广西岩溶地区可持续自然资源开发利用研究
摘要
广西作为西部欠发达省区,资源相对贫乏,经济发展水平低,碳酸盐岩分布面积大,遍布于80个县(市),由于其独特的水文地质条件,生态环境脆弱,现实生态压力过大,显现出特有的“岩溶贫困”(Karst poverty)现象,因此,如何合理开发、利用和保护自然资源,将是岩溶地区生态重建的核心,也是西部大开发战略中着重要解决的问题,这将对广西全区有着举足轻重的作用。百色市属“老、少、边、山、穷、西”地区,岩溶地貌发育,是典型的山区,同时也是全国18个连片贫困地区之一。百色市自然资源丰富,但受自然、社会、地理等诸多因素的影响,开发程度较低。国家对百色的社会经济发展和扶贫开发十分重视,党和国家领导人曾多次到百色视察指导工作。百色市要想在西部大开发这一重大历史机遇中完成”八七”扶贫攻坚计划,实现跨越性发展,就必须寻求适合经济发展、资源永续利用、生态良性循环的可持续发展的道路。因此,从理论上,科学地、系统地、全面地对百色市自然资源的合理开发利用和可持续发展进行研究,不仅对百色市本身的开发,而且对广西岩溶地区可持续发展的研究,都有重要的作用。
本课题采用静态分析与动态分析相结合、宏观分析与微观分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法,从百色市自然资源的利用中,寻找资源合理开发利用的有效途径和方法,为促进百色市及其类似地区的自然资源可持续利用提供理论分析的基础。
论文的主体架构由三大部分内容组成:
第一部分,由第一章到第四章组成,本部分综述了可持续发展的基本概念和内涵,分析了可持续自然资源开发利用的基本概念及相关理论,根据岩溶地区地表地下多具双层或多重结构,有成土条件差、水源漏失、水土分离、土壤瘠薄、地质灾害与污染易发、多发等生态环境特点,尝试性的建立了岩溶地区可持续自然资源开发的指标体系,该指标体系包括资源状况、开发条件以及环境影响等一级指标,资源性质、资源价值、开发适宜度、社会经济基础、技术水平、环境承载力等二级指标,以及17个三级指标,按照岩溶山区各种资源在社会经济发展中的地位和作用,做出客观判断,即对岩溶区资源重要度(贡献度)的评价,主要从资源的经济效益、生态效益、社会效益和持续性四个层面进行判断并以定量指标加以界定。
第二部分,由第五章到第九章组成,本部分对百色市土地资源、矿产资源、水资源、旅游资源进行了深入的分析研究,运用定性和定量相结合的方法,分别对各类自然资源进行了评价,根据资源利用现状,结合资源评价结果,运用可持续发展理论,提出了各类自然资源可持续开发利用的方法和途径。根据百色市土地利用的自然、社会经济条件和经济发展布局,将百色市划分为北部土山区、中部右江河谷区、南部石山区等三个土地资源可持续开发利用区域。为适应矿产资源保证的需要,勘探重点是增加铝、黄金、石油、煤、锰、铜等矿产的后备资源,提高硫铁矿、重晶石、膨润土、滑石、高岭土、钾、磷等主要化工矿产资源的保证程度。为保障水资源的可持续开发利用,一方面要兴建新水源工程,对现有供水设施进行除险加固,防止供水能力的衰减,另一方面要制定一些政策措施。为实现旅游资源的可持续利用,应充分整合各类旅游资源,形成中心带动、两翼齐飞、东西一线、三大品牌、四条旅游线、五大旅游区的1—2—3—4—5旅游资源开发模式。
第三部分,由第十章组成,本部分建立了岩溶地区自然资源综合评价的指标体系和目标体系,评价结果表明百色市自然资源开发对国民经济的重要性依次为:旅游资源、矿产资源、土地资源、水资源、生物资源、气候资源,自然资源的开发体现如下特点:
①百色市旅游资源丰富,开发旅游资源、发展旅游业对提高岩溶山区居民的收入,加快山区居民思想现代化、思维的市场化、就业的多元化以及促进岩溶生态的良性化有重要的现实意义,因此,应优先考虑旅游业的发展。
②作为西部城市的百色市刚刚进入工业化的初级阶段。作为对矿产资源依赖大的有色金属工业、化学工业、石油工业等基础产业仍将是国民经济的重要支柱。百色市矿产资源丰富,且交通方便,开发矿产资源将有力的推动当地经济的发展。
③百色市山多地少,岩溶地貌发育,生态环境脆弱,不易大力开荒造田,但土地资源是人类生存和发展的重要环境条件,对岩溶区聚落的分布和一定区域的人口规模有重要的影响,在土地资源中,耕地资源不是岩溶区的优势,岩溶区的优势在于林地和草地资源;耕地资源仅满足山区居民的食物自给需求,耕地资源的开发、利用和保护,仍是要值得重视的问题。
④百色市水资源中具有优势的是水能资源。通过修建水电站,廉价的水电带动和吸引耗电型工业的发展,如有色金属冶炼、电解铝、化学工业等。现阶段,由于经济持续高速增长,能源特别是电力消费市场潜力巨大。因此应充分利用丰富的水能资源,但也要考虑水电开发引起的生态环境问题。
第三部分还在分析百色市资源开发和产业发展的现状基础上,提出了百色市产业结构和布局发展战略。未来一段时间内,百色市的产业发展和布局的重点应是:在保证第一产业,尤其种植业稳定发展的基础上,重点发展第二产业,积极发展第三产业,形成完整的产业体系。
As an undeveloping province of west China, GuangXi has insufficient natural resources and its economy is in poor level. There are a great deal of Carbonate rock spreading its more than 80 cities. Special hydrological geology make fragile ecological environment. So Guangxi has a special Karst poverty. The kernel of rebuilding karst area and the firstly important problem of West Development is how to exploit, use, and protect natural resources reasonablly.
