基于图像技术的工程物监测与识别方法研究
|
摘要
工程物的图像监测,是指通过图像技术对工程作业对象的姿态、位置等参数,以及其它外部特征属性进行监测或者估算。传统的工程物监测方法主要是使用全站仪、GPS以及陀螺仪等专用仪器进行测量,费时费力,而且容易受到人员、场地等外界因素的影响。特别是在海洋环境中,由于现场环境的特殊性,导致很多大型工程物的监测问题长期以来始终难以解决。使用图像方法对工程物进行监测,不需要接触到被测对象,效率较高,而且对环境的要求很低。因此对图像监测方法进行研究在工程上具有重要意义。
直观上,工程物姿态参数的测算可以通过图象重构的方法来实现。本文首先介绍了两种工程物图像重构方法。第一种方法是激光扫描重构法,通过激光扫描仪和照相机进行工程物的三维重构；另一种方法是多视图重构法,通过两台摄像机在不同角度拍摄的目标图像来对工程物进行三维重构。实验表明,这两种方法能对工程物进行三维重构,但其结果易受到拍摄距离、拍摄角度这样的外部条件影响。
为解决工程环境中的图像监测问题,本文重点研究了如下内容：
(1)对工程物的图监测方法进行研究,提出一种工程物姿态的单视图测算方法。重点研究了这种测算方法中的误差来源,并给出一种能够提高测算精度的数据归一化方法。模拟实验表明,这种方法具有较好的鲁棒性；图像实验的结果表明,其对于刚体姿态参数中的角度测算误差小于1.4°,位移测算误差约为16m(相对误差小于1%),基本满足工程的需要。在实际应用中,通过这种方法对深海导管架的入水参数进行了有效估算。
(2)对平面图像的度量矫正方法进行研究,结合海洋环境中的图像监测实际,提出一种通用的海面图像矫正方法。这种方法利用一个漂浮在海面的充气圆圈对海面图像进行度量矫正,重点研究了海浪波动对矫正结果的影响,并提出一种能够克服海浪波动影响的充气圈姿态筛选方法。通过模拟实验对这种度量矫正方法的鲁棒性进行了验证；图像实验表明,矫正后的海面图像中角度误差小于2°。
(3)对工程物的图像识别方法进行研究,提出了一种基于链码技术的图像分类识别方法。这种方法把图像中的物体边缘转化为链码表示,使用分词方法提取出对应的特征编码,再通过混合高斯模型来区分不同的识别对象。图像实验的结果表明,这种方法适合于识别纹理基元形状近似为圆形的纹理图像。
In this paper, engineering-object observation is to estimate the attidude, the position and other features of the object in engineering. Traditional measurement methods, such as theodolite, GPS or gyro, may consume much time in engineering, and may be affected by many unexpected factors. Especially, many measurement problems of engineering-object are unresolved in ocean due to its special environment. In these cases, to measure the attitude of engineering-object with image technolgy has the advantages of non-contact, high efficiency and high degree of automation. Therefore, to make research on image measurement is very important in engineering.
Generally, the attitude of engineering-object can be computed directly with image reconstruction. The first part in this paper has introduced two object reconstructions:laser scanner reconstruction and multi-view reconstruction. The first one is to reconstruct engineering-object with two laser scanners and a digital camera. The second method is multi-view reconstruction. An image homography estimation which combining both line and point correspondences is introduced in the reconstruction, and the method is used to make image rectification. Experimental results have shown that the method can make an effective reconstruction to a rigid object in a long distance.
Based on the improvement of the two image reconstruction method, this paper mainly studies the following problem:
(1) Make research on vision based measurement and has proposed a single view estimation method for rigid object attitude measurement. The measurement error is mainly analyzed, and a normalization method is proposed to improve the measurement accuracy. Simulation experiments and image experiments have shown that the method is robust, and the measurement errors of rigid object rotation angle is less than 1.4°and the displacement measurement error is approximately 16m (relative measurement error is less than 1%). This single-view based measurement method has been applied to estimate the launching parameters of an offshore Jacket.
