was improved, and the population and abundance of avian distributed in these zone take on a good trend (for example reed marsh); but, Zhalong wetland has still in the status of lack water, and environment disturbance still exist, irrigation play only a certain degree positive role, wetland restoration is a long term work.
The result enriched the theroy of ecological adaptation mechanism of avian community under specific environment condition, and can provide reference for wetland resource monitor, protection and management in Zhalong Nature Reserve from the temporal, spatial, object, way and content view, and also for making valid management policy and putting into effect in other wetland Nature Reserve.
Basing above result, we put forward the following management suggests:(1) the key month of avian management is March to October, breeding stage is the main period, the next is spring migration period and autumn migration period; (2) ground tier and vegetation tier are the key monitor zone of avian management; (3) summer resident bird, passing migrant bird and Grallatores, Natatores, Passeres and Raptatores are the key monitor object of avian management; (4) the monitor way have three, area-mnitor to lake aiming at Grallatores and Natatores, net-monitor to reed marsh (and sedge marsh, meadow steppe, farmland) aiming at Grallatores and Passeres, dot-monitor to tree belt aiming at Passeres and other endangered species; (5) habitat quality and water are the key monitor content of habitat management, the next are fire, fishing and reed harvest; during the spring migration, habitat quality and water are the key, the next are surplus reed, fire, fishing and wetland tourism; during the breeding, habitat quality and fire are the key, the next are water, fishing and wetland tourism; during the autumn migration, habitat quality and water are the key, the next are fishing; (6) if it need fire, then spring migration period is good; (7) if it need irrigation, then autumn migration period is good.
研究结果表明：
(1)湿地注水恢复期,扎龙鸟类群落有鸟类14目43科191种,鸟类群落的基本组成符合东北鸟类分布和湿地特征的基本规律,受胁保护物种较多(95.81%)；α-多样性指数为1.4197,均匀性指数为0.2774；种-多度关系符合Preston提出的物种“常见性和罕见性的分布”。
(2)湿地注水恢复期,鸟类群落不同时间尺度(年度、月份、季节)内时间格局的分布规律与该区鸟类的整体分布一致；环境干扰对年度间鸟类群落的分布格局影响较大。鸟类群落的空间格局各异(水平格局的分布规律与该区鸟类的整体分布一致；垂直格局的分布特点比较明显)；多数鸟类具较宽的垂直空间生态位,以地面层或植被层为主栖层进行跨层面分布。
(3)湿地注水恢复期,不同梯度下的环境因素(割苇、火烧、注水、生境类型、捕鱼、湿地旅游)均在不同时间尺度上对鸟类群落产生不同程度的影响(即时响应、短期影响、长期影响),影响鸟类群落的物种组成。具有不同生境质量的生境类型和和水对鸟类群落的影响最大,其次是火烧、捕鱼、割苇；湿地旅游相对较小。
(4)鸟类群落在不同时间尺度上对不同梯度下环境的干扰产生了即时响应、短期响应和长期响应三种不同程度的响应,并形成相应的新的鸟类群落；但响应程度与影响程度不成正比,对生境类型和注水的响应最大,其次是割苇和捕鱼,火烧和湿地旅游最小。适度的干扰利于鸟类的栖息分布；不适度的干扰对夏候鸟和旅鸟影响较大,体型较小的雀形目鸟类对干扰较敏感。
(5)湿地注水恢复期,鸟类群落内不同生态类群间的栖息分布既有分化又有重叠,湖泡、不同水位环境的芦苇沼泽和疏林是该区域中的涉禽、游禽、鸣禽和猛禽四大生态类群首选的栖息地。