BaiSe city is a district of ancient, remote and poor. It is a typical karst area, at the same time it's also one of 18 poor cities in China. The undevelopment caused low exploitation. The government has attached importance to BaiSe. If she want to finish the "8~(th) 7years"Anti-poverty assaulting plan in the Opportunity of West Development, realize the great-leap-forward development, BaiSe must explore a sustainable development way which will be suitable for economic development, continuous utilization of resource and ecological benign cycle. So making a research scientifically and systematicly to the reasonable exploitation and sustainable development of BaiSe from theory will have great important function for the sustainable development of Karst area in GuangXi.
This subject adopt research approach of static analysis to combine with dynamic analysis, the macroscopic analysis combines with micro-analysis, quantitative analysis combine together to finalize the design. And it will look for effective way and method of reasonable exploitation of resource from the use of the natural resources, in order to offer foundation of the theory for promoting the natural resources of sustainable utilization and analyzing of Baise and area -like.
The main body framework of the thesis is made up of three major parts.
The first part is made of chapter 1, 2, 3, and 4. It summarized the basic conception and intension of sustainable development, analyzed the basic conception of sustainable natural development and utilization of resources and relevant theories. And it set up the index system of sustainable natural development of resources of karst area according to this area's ecological environment characteristics, for example there are double layers or multiple structures under the earth's surface of regional karst, bad soil conditions, missed water source, separated of water and soil, geological calamity and pollution. This index system has 3 indexes. The first index includes resource state, condition of the development, and environmental impact. The second index includes resources properties, resources value, develop suitable degree, social economic base, engineering level, and the strength of environment bearing. The third has 17 indexes.
This part maily judge and define in 4 aspects of resources (economic benefits, ecological benefits, social benefit and constantment).
The second part is made of chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, and. It analysised the land resource, mineral resources, water resources, and Tourism resources. And it also appraisaled all kinds of natural resources in the way which Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis combine. According to the the theory of sustainable development, it proposed the sustainable developing the method for utilizing and route of all kinds of natural resources. 3 area of sustainable developing has been divided according to the natural and social conditions of the land utilizes and overall arrangement of economic development. They are soil mountain area of northern, right rivers valley area in the middle part and stone mountain area of southern. In order to meet the need that the mineral resources guarantee, The focal point explored is to increase the reserve resources of mineral products such as aluminium, gold, petroleum, coal, manganese, copper,etc. And Improve the assurance intensity of main chemical mineral resources such as pyrite, bolognian stone, alta-mud, talc, kaolin, potassium, phosphorus,etc. In order to ensure the sustainable development of the water resource to utilize, on one hand BaiSe should build the project of new source of water, and improve the facilities that strengthen existing water supply, prevent the decay of the ability of water supply; On the other the government should make some policies and measures. In order to realize the sustainable utilization of the tourism resources, the government should fully combine all kinds of tourist resources to form tourism resources development mode which the centre drives, both wings taking off, things in the first line, three major brands, four travelling routes, five major tourist zones.
The 3nd part is made of chapter 10. This part has set up index system and target system of regional comprehensive appraisal of natural resources of karst. It indicates the importance to national economy of natural development of resources of Baise is successively to appraise the result: Tourist resources, mineral resources, land resource, water resource, living resources, climate resource.
The development of the natural resources reflects the following characteristic:
1. The tourism resources in Baise are abundant. It has important realistic meanings to develop the tourism resources, to improve the income of the regional residents of karst. It also has great significance in accelerating resident's thought modernization, marketization of thinking, pluralism of employment in the mountain area and promoting the karst. So, Baise should pay attention to the development of tourist industry prioritily.
2. Baise has just entered industrialized primary stage. Basic industries such as non-ferrous metals industry, chemical industry, petroleum industry,etc. will be the important pillar of the national economy, abundant mineral resources and convenient traffic of Baise will promote the development of local economy.
3. Mountains of Baise are few manily, the ecological environment is fragile, it is difficult to reclaim wasteland. However, the land resource is the important environmental conditions of human survival and development. The land resource has important influence on distribution of the area of karst and people's scale. In the land resource, the advantage of the karst area is not cultivated land resources, but forest land and meadow resource. Cultivated land resources only meet the food self-sufficiency demand of the residents of mountain area. However, the development, use and protecting of cultivated land resources, is still the question needing paying close attention to.
4. The advantage of the water resource in Baise is hydroenergy resources. Building power station can drive the develop trades such as coloured metal smelt, electrolytic aluminium, chemical industry. At the present, economy grows at top speed continuously, cause the market potential of electricity consumption to be enormous. So, Baise should fully utilize hydroenergy resources. However, we should consider the ecological problem which the water and electricity and develop caused.
This part is still analyzing the development on the basis of resources of Baise and current situation of the development of industry, to put forward the industrial structure of Baise and developed strategy of the overall arrangement. Within some time of future, the focal points of the industry development of Baise and overall arrangement should be: On the basis of guaranteeing steady development of primary industry, give priority to the secondary industry, develop the tertiary industry actively, form the intact industry system.