(2) Make research on the image metric rectification and has proposed a general metric rectification for ocean surface image. The method utailze a circle float on the ocean surface to compute the metric rectification matrix of ocean surface image. The variation of the normal vanishing point position of the circle support plane is analyized with simulation, and a method to select the proper attitude of the circle is proposed to decrease the compute errors. Experimental data have shown that the rectification is robust, and the angle rectified error is less than 2°.
(3) Make research on the image recognition and has proposed a chain code based image recognition method. Firstly, the image of engineering-object is consider as a kind of texture image and the edges of texture unit is extracted and transformed into chain code; secondly, the feature codes of each kind of image texture are obtained with string matching method. At last, Gaussian mixture model is introduced to distinguish the texture with the feature codes and its repeat frequency rate in each image. Experimental results have shown that the method is suit to recognize the circular texture image.
直观上,工程物姿态参数的测算可以通过图象重构的方法来实现。本文首先介绍了两种工程物图像重构方法。第一种方法是激光扫描重构法,通过激光扫描仪和照相机进行工程物的三维重构；另一种方法是多视图重构法,通过两台摄像机在不同角度拍摄的目标图像来对工程物进行三维重构。实验表明,这两种方法能对工程物进行三维重构,但其结果易受到拍摄距离、拍摄角度这样的外部条件影响。
为解决工程环境中的图像监测问题,本文重点研究了如下内容：
(1)对工程物的图监测方法进行研究,提出一种工程物姿态的单视图测算方法。重点研究了这种测算方法中的误差来源,并给出一种能够提高测算精度的数据归一化方法。模拟实验表明,这种方法具有较好的鲁棒性；图像实验的结果表明,其对于刚体姿态参数中的角度测算误差小于1.4°,位移测算误差约为16m(相对误差小于1%),基本满足工程的需要。在实际应用中,通过这种方法对深海导管架的入水参数进行了有效估算。
(2)对平面图像的度量矫正方法进行研究,结合海洋环境中的图像监测实际,提出一种通用的海面图像矫正方法。这种方法利用一个漂浮在海面的充气圆圈对海面图像进行度量矫正,重点研究了海浪波动对矫正结果的影响,并提出一种能够克服海浪波动影响的充气圈姿态筛选方法。通过模拟实验对这种度量矫正方法的鲁棒性进行了验证；图像实验表明,矫正后的海面图像中角度误差小于2°。
(3)对工程物的图像识别方法进行研究,提出了一种基于链码技术的图像分类识别方法。这种方法把图像中的物体边缘转化为链码表示,使用分词方法提取出对应的特征编码,再通过混合高斯模型来区分不同的识别对象。图像实验的结果表明,这种方法适合于识别纹理基元形状近似为圆形的纹理图像。
In this paper, engineering-object observation is to estimate the attidude, the position and other features of the object in engineering. Traditional measurement methods, such as theodolite, GPS or gyro, may consume much time in engineering, and may be affected by many unexpected factors. Especially, many measurement problems of engineering-object are unresolved in ocean due to its special environment. In these cases, to measure the attitude of engineering-object with image technolgy has the advantages of non-contact, high efficiency and high degree of automation. Therefore, to make research on image measurement is very important in engineering.
Generally, the attitude of engineering-object can be computed directly with image reconstruction. The first part in this paper has introduced two object reconstructions:laser scanner reconstruction and multi-view reconstruction. The first one is to reconstruct engineering-object with two laser scanners and a digital camera. The second method is multi-view reconstruction. An image homography estimation which combining both line and point correspondences is introduced in the reconstruction, and the method is used to make image rectification. Experimental results have shown that the method can make an effective reconstruction to a rigid object in a long distance.
Based on the improvement of the two image reconstruction method, this paper mainly studies the following problem:
(1) Make research on vision based measurement and has proposed a single view estimation method for rigid object attitude measurement. The measurement error is mainly analyzed, and a normalization method is proposed to improve the measurement accuracy. Simulation experiments and image experiments have shown that the method is robust, and the measurement errors of rigid object rotation angle is less than 1.4°and the displacement measurement error is approximately 16m (relative measurement error is less than 1%). This single-view based measurement method has been applied to estimate the launching parameters of an offshore Jacket.