(6)湿地注水恢复期,不同生活史阶段不同环境梯度下鸟类群落的分布集团体现出狭域、广域、主域的分布特点。对不同水位梯度环境表现出9个集团即深水集团、浅水集团、无水集团、稍深水集团、中水集团、广域集团、广域水位集团、无水主域集团、浅水主域集团：对不同生境类型表现的集团因生活史阶段而异,芦苇沼泽集团、农田集团、疏林集团和水域集团是共有的集团。
(7)湿地注水恢复期,不同环境梯度生境中的指示物种各异；湖泡的指示物种为红头潜鸭、绿头鸭、红嘴鸥、白骨顶、凤头鸊鷉、小鸊鷉、红骨顶、黑嘴鸥、白翅浮鸥、须浮鸥、灰沙燕；芦苇沼泽的指示物种为苍鹭,其中白翅浮鸥、须浮鸥、灰沙燕反映明水沼泽区,东方大苇莺、红脚隼反映深水位沼泽区,芦鹀、鸿雁、黄鹊鸰、凤头麦鸡反映中浅水位沼泽区；草甸草原的指示物种为云雀、田鹨；农田的指示物种为灰鹤、白额雁；疏林的指示物种为麻雀、小嘴乌鸦、喜鹊。
(8)综合分析认为：环境的区域性、生境的特质性、景观格局和环境干扰产生的生境异质性是扎龙自然保护区湿地注水恢复期鸟类群落结构格局形成的一个关键因素。
(9)注水对扎龙保护区湿地的恢复和鸟类的栖息分布有积极的作用,部分区域内生境质量变好且其内栖息的鸟类种群数量有增加的趋势(如芦苇沼泽)；但湿地环境干扰仍然存在,补水只是起到一定程度的缓解作用,湿地功能的恢复仍需要长期的过程。
研究的结果丰富了鸟类群落在特殊环境条件下生态适应对策的理论,为扎龙保护区湿地资源监测、保护、管理的实际操作从时间、区域、对象、方式、内容等角度提供了理论上的科学借鉴,也能为同区域内其它以湿地水鸟为主要保护对象的湿地类型自然保护区的有效管理对策的制定和实施提供一定程度的理论参考。
基于上述研究结果,提出如下管理建议：(1)4-10月是鸟类监测管理的重点时段；以繁殖期为主,其次是春迁期和秋迁期；(2)地面层和植被层是监测管理的主要区域；(3)居留型为夏候鸟和旅鸟的游禽、涉禽和鸣禽、猛禽是监测管理的主要对象；(4)应采用三种监测斑块和监测方式,即湖泡生境的面式监测,以涉禽和游禽为主；以芦苇沼泽为主、以苔草沼泽、草甸草原和农田为辐射的网点状监测,以涉禽和鸣禽为主；疏林生境的点式监测,以鸣禽为主(含国家重点保护鸟类)；(5)生境监测管理的主要内容是生境质量和水；其次是火烧、捕鱼、割苇,应有侧重,既要进行烧荒又要防止火灾,既要进行捕鱼又要防止打绝,既要进行割苇又要分区预留；春迁期,以生境质量和水为主,其次是剩余苇丛,然后是火烧、捕鱼和旅游；繁殖期,以生境质量和火烧为主,其次是水因子,然后是捕鱼和旅游；秋迁期,以生境质量和水为主,其次是捕鱼,芦苇因实际情况酌情管理；(6)如果需要火烧,应选择春迁期；(7)如果需要注水,应选择秋迁期。
Avian community during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation was studied in Zhalong Nature Reserve in 2005 to 2009 based on community structure, guilds and indicator species. The contents include (1) avian community structure (basic component, species diversity, temporal and spatial patterns); (2) impact of environment factor to avian community; (3) response of avian community to environment factor; (4) relation between avian community and its habitat; (5) guilds and indicator species of avian community.
The result revealed:
(1) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, we had recorded 191 species birds, and they belong to 43 family of 14 order; The basic component of avian community has accordance with the distribution character of avian community in Northeast and wetland; the species that are endangered and need protected are more (95.81%); the species diversity index (α-diversity) is 1.4197, the evenness index is 0.2774; species-abundance take on the species distribution of commonness and rarity.
(2) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, temporal patterns under different scale of avian community have accordance with the distribution of Zhalong Nature Reserve; environment disturbance play a bigger influence on year patterns of avian community. Spatial patterns of avian community are different (vertical stratification have accordance with the distribution of Zhalong Nature Reserve, horizontal pattern have obvious distribution character); many species have wide vertical spatial niche, and they distribute more vertical stratification based on ground tier or vegetation tier.