本课题采用静态分析与动态分析相结合、宏观分析与微观分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法,从百色市自然资源的利用中,寻找资源合理开发利用的有效途径和方法,为促进百色市及其类似地区的自然资源可持续利用提供理论分析的基础。
论文的主体架构由三大部分内容组成:
第一部分,由第一章到第四章组成,本部分综述了可持续发展的基本概念和内涵,分析了可持续自然资源开发利用的基本概念及相关理论,根据岩溶地区地表地下多具双层或多重结构,有成土条件差、水源漏失、水土分离、土壤瘠薄、地质灾害与污染易发、多发等生态环境特点,尝试性的建立了岩溶地区可持续自然资源开发的指标体系,该指标体系包括资源状况、开发条件以及环境影响等一级指标,资源性质、资源价值、开发适宜度、社会经济基础、技术水平、环境承载力等二级指标,以及17个三级指标,按照岩溶山区各种资源在社会经济发展中的地位和作用,做出客观判断,即对岩溶区资源重要度(贡献度)的评价,主要从资源的经济效益、生态效益、社会效益和持续性四个层面进行判断并以定量指标加以界定。
第二部分,由第五章到第九章组成,本部分对百色市土地资源、矿产资源、水资源、旅游资源进行了深入的分析研究,运用定性和定量相结合的方法,分别对各类自然资源进行了评价,根据资源利用现状,结合资源评价结果,运用可持续发展理论,提出了各类自然资源可持续开发利用的方法和途径。根据百色市土地利用的自然、社会经济条件和经济发展布局,将百色市划分为北部土山区、中部右江河谷区、南部石山区等三个土地资源可持续开发利用区域。为适应矿产资源保证的需要,勘探重点是增加铝、黄金、石油、煤、锰、铜等矿产的后备资源,提高硫铁矿、重晶石、膨润土、滑石、高岭土、钾、磷等主要化工矿产资源的保证程度。为保障水资源的可持续开发利用,一方面要兴建新水源工程,对现有供水设施进行除险加固,防止供水能力的衰减,另一方面要制定一些政策措施。为实现旅游资源的可持续利用,应充分整合各类旅游资源,形成中心带动、两翼齐飞、东西一线、三大品牌、四条旅游线、五大旅游区的1—2—3—4—5旅游资源开发模式。
第三部分,由第十章组成,本部分建立了岩溶地区自然资源综合评价的指标体系和目标体系,评价结果表明百色市自然资源开发对国民经济的重要性依次为:旅游资源、矿产资源、土地资源、水资源、生物资源、气候资源,自然资源的开发体现如下特点:
①百色市旅游资源丰富,开发旅游资源、发展旅游业对提高岩溶山区居民的收入,加快山区居民思想现代化、思维的市场化、就业的多元化以及促进岩溶生态的良性化有重要的现实意义,因此,应优先考虑旅游业的发展。
②作为西部城市的百色市刚刚进入工业化的初级阶段。作为对矿产资源依赖大的有色金属工业、化学工业、石油工业等基础产业仍将是国民经济的重要支柱。百色市矿产资源丰富,且交通方便,开发矿产资源将有力的推动当地经济的发展。
③百色市山多地少,岩溶地貌发育,生态环境脆弱,不易大力开荒造田,但土地资源是人类生存和发展的重要环境条件,对岩溶区聚落的分布和一定区域的人口规模有重要的影响,在土地资源中,耕地资源不是岩溶区的优势,岩溶区的优势在于林地和草地资源;耕地资源仅满足山区居民的食物自给需求,耕地资源的开发、利用和保护,仍是要值得重视的问题。
④百色市水资源中具有优势的是水能资源。通过修建水电站,廉价的水电带动和吸引耗电型工业的发展,如有色金属冶炼、电解铝、化学工业等。现阶段,由于经济持续高速增长,能源特别是电力消费市场潜力巨大。因此应充分利用丰富的水能资源,但也要考虑水电开发引起的生态环境问题。
第三部分还在分析百色市资源开发和产业发展的现状基础上,提出了百色市产业结构和布局发展战略。未来一段时间内,百色市的产业发展和布局的重点应是:在保证第一产业,尤其种植业稳定发展的基础上,重点发展第二产业,积极发展第三产业,形成完整的产业体系。
As an undeveloping province of west China, GuangXi has insufficient natural resources and its economy is in poor level. There are a great deal of Carbonate rock spreading its more than 80 cities. Special hydrological geology make fragile ecological environment. So Guangxi has a special Karst poverty. The kernel of rebuilding karst area and the firstly important problem of West Development is how to exploit, use, and protect natural resources reasonablly.
BaiSe city is a district of ancient, remote and poor. It is a typical karst area, at the same time it's also one of 18 poor cities in China. The undevelopment caused low exploitation. The government has attached importance to BaiSe. If she want to finish the "8~(th) 7years"Anti-poverty assaulting plan in the Opportunity of West Development, realize the great-leap-forward development, BaiSe must explore a sustainable development way which will be suitable for economic development, continuous utilization of resource and ecological benign cycle. So making a research scientifically and systematicly to the reasonable exploitation and sustainable development of BaiSe from theory will have great important function for the sustainable development of Karst area in GuangXi.
This subject adopt research approach of static analysis to combine with dynamic analysis, the macroscopic analysis combines with micro-analysis, quantitative analysis combine together to finalize the design. And it will look for effective way and method of reasonable exploitation of resource from the use of the natural resources, in order to offer foundation of the theory for promoting the natural resources of sustainable utilization and analyzing of Baise and area -like.
The main body framework of the thesis is made up of three major parts.
The first part is made of chapter 1, 2, 3, and 4. It summarized the basic conception and intension of sustainable development, analyzed the basic conception of sustainable natural development and utilization of resources and relevant theories. And it set up the index system of sustainable natural development of resources of karst area according to this area's ecological environment characteristics, for example there are double layers or multiple structures under the earth's surface of regional karst, bad soil conditions, missed water source, separated of water and soil, geological calamity and pollution. This index system has 3 indexes. The first index includes resource state, condition of the development, and environmental impact. The second index includes resources properties, resources value, develop suitable degree, social economic base, engineering level, and the strength of environment bearing. The third has 17 indexes.
This part maily judge and define in 4 aspects of resources (economic benefits, ecological benefits, social benefit and constantment).
The second part is made of chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, and. It analysised the land resource, mineral resources, water resources, and Tourism resources. And it also appraisaled all kinds of natural resources in the way which Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis combine. According to the the theory of sustainable development, it proposed the sustainable developing the method for utilizing and route of all kinds of natural resources. 3 area of sustainable developing has been divided according to the natural and social conditions of the land utilizes and overall arrangement of economic development. They are soil mountain area of northern, right rivers valley area in the middle part and stone mountain area of southern. In order to meet the need that the mineral resources guarantee, The focal point explored is to increase the reserve resources of mineral products such as aluminium, gold, petroleum, coal, manganese, copper,etc. And Improve the assurance intensity of main chemical mineral resources such as pyrite, bolognian stone, alta-mud, talc, kaolin, potassium, phosphorus,etc. In order to ensure the sustainable development of the water resource to utilize, on one hand BaiSe should build the project of new source of water, and improve the facilities that strengthen existing water supply, prevent the decay of the ability of water supply; On the other the government should make some policies and measures. In order to realize the sustainable utilization of the tourism resources, the government should fully combine all kinds of tourist resources to form tourism resources development mode which the centre drives, both wings taking off, things in the first line, three major brands, four travelling routes, five major tourist zones.