(2) Make research on the image metric rectification and has proposed a general metric rectification for ocean surface image. The method utailze a circle float on the ocean surface to compute the metric rectification matrix of ocean surface image. The variation of the normal vanishing point position of the circle support plane is analyized with simulation, and a method to select the proper attitude of the circle is proposed to decrease the compute errors. Experimental data have shown that the rectification is robust, and the angle rectified error is less than 2°.
(3) Make research on the image recognition and has proposed a chain code based image recognition method. Firstly, the image of engineering-object is consider as a kind of texture image and the edges of texture unit is extracted and transformed into chain code; secondly, the feature codes of each kind of image texture are obtained with string matching method. At last, Gaussian mixture model is introduced to distinguish the texture with the feature codes and its repeat frequency rate in each image. Experimental results have shown that the method is suit to recognize the circular texture image.
引文
[1]中国海洋石油工程股份有限公司董事会.海洋石油工程股份有限公司关于番禺30-1项目导管架部分水下结构发生变形情况的公告[N].中国证券报,2006,06,26.
[2]Criminisi A, Reid I, Zisserman A. Single View Metrology[J]. International Journal of Computer Vision.2000,40(2):123-148.
[3]Wang G H, Hu Z Y, Wu F C, et al. Single view metrology from scene constraints[J]. Image and Vision Computing.2005,23(9):831-840.
[4]Wang G H, Tsui H T, Hu Z H. Reconstruction of structured scenes from two uncalibrated images[J]. Pattern Recognition Letters.2005,26(2):207-220.
[5]Owens N, Harris C, Stennett C. Hawk-eye tennis system[C]. International Conference on Visual Information Engineering, Guildford, UK,2003:182-185.
[6]Chen H. Vision-based tracking with projective mapping for parameter identification of remotely operated vehicles[J]. Ocean Engineering.2008,35(10):983-994.
[7]Qu Y, Yue Q J, Bi X J, et al. A random ice force model for narrow conical structures [J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology.2006,45(3):148-157.
[8]张光发.导管架下水运动三维数值模拟研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2007.
[9]胡志萍,欧宗瑛,李云峰.海上工作平台固定用导管架下水运动参数立体视觉测定[J].仪器仪表学报.2003,24(S2)：496-501.
[10]Criminisi A, Reid I, Zisserman A. A plane measuring device[J]. Image and Vision Computing.1999,17(8):625-634.
[11]Grimm T. Fast and Clean[J]. Destop Engineering.2005,11(4):1-5.
[12]李学军,王新波,谢剑薇,等.嫦娥一号月面影像图自动生成软件的设计与实现[J].装备指挥技术学院学报.2009,20(01)：85-90.
[13]黄琦.中国的嫦娥1号与日本的月女神[J].中国航天.2007(11)：17-19.
[14]Hartley R I, Sturm P. Triangulation[C]. Czechoslovakia:Springer,1995.
[15]Yamazoe H, Utsumi A, Tetsutani N, et al. Vision-based human motion tracking using head-mounted cameras and fixed cameras [J]. Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part II:Electronics (English translation of Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi).2007, 90(2):40-53.
[16]董秋雷,吴毅红,胡占义.基于视频的实时自动人体高度测量[J].自动化学报.2009,35(02)：
137-144.
[17]王兆其,张勇东,夏时洪.体育训练三维人体运动模拟与视频分析系统[J].计算机研究与发展.2005,42(2)：344-352.
[18]赵宇,陈雁秋.曲线描述的一种方法：夹角链码[J].软件学报.2004,15(2)：300-307.
[19]Grimm T A. Fast & Clean-3D scanning helps a kayak maker navigate between hand crafting and digital design[J]. Desktop Engineering.2005(5).
[20]Levoy M, Rusinkiewicz S, Ginzton M, et al. The digital Michelangelo project:3D scanning of large statues[C]. SIGGRAPH, New Orleans, LA, United states,2000: 131-144.
[21]Wei L Y, Levoy M. Fast texture synthesis using tree-structured vector quantization[C]. SIGGRAPH, New Orleans, LA, United states,2000:479-488.
[22]Koller D, Turitzin M, Levoy M, et al. Protected interactive 3D graphics via remote rendering[C]. SIGGRAPH, Los Angeles, CA, United states,2004:695-703.