(3) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, every environment factor under different environment gradient play different degree influence on avian community under different temporal scale, and they influence the species component of avian community. Habitat type with different habitat quality and water play an important effect on avian community, secondly fire, fishing and reed harvest, wetland tourism has lesser effect.
(4) avian community have different degree response to environment factor under different temporal scale namely real-time response, short term response and long term response, and some new avian community was formed under the environment disturbance; but, the response level of avian community has no line relation with influence level, the response to habitat type and irrigation are the biggest, the next are reed harvest and fishing, fire and wetland tourism are the lesser. Moderate environment disturbance play the positive role to avian distribution; immoderate environment disturbance have more bigger influence on summer bird and passing migrant bird, and Passeriformes are sensitive to these disturbance.
(5) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, distribution of different ecological group birds take on the character of polarization and overlap, lake, reed marsh with different water level and tree belt are the main habitat of Grallatores, Natatores, Passeres and Raptatores.
(6) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, the guilds under different environment gradient (water level and habitat type) and different life history take on the distribution character of zone-narrowing, macro-zone and master zone.
(7) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, the habitat under different environment gradient have different indicator species; the indicator species of lake are Aythya ferina, Anas platyrhynchos, Larus ridibundus, Fulica atra, Podiceps cristatus, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Gallinula chloropus, Larus saundersi, Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias hybrida, Riparia riparia; the indicator species of reed marsh is Ardea cinerea, of these, Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias hybrida and Riparia riparia have good indicator to reed marsh with lake; Acrocephalus orientalis and Falco amurensis reflect reed marsh with deep water level; Emberiza schoeniclus, Anser cygnoides, Motacilla flava and Vanellus vanellus reflect the habitat quality of reed marsh with shallow water level; Alauda arvensis and Anthus novaeseelandiae are indicator species of meadow steppe; Grus grus and Anser albifrons are indicator species of farmland; Passer montanus, Corvus macrorhynchos and Pica pica, are indicator species of tree belt.
(8) by analyses, regional characteristic of environment, subjectivity of habitat type, landscape pattern and habitat heterogeneity after environment disturbance are a key factor of avian community structure mechanism during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation in Zhalong Nature Reserve.
(9) wetland irrigation had an positive influence to wetland restoration and avian distribution; the habitat quality of some zone was improved, and the population and abundance of avian distributed in these zone take on a good trend (for example reed marsh); but, Zhalong wetland has still in the status of lack water, and environment disturbance still exist, irrigation play only a certain degree positive role, wetland restoration is a long term work.
The result enriched the theroy of ecological adaptation mechanism of avian community under specific environment condition, and can provide reference for wetland resource monitor, protection and management in Zhalong Nature Reserve from the temporal, spatial, object, way and content view, and also for making valid management policy and putting into effect in other wetland Nature Reserve.
Basing above result, we put forward the following management suggests:(1) the key month of avian management is March to October, breeding stage is the main period, the next is spring migration period and autumn migration period; (2) ground tier and vegetation tier are the key monitor zone of avian management; (3) summer resident bird, passing migrant bird and Grallatores, Natatores, Passeres and Raptatores are the key monitor object of avian management; (4) the monitor way have three, area-mnitor to lake aiming at Grallatores and Natatores, net-monitor to reed marsh (and sedge marsh, meadow steppe, farmland) aiming at Grallatores and Passeres, dot-monitor to tree belt aiming at Passeres and other endangered species; (5) habitat quality and water are the key monitor content of habitat management, the next are fire, fishing and reed harvest; during the spring migration, habitat quality and water are the key, the next are surplus reed, fire, fishing and wetland tourism; during the breeding, habitat quality and fire are the key, the next are water, fishing and wetland tourism; during the autumn migration, habitat quality and water are the key, the next are fishing; (6) if it need fire, then spring migration period is good; (7) if it need irrigation, then autumn migration period is good.
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