The 3nd part is made of chapter 10. This part has set up index system and target system of regional comprehensive appraisal of natural resources of karst. It indicates the importance to national economy of natural development of resources of Baise is successively to appraise the result: Tourist resources, mineral resources, land resource, water resource, living resources, climate resource.
The development of the natural resources reflects the following characteristic:
1. The tourism resources in Baise are abundant. It has important realistic meanings to develop the tourism resources, to improve the income of the regional residents of karst. It also has great significance in accelerating resident's thought modernization, marketization of thinking, pluralism of employment in the mountain area and promoting the karst. So, Baise should pay attention to the development of tourist industry prioritily.
2. Baise has just entered industrialized primary stage. Basic industries such as non-ferrous metals industry, chemical industry, petroleum industry,etc. will be the important pillar of the national economy, abundant mineral resources and convenient traffic of Baise will promote the development of local economy.
3. Mountains of Baise are few manily, the ecological environment is fragile, it is difficult to reclaim wasteland. However, the land resource is the important environmental conditions of human survival and development. The land resource has important influence on distribution of the area of karst and people's scale. In the land resource, the advantage of the karst area is not cultivated land resources, but forest land and meadow resource. Cultivated land resources only meet the food self-sufficiency demand of the residents of mountain area. However, the development, use and protecting of cultivated land resources, is still the question needing paying close attention to.
4. The advantage of the water resource in Baise is hydroenergy resources. Building power station can drive the develop trades such as coloured metal smelt, electrolytic aluminium, chemical industry. At the present, economy grows at top speed continuously, cause the market potential of electricity consumption to be enormous. So, Baise should fully utilize hydroenergy resources. However, we should consider the ecological problem which the water and electricity and develop caused.
This part is still analyzing the development on the basis of resources of Baise and current situation of the development of industry, to put forward the industrial structure of Baise and developed strategy of the overall arrangement. Within some time of future, the focal points of the industry development of Baise and overall arrangement should be: On the basis of guaranteeing steady development of primary industry, give priority to the secondary industry, develop the tertiary industry actively, form the intact industry system.
引文
[1]Pearce,D.W.and Warford,J.J,World without End,Economics Environment and Sustainable Development,New York,Oxford University Press,1993
[2]Meadow.D.H,Rander.J,Behrens,W.W,The Limits to Growth,London:Earth Island,1972
[3]陈耀邦,可持续发展战略读本,北京:中国计划出版社,1996
[4]厉以宁,章铮,环境经济学,北京:中国计划出版社,1995
[5]刘东辉,从增长的极限到持续发展,见北京大学中国可持续发展研究中心,可持续发展之路,北京:北京大学出版社,1994
[6]张坤民,可持续发展论,北京:中日环境科学出版社,1997
[7]刘培哲,可持续发展理论与中国21世纪议程,北京:中国气象出版社,2001
[8]Mohan,M.and Jeffret,M.Key concepts and Terminology Sustainable Development,Defining and Measuring Sustainability New York:The Biogeophysical Foundations,1996
[9]陈之荣,现代地球系统科学:可持续发展战略的科学基础,地球科学进展,1998(2)
[10]王伟中,地方可持续发展导论,北京:商务印书馆,1999
[11]《中国21世纪议程》编制小组,中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994.5
[12]邓楠,《关于(中国21世纪议程)的报告》,管理世界,1994.6
[13]Ciriacy-Wantrup,S.V.,Resource Conservation Economics and Policies,Berkeley,Calif.,1952,University of California Press,p28
[14]Zimmermann,E.W.,World Resources and Industries,rev.edn,New York,1951,Harper.
[15]刘成武、杨忠荣、方中权等,自然资源概论。北京:科学出版社,2001
[16]沈长江,资源分类与资源科学的学科体系[M],济南:山尔教育出版社,2001:20-37