[23]Rusinkiewicz S, Levoy M. QSplat:A multiresolution point rendering system for large meshes[C]. SIGGRAPH, New Orleans, LA, United states,2000:343-352.
[24]Wei L Y, Levoy M. Texture synthesis over arbitrary manifold surfaces[C]. SIGGRAPH, Los Angeles, CA, United states,2001:355-360.
[25]El-Hakim S F, Brenner C, Roth G. A multi-sensor approach to creating accurate virtual environments[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.1998,53(6): 379-391.
[26]Zhao H, Shibasaki R. A System for Reconstructing Urban 3D Objects using Ground-based Range and CCD Sensors[C]. Tokyo:1999:175-182.
[27]Yu Y, Ferencz A, Malik J. Extracting objects from range and radiance images [J]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.2001,7(4):351-364.
[28]Stamos I, Allen P K. Geometry and texture recovery of scenes of large scale[J]. Computer Vision and Image Understanding.2002,88(2):94-118.
[29]Allen P K, Stamos I, Troccoli A, et al.3D modeling of historic sites using range and image data[C]. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Taipei, CHINA,2003:145-150.
[30]Frueh C, Zakhor A. Constructing 3D city models by merging ground-based and airborne views[C]. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Madison, WI, United states,2003:Ⅱ/562-Ⅱ/569.
[31]荣国栋,孟祥旭.Inspeck 3D-DF三维扫描仪在数字博物馆中的应用[J].计算机工程与应用.2002(16)：237-239.
[32]向辉,孟祥旭,杨承磊.山东大学考古数字博物馆设计与实现[J].系统仿真学报.2003,15(3)：319-321.
[33]孟祥旭,杨承磊.基于未校准照片构造全景图的新方法[J].工程图学学报.2002(3)：110-114.
[34]李振波,孟祥旭,向辉.复杂虚拟场景构造及交互漫游实现研究[J].系统仿真学报.2002,14(9)：1183-1187.
[35]李俊二,徐延宁,李振波,等.多用户虚拟场景的EAI实现[J].系统仿真学报.2002,14(12)：1644-1646.
[36]杨承磊,张宗霞,潘荣江,等.计算机辅助文物修复系统架构及关键技术研究[J].系统仿真学报.2006,18(7)：2003-2006.
[37]王君秋,查红彬.结合兴趣点和边缘的建筑物和物体识别方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2006,18(8)：1257-1263.
[38]孟放,查红彬.基于LOD控制与内外存调度的大型三维点云数据绘制[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2006,18(1)：1-8.
[39]Liu T, Guo H, Fu X, et al. Vehicle localization and city modeling system based on laser scan data[J]. Journal of Information and Computational Science.2007,4(1): 169-178.
[40]Frueh C. Automated 3D Model Generation for Urban Environments[D]. German:University of Karlruhe,2002.
[41]Besl P J, Mckay N D. A method for registration of 3-D shapes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.1992,14(2):239-256.
[42]Cox I J. Blanche—An experiment in guidance and navigation of an autonomous robot vehicle[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation.1991,7(2):193-204.
[43]Sharp G C, Lee S W, Wehe D K. ICP registration using invariant features[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2002,24(1):90-102.
[44]Fairfield N, Maxwell B. Mobile robot localization with sparse landmarks[C]. Mobile Robots XVI, Newton, MA, United states,2001:148-155.
[45]Lu F, Milios E. Robot pose estimation in unknown environments by matching 2D range
scans[J]. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems:Theory and Applications.1997, 18(3):249-275.
[46]Brown L G. A survey of image registration techniques [J]. ACM Computing Surveys.1992, 24(4):325-376.
[47]Zitova B, Flusser J. Image registration methods:A survey[J]. Image and Vision Computing.2003,21(11):977-1000.
[48]Mikolajczyk K, Schmid C. A performance evaluation of local descriptors[C]. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Madison, WI, United states,2003:Ⅱ/257-Ⅱ/263.
[49]Ali K M, Pazzani M J. Error reduction through learning multiple descriptions [J]. Machine Learning.1996,24(3):173-202.