[17]沈长江,资源科学的学科体系[J]自然资源学报,200l,16(2):172-178
[18]沈长江,自然资源分类[M]//孙鸿烈,中国资源科学百科全书(上册).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,东营:石油大学出版社,2000:9-10
[19]沈灿粲,水资源导论,北京:高等教育出版社,1992
[20]厉伟,论自然资源的可持续利用[J],生态经济,2001、1:12-14
[21]李孝芳,土地资源评价的基本原理[M],长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1989:2-3
[22]石玉林,土地与土地评价[J],自然资源,1978(2):1-15
[23]尹君,土地资源可持续利用评价指标体系研究[J],中国土地科学,2001、3(2):6-7
[24]肖星.严江平,旅游资源与开发[M],北京:中国旅游出版社,2000
[25]郭米喜,吴必虎,刘锋等,中国旅游资源分类系统与类型评价[J],地理学报,2000(3)
[26]傅文伟,旅游资源评估与方法[M],杭州:杭州大学出版社,1994
[27]Chen Guojie,Utilization of Resources and Industrial Structures Adjustment in China[J],China population,Resources and Enviroment,1994.4(1):26-31
[28]萨蒂.层次分析法—在资源分配原理和冲突分析中的应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1998
[29]许家林,资源会计研究(M),东北财经大学出版社,2000年,大连
[30]刘文,资源价格(M),商务所书馆,1996年,北京
[31]张帆,环境与自然资源经济学(M),上海人民出版社,1998,上海
[32]马中主编,环境与资源经济学概论(M),高等教育出版社,1999,北京
[33]贾芝锡,矿产资源经济学(M),地震出版社,1992年,北京
[34]朱永峰等,矿产资源经济学(M),中国经济出版社,2001年,北京
[35]李祥仪等,矿业经济学(M),冶金工业出版社,2001年,北京
[36]康静文等,矿产资源学(M),煤炭工业出版社,2002年,北京
[37]秦德先等,矿产资源经济学(M),科学出版社,2002年,北京
[38]李万亨等,矿产经济与管理(M),中国地质大学出版社,2000年,武汉
[39]国土资源部规划司编,矿产资源规划研究(M),地质出版社,2001年,北京
[40]国土资源部规划司等,西部地区矿产资源勘察与开发(M),地质出版社,2001年,北京
[41]贾芝锡等,矿产资源经济区研究(M),地质出版社,1999年,北京
[42]赵信等,地质矿产经济学(M),吉林科学技术出版社,1993年,长春
[42]王世称等,矿产资源评价(M),吉林科学技术出版社,1987年,长春
[43]王世称等,综合信息矿产预测理论与方法(M),科学出版社.2000,北京
[44]中国国土资源经济研究院,探矿权采矿权评估方法指南(M).地质出版社,1999,年 北京
[45]李万亨,矿业权评估概论(M),地质出版社,2000年,北京
[46]范声华,矿业权价格评估(M),地质出版社,2000年,北京
[47]肖振民,西方矿产勘查地评估和资源经济(M),地质出版社,1999年,北京
[48]王家枢等,矿产资源与国家安全(M),地质出版社,2000年,北京
[49]卜善祥等,中国矿产资源研究(M),地质出版社,1998年,北京
[50]林培主编,土地资源学(第二版)(M),中国农业大学出版社,2000年,北京
[51]张风荣等,中国土地资源及其可持续利用(M),中国农业大学出版社,2000年,北京
[52]夏明文,土地与经济发展(M),复旦大学出版社,2000年,上海
[53]李文,中国土地制度的昨天、今天与明天(M),延边大学出版社,1997年,延边
[54]鹿心社主编,中国地产估价手册(M),改革出版社,1993年,北京
[55—59]中国自然资源丛书编撰委员会,中国臼然资源从书(广西卷、贵州卷、云南卷、矿产卷、旅游卷)(M),中国环境科学出版社,1996年,北京
[60]郎一环主编,全球资源态势与中国决策(M),湖北科学技术出版社,2000年,武汉
[61]胡鞍钢,中国自然资源与经济发展(M),湖北科学技术出版社,1999年,武汉
[62]毛志锋,区域可持续发展的理论与对策(M),湖北科学技术出版社,2000年,武汉
[63]徐国弟,长江地区资源开发与可持续发展(M),武汉出版社,1999年,武汉
[64]许晓峰等,资源资产化管理与可持续发展(M),社会科学文献出版社,1999年,北京
[65]赵鹏大等,院士论谈:资源、环境与可持续发展(M),中国地质大学出版社,2000年,武汉
[66]孙卫东等,区域国土资源与社会经济可持续发展的学院研究(M),中国财政经济出版社,2000年,北京
[67]洪银兴,可持续发展经济学(M),商务印书馆,2000年,北京
[68]郝晓辉,中西部地区可持续发展研究(M),经济管理出版社,2000年,北京
[69]田霍卿,资源型城市可持续发展的思考(M),人民出版社,2000年,北京
[70]陈毓川等,矿产资源与可持续发展(M),中国科学技术出版社,1999年,北京
[71]刘颖秋,土地资源与可持续发展(M),中国科学技术出版社,1999年,北京
[72]彭壁玉,可持续发展的微观解理(M),中国科学技术出版朴,1999年,北京
[73]赵缓,可持续能源发展战略,社会科学文献出版社,2001年,北京
[74]冯尚友,水资源持续利用与管理导论(M),科学出版社,2000年,北京
[75]中国科学院国情分析研究小组,两种资源两个市场(M),天津人民出版社,2001年,天津
[76]朱迪.丽丝[英],自然资源——分配、经济学与政策(蔡运龙等译),商务印书馆,2002年,北京
[77]A.迈里克.弗里曼[美],环境与资源价值评估(曾贤刚译),中国人民大学出版社,2002年,北京
[78]邵赤平等,资源环境与发展(M),中国地质大学出版社,1998年,武汉
[79]成金华,市场经济与我国资源产业的发展(M),中国地质大学出版社,1997年,武汉
[80]中国现代化战略研究课题组,中国现代化报告—2002(M),北京大学出版社,2002年,北京
[81]中国科学院可持续发展研究组,中国可持续发展战略报告—2000(M),科学出版社,2000,北京
[82]中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心,中国环境与发展评论(第1卷)(M),中国社会科学文献出版社,2000年,北京
[83]国家环境保局自然保护司,中国生态问题报告(M),中国环境科学出版社,2000年,北京
[84]国土资源部办公厅编,国土资源调研报告(1999,2000,2001)(M),地质出版社,北京
[85]国土资源部,中国矿产资源报告(97-98)(M),地质出版社,1999年,北京
[86]国土资源部,中国国土资源报告(1999,2000,2001)(M),地质出版社,北京
[87]国家统计局,中国统计年鉴(2001.2002)(M),中国统计出版社,北京
[88]广西统计局,广西统计年鉴(2002)(M),中国统计出版社,2002年.北京
[89]陈秀英等,世界经济统计简编(2000)(M),社会科学文献出版社,2000年,北京
[90]国家统计局,中国统计摘要(2002)(M),中国统计出版社,2002年,北京
[91]国家统计局城市社会经济调查总队,中国城市统计年鉴(M),中国统计出版社,2002年,北京
[92]广西壮族自治区发展计划委员会编,新世纪的广西区域经济发展战略(M),广西人民出版社,2001年,南宁
[93]杨道喜主编,新世纪初的宏伟监图(M),广西人民出版社,2002年,南宁
[94]胡长顺,两部人开发:重点、进展、政策与创新(J),经济地理,2003(1):12-17
[95]张殿发,西部矿业开发应对WTO挑战的研究(J),经济地理,2003(1):28-32
[96]王冠贤等,20世纪90年代珠三角经济区空间分异的特征分析(J),经济地理,2003(1):18-22
[97]赵永红等,论可持续发展的本质与资本战略(J),经济地理,2003(2):145-148
[98]李祥妹等,特色经济的发展与鄂西南地区产业结构调整(J),经济地理,2003(2):178-182
[99]程连生等,我国海洋带经济环境与经济走势分析(J),经济地理,2003(2):211-215
[100]赵国裕等,全球在背景下发展中国向大都市区空间发展的比较研究(J),经济地理,2003(2):220-224
[101]谭传风等,中国西部大开发的时序与战略思考(J),地理与地理信息科学,2003(1):47-54
[102]李新玉等,新时期国十规划的重要性及其特点(J),地理与地理信息科学,2003(2):47-51
[103]陈玉福等,生态学系统的空间异质性(J),生态学报,2003(2):346-352:
[104]余丹林等,状态空间衡量区域承载状况初探——以环渤海地区为例,地理研究,2003(2):201-210
[105]刘彦邦等,区域可持续土地利用空间差异评价研究(J),资源科学,2003(2):56-62
[106]彭健等,国内外土地持续利用评价研究进展(J),资源科学,2003(2):85-93
[107]郑华等,人类活动对生态系统服务功能的影响(J),自然资源学报,2003(1):118-126
[108]方创琳等,三峡库区不同类型地区高效生态农业发展模式与效益分析(J),自然资源学报,2003年第2期:228-234
[109]杨胜元,贵州岩溶石山地区生态环境、资源与脱贫致富对策探讨(J),贵州环保科技,2002,8(2):44-48
[110]卢耀如,岩溶地区合理开发资源与防治地质灾害(J),水文地质工程地质,2001,28(5),1-6
[111]广西岩溶山区生态重建中土壤资源开发利用与保护对策(J),中国岩溶.2001,20(2),117-120
[112]洪业汤,岩溶(喀斯特)环境与西部开发(J).第四纪研究,2000,20(6),532-538
[113]夏日元、朱远峰,广西岩溶区农业发展的资源及地质环境特征(J),广西科学,1997, 4(3),192-195
[114]李金昌等,资源经济新论(M),重庆大学出版社,1995年,重庆
[115]钱阔、陈绍志主编,自然资源资产化管理(M),经济管理出版社.1996年,北京
[116]Abler,R.Spatial organization:the geographer's view of the world.N.Y.:Prentice—Hall,Inc.1971
[117]Armstrong,H.and Tailor,J.Regional Economics and Policy,Oxford:Philip Allan Publishers Itd,1985
[118]Ares,R.U.Resources,environment,and economics.New York:John Whey and Sons,1978
[119]Bauer,R.A.Social Indicator.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1966
[120]Blunden,J.Mineral resources and their management.London:Longman 1985
[121]Drown,LR.Buildinga Sustainable Society.NewYork:W.W.Norton,1981
[122]Dales,J.New Directions for Sustainable Development.New York:UNDP 1989
[123]Department of the Environment of UK.Indicators of Sustainable Development for the United Kingdom.London:HMSO,1994
[124]Fisher,A.C.On measures of natural resources scarcity.Baltimore:John Hopking Univ.press,1979
[125]Hotelling,H.The economics of exhaustible resources.Journal of Political Economy,1931,39:137-175
[126]Huang,Y.J.and Huang,Y.X.Simulating,adjusting and testing regional sustainable development:A case study of Jiangxi Province.The Journal of Chinese Geography,2000,10(2):185-192
[127]Pearce,D.W.and Warlord,J.J.World without End:Economics.Environment and Sustainable Development.New York:Oxford University Press,1993
[128]PearI,A.G.Forest,as a resource.Forest,1925,13:20-40
[129]Ramsey,F.A Mathematical theory of saving.Economical Journal,1924,38:543-559
[130]Redclifl,M.Sustainable Development:Exploring the Contradictions.London Methuen,1987
[131]UN Commission on Sustainable Development.Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework & Methodologies,New York:UN,1996
[132]UNDP.Human Development Report.London:Oxford University Press,1996
[133]Watt,K.E.F.Ecology and resources management:a quantitative approach.N.Y.:McGraw-Hill Book Company 1968
[134]World Commission on Environment and Development.Our Common Future(Brunt land Commission Report).New York:Oxford University Press.1987
[135]Dasmann D F.Conservation of Natural Resources[M]//The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1997:667-670
[136] Chiras D D, Reganold J P, Owen O S. Classification of Natural Resources[M]//Natural resource Conservation—Management for a Sustainable Future. New Jersey:Prentice Hall,2002:11-12
[137] Slesser M, Hounam I. Carring Capacity Assessment[R]. Report to UNESCO & FAO Rome, 1984
[138]Owen O S. Natural Resource Classification—An Ecological Approach[M]. 4~(th) ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, London.Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1985:12-13
[ 139] Pinchot G Breaking New Ground[M]. New York: Brace & Company Inc., 1987
[2]Meadow.D.H,Rander.J,Behrens,W.W,The Limits to Growth,London:Earth Island,1972
[3]陈耀邦,可持续发展战略读本,北京:中国计划出版社,1996
[4]厉以宁,章铮,环境经济学,北京:中国计划出版社,1995
[5]刘东辉,从增长的极限到持续发展,见北京大学中国可持续发展研究中心,可持续发展之路,北京:北京大学出版社,1994
[6]张坤民,可持续发展论,北京:中日环境科学出版社,1997
[7]刘培哲,可持续发展理论与中国21世纪议程,北京:中国气象出版社,2001
[8]Mohan,M.and Jeffret,M.Key concepts and Terminology Sustainable Development,Defining and Measuring Sustainability New York:The Biogeophysical Foundations,1996
[9]陈之荣,现代地球系统科学:可持续发展战略的科学基础,地球科学进展,1998(2)
[10]王伟中,地方可持续发展导论,北京:商务印书馆,1999
[11]《中国21世纪议程》编制小组,中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994.5
[12]邓楠,《关于(中国21世纪议程)的报告》,管理世界,1994.6
[13]Ciriacy-Wantrup,S.V.,Resource Conservation Economics and Policies,Berkeley,Calif.,1952,University of California Press,p28
[14]Zimmermann,E.W.,World Resources and Industries,rev.edn,New York,1951,Harper.
[15]刘成武、杨忠荣、方中权等,自然资源概论。北京:科学出版社,2001
[16]沈长江,资源分类与资源科学的学科体系[M],济南:山尔教育出版社,2001:20-37
[17]沈长江,资源科学的学科体系[J]自然资源学报,200l,16(2):172-178
[18]沈长江,自然资源分类[M]//孙鸿烈,中国资源科学百科全书(上册).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,东营:石油大学出版社,2000:9-10
[19]沈灿粲,水资源导论,北京:高等教育出版社,1992
[20]厉伟,论自然资源的可持续利用[J],生态经济,2001、1:12-14
[21]李孝芳,土地资源评价的基本原理[M],长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1989:2-3
[22]石玉林,土地与土地评价[J],自然资源,1978(2):1-15
[23]尹君,土地资源可持续利用评价指标体系研究[J],中国土地科学,2001、3(2):6-7
[24]肖星.严江平,旅游资源与开发[M],北京:中国旅游出版社,2000
[25]郭米喜,吴必虎,刘锋等,中国旅游资源分类系统与类型评价[J],地理学报,2000(3)
[26]傅文伟,旅游资源评估与方法[M],杭州:杭州大学出版社,1994
[27]Chen Guojie,Utilization of Resources and Industrial Structures Adjustment in China[J],China population,Resources and Enviroment,1994.4(1):26-31
[28]萨蒂.层次分析法—在资源分配原理和冲突分析中的应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1998
[29]许家林,资源会计研究(M),东北财经大学出版社,2000年,大连
[30]刘文,资源价格(M),商务所书馆,1996年,北京
[31]张帆,环境与自然资源经济学(M),上海人民出版社,1998,上海
[32]马中主编,环境与资源经济学概论(M),高等教育出版社,1999,北京
[33]贾芝锡,矿产资源经济学(M),地震出版社,1992年,北京
[34]朱永峰等,矿产资源经济学(M),中国经济出版社,2001年,北京
[35]李祥仪等,矿业经济学(M),冶金工业出版社,2001年,北京
[36]康静文等,矿产资源学(M),煤炭工业出版社,2002年,北京
[37]秦德先等,矿产资源经济学(M),科学出版社,2002年,北京
[38]李万亨等,矿产经济与管理(M),中国地质大学出版社,2000年,武汉
[39]国土资源部规划司编,矿产资源规划研究(M),地质出版社,2001年,北京
[40]国土资源部规划司等,西部地区矿产资源勘察与开发(M),地质出版社,2001年,北京
[41]贾芝锡等,矿产资源经济区研究(M),地质出版社,1999年,北京
[42]赵信等,地质矿产经济学(M),吉林科学技术出版社,1993年,长春
[42]王世称等,矿产资源评价(M),吉林科学技术出版社,1987年,长春
[43]王世称等,综合信息矿产预测理论与方法(M),科学出版社.2000,北京
[44]中国国土资源经济研究院,探矿权采矿权评估方法指南(M).地质出版社,1999,年 北京
[45]李万亨,矿业权评估概论(M),地质出版社,2000年,北京
[46]范声华,矿业权价格评估(M),地质出版社,2000年,北京
[47]肖振民,西方矿产勘查地评估和资源经济(M),地质出版社,1999年,北京
[48]王家枢等,矿产资源与国家安全(M),地质出版社,2000年,北京
[49]卜善祥等,中国矿产资源研究(M),地质出版社,1998年,北京
[50]林培主编,土地资源学(第二版)(M),中国农业大学出版社,2000年,北京
[51]张风荣等,中国土地资源及其可持续利用(M),中国农业大学出版社,2000年,北京
[52]夏明文,土地与经济发展(M),复旦大学出版社,2000年,上海
[53]李文,中国土地制度的昨天、今天与明天(M),延边大学出版社,1997年,延边
[54]鹿心社主编,中国地产估价手册(M),改革出版社,1993年,北京
[55—59]中国自然资源丛书编撰委员会,中国臼然资源从书(广西卷、贵州卷、云南卷、矿产卷、旅游卷)(M),中国环境科学出版社,1996年,北京
[60]郎一环主编,全球资源态势与中国决策(M),湖北科学技术出版社,2000年,武汉
[61]胡鞍钢,中国自然资源与经济发展(M),湖北科学技术出版社,1999年,武汉
[62]毛志锋,区域可持续发展的理论与对策(M),湖北科学技术出版社,2000年,武汉
[63]徐国弟,长江地区资源开发与可持续发展(M),武汉出版社,1999年,武汉
[64]许晓峰等,资源资产化管理与可持续发展(M),社会科学文献出版社,1999年,北京
[65]赵鹏大等,院士论谈:资源、环境与可持续发展(M),中国地质大学出版社,2000年,武汉
[66]孙卫东等,区域国土资源与社会经济可持续发展的学院研究(M),中国财政经济出版社,2000年,北京
[67]洪银兴,可持续发展经济学(M),商务印书馆,2000年,北京
[68]郝晓辉,中西部地区可持续发展研究(M),经济管理出版社,2000年,北京
[69]田霍卿,资源型城市可持续发展的思考(M),人民出版社,2000年,北京
[70]陈毓川等,矿产资源与可持续发展(M),中国科学技术出版社,1999年,北京
[71]刘颖秋,土地资源与可持续发展(M),中国科学技术出版社,1999年,北京
[72]彭壁玉,可持续发展的微观解理(M),中国科学技术出版朴,1999年,北京
[73]赵缓,可持续能源发展战略,社会科学文献出版社,2001年,北京
[74]冯尚友,水资源持续利用与管理导论(M),科学出版社,2000年,北京
[75]中国科学院国情分析研究小组,两种资源两个市场(M),天津人民出版社,2001年,天津
[76]朱迪.丽丝[英],自然资源——分配、经济学与政策(蔡运龙等译),商务印书馆,2002年,北京
[77]A.迈里克.弗里曼[美],环境与资源价值评估(曾贤刚译),中国人民大学出版社,2002年,北京
[78]邵赤平等,资源环境与发展(M),中国地质大学出版社,1998年,武汉
[79]成金华,市场经济与我国资源产业的发展(M),中国地质大学出版社,1997年,武汉
[80]中国现代化战略研究课题组,中国现代化报告—2002(M),北京大学出版社,2002年,北京
[81]中国科学院可持续发展研究组,中国可持续发展战略报告—2000(M),科学出版社,2000,北京
[82]中国社会科学院环境与发展研究中心,中国环境与发展评论(第1卷)(M),中国社会科学文献出版社,2000年,北京
[83]国家环境保局自然保护司,中国生态问题报告(M),中国环境科学出版社,2000年,北京
[84]国土资源部办公厅编,国土资源调研报告(1999,2000,2001)(M),地质出版社,北京
[85]国土资源部,中国矿产资源报告(97-98)(M),地质出版社,1999年,北京
[86]国土资源部,中国国土资源报告(1999,2000,2001)(M),地质出版社,北京
[87]国家统计局,中国统计年鉴(2001.2002)(M),中国统计出版社,北京
[88]广西统计局,广西统计年鉴(2002)(M),中国统计出版社,2002年.北京
[89]陈秀英等,世界经济统计简编(2000)(M),社会科学文献出版社,2000年,北京
[90]国家统计局,中国统计摘要(2002)(M),中国统计出版社,2002年,北京
[91]国家统计局城市社会经济调查总队,中国城市统计年鉴(M),中国统计出版社,2002年,北京
[92]广西壮族自治区发展计划委员会编,新世纪的广西区域经济发展战略(M),广西人民出版社,2001年,南宁
[93]杨道喜主编,新世纪初的宏伟监图(M),广西人民出版社,2002年,南宁
[94]胡长顺,两部人开发:重点、进展、政策与创新(J),经济地理,2003(1):12-17
[95]张殿发,西部矿业开发应对WTO挑战的研究(J),经济地理,2003(1):28-32
[96]王冠贤等,20世纪90年代珠三角经济区空间分异的特征分析(J),经济地理,2003(1):18-22
[97]赵永红等,论可持续发展的本质与资本战略(J),经济地理,2003(2):145-148
[98]李祥妹等,特色经济的发展与鄂西南地区产业结构调整(J),经济地理,2003(2):178-182
[99]程连生等,我国海洋带经济环境与经济走势分析(J),经济地理,2003(2):211-215
[100]赵国裕等,全球在背景下发展中国向大都市区空间发展的比较研究(J),经济地理,2003(2):220-224
[101]谭传风等,中国西部大开发的时序与战略思考(J),地理与地理信息科学,2003(1):47-54
[102]李新玉等,新时期国十规划的重要性及其特点(J),地理与地理信息科学,2003(2):47-51
[103]陈玉福等,生态学系统的空间异质性(J),生态学报,2003(2):346-352:
[104]余丹林等,状态空间衡量区域承载状况初探——以环渤海地区为例,地理研究,2003(2):201-210
[105]刘彦邦等,区域可持续土地利用空间差异评价研究(J),资源科学,2003(2):56-62
[106]彭健等,国内外土地持续利用评价研究进展(J),资源科学,2003(2):85-93
[107]郑华等,人类活动对生态系统服务功能的影响(J),自然资源学报,2003(1):118-126
[108]方创琳等,三峡库区不同类型地区高效生态农业发展模式与效益分析(J),自然资源学报,2003年第2期:228-234
[109]杨胜元,贵州岩溶石山地区生态环境、资源与脱贫致富对策探讨(J),贵州环保科技,2002,8(2):44-48
[110]卢耀如,岩溶地区合理开发资源与防治地质灾害(J),水文地质工程地质,2001,28(5),1-6
[111]广西岩溶山区生态重建中土壤资源开发利用与保护对策(J),中国岩溶.2001,20(2),117-120
[112]洪业汤,岩溶(喀斯特)环境与西部开发(J).第四纪研究,2000,20(6),532-538
[113]夏日元、朱远峰,广西岩溶区农业发展的资源及地质环境特征(J),广西科学,1997, 4(3),192-195
[114]李金昌等,资源经济新论(M),重庆大学出版社,1995年,重庆
[115]钱阔、陈绍志主编,自然资源资产化管理(M),经济管理出版社.1996年,北京
[116]Abler,R.Spatial organization:the geographer's view of the world.N.Y.:Prentice—Hall,Inc.1971
[117]Armstrong,H.and Tailor,J.Regional Economics and Policy,Oxford:Philip Allan Publishers Itd,1985
[118]Ares,R.U.Resources,environment,and economics.New York:John Whey and Sons,1978
[119]Bauer,R.A.Social Indicator.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1966
[120]Blunden,J.Mineral resources and their management.London:Longman 1985
[121]Drown,LR.Buildinga Sustainable Society.NewYork:W.W.Norton,1981
[122]Dales,J.New Directions for Sustainable Development.New York:UNDP 1989
[123]Department of the Environment of UK.Indicators of Sustainable Development for the United Kingdom.London:HMSO,1994
[124]Fisher,A.C.On measures of natural resources scarcity.Baltimore:John Hopking Univ.press,1979
[125]Hotelling,H.The economics of exhaustible resources.Journal of Political Economy,1931,39:137-175
[126]Huang,Y.J.and Huang,Y.X.Simulating,adjusting and testing regional sustainable development:A case study of Jiangxi Province.The Journal of Chinese Geography,2000,10(2):185-192
[127]Pearce,D.W.and Warlord,J.J.World without End:Economics.Environment and Sustainable Development.New York:Oxford University Press,1993
[128]PearI,A.G.Forest,as a resource.Forest,1925,13:20-40
[129]Ramsey,F.A Mathematical theory of saving.Economical Journal,1924,38:543-559
[130]Redclifl,M.Sustainable Development:Exploring the Contradictions.London Methuen,1987
[131]UN Commission on Sustainable Development.Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework & Methodologies,New York:UN,1996
[132]UNDP.Human Development Report.London:Oxford University Press,1996
[133]Watt,K.E.F.Ecology and resources management:a quantitative approach.N.Y.:McGraw-Hill Book Company 1968
[134]World Commission on Environment and Development.Our Common Future(Brunt land Commission Report).New York:Oxford University Press.1987
[135]Dasmann D F.Conservation of Natural Resources[M]//The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1997:667-670
[136] Chiras D D, Reganold J P, Owen O S. Classification of Natural Resources[M]//Natural resource Conservation—Management for a Sustainable Future. New Jersey:Prentice Hall,2002:11-12
[137] Slesser M, Hounam I. Carring Capacity Assessment[R]. Report to UNESCO & FAO Rome, 1984
[138]Owen O S. Natural Resource Classification—An Ecological Approach[M]. 4~(th) ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, London.Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1985:12-13
[ 139] Pinchot G Breaking New Ground[M]. New York: Brace & Company Inc., 1987