[50]李润培,谢永和,舒志.深海平台技术的研究现状与发展趋势[J].中国海洋平台.2003,18(03)：1-5.
[51]杨晓刚.深水导管架滑移下水的安装分析技术和设计方法[J].中国海上油气(工程).2003,15(3)：4-9.
[52]van den H B, J K, P A. Offshore monitoring, real world data for design, engineering and operation [C]. Proceedings of Off shore Technology Conference, Houston, USA,2005: 17172-17180.
[53]杨大明,陈徐均,赵洪江,等.一种模型运动参数测试的新方法[J].中国测试.2009,35(1)：31-33.
[54]吴冠豪,曾理江.用于自由游动鱼三维测量的视频跟踪方法[J].中国科学(G辑：物理学力学天文学).2007,37(06)：760-766.
[55]李木国,韩冰,王静,等.非接触式浮体六自由度检测系统研究[J].大连理工大学学报.2004,44(1)：114-117.
[56]Hu Z P, Ou Z Y, Lin Y. Measurement of 3-D motion parameters of jacket launch based on stereo image sequences [J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology.2008,15(2): 277-282.
[57]Hartley R I, Sturm P. Triangulation[Z]. Prague, Czechoslovakia:Springer-Verlag GmbH & Company KG,1995:970,190.
[58]Lowe D G. Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints[J]. International Journal of Computer Vision.2004,60(2):91-110.
[59]Triggs B, Mclauchlan P, Hartley R, et al. Bundle adjustment—a Modern synthesis[M]. Berlin:Springer Verlag,2000:298-375.
[60]许定安,丁棣华,王波.经典力学[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,1993.
[61]Dunn F, Parberry I.3D Math Primer for Graphics and Game Development [M]. Texas U. S. A. Wordware Publishing,2002.
[62]Lowe D G. Object recognition from local scale-invariant features[C]. the 7th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Kerkyra, Greece,1999:1150-1157.
[63]李向群.多点系泊船舶在波浪中的运动及其系泊力[J].交通部上海船舶运输科学研究所学报.1999,22(1)：9-15.
[64]Abdel-Aziz Y I, Karara H M. Direct linear transformation into object space coordinates in close-range photogrammetry[C]. Proceedings Symposium Close-Range Photogrammetry, Urbana,1971:1-18.
[65]Zhang Z Y. A flexible new technique for camera calibration[J]. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2000,22(11):1330-1334.
[66]Hartley R, Zisserman A. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University,2000:208-218.
[67]Zhang Z. Camera calibration with one-dimensional objects[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2004,26(7):892-899.
[68]段福庆,吴福朝,胡占义.基于平行性约束的摄像机标定与3D重构[J].软件学报.2007,18(6)：1350-1360.
[69]祝海江,吴福朝,胡占义.基于两条平行线段的摄像机标定[J].自动化学报.2005,31(6)：853-865.
[70]Faugeras O D, Luong Q, Maybank S. camera self-calibration:theory and experiments[C]. European Conference on Computer Vision Verlag:Springer,1992:321-334.
[71]Caprile B, Torre V. Using vanishing points for camera calibration[J]. International Journal of Computer Vision.1990,4(2):127-139.
[72]Wu F, Yu H, Yuan B, et al. Camera self-calibration-theory and algorithms[J]. Acta Automatica Sinica.1999,25(6):769-776.
[73]孟晓桥,胡占义.摄像机自标定方法的研究与进展[J].自动化学报.2003,29(1)：110-124.
[74]Wu Y, Li X, Wu F, et al. Coplanar circles, quasi-affine invariance and calibration [J]. Image and Vision Computing.2006,24(4):319-326.
[75]Zhang H, Wong K K, Zhang G. Camera calibration from images of spheres[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2007,29(3):499-502.
[76]Wong K K, Mendonca P R S, Cipolla R. Camera calibration from surfaces of revolution [J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2003,25(2):147-161.
[77]孟晓桥,胡占义.一种新的基于圆环点的摄像机自标定方法[J].软件学报.2002,13(5)：957-965.
[78]Hartley R, Zisserman A. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University,2000:81-93.
[79]Bao G Q, Xiong S S. Vision-based horizon extraction for micro air vehicle flight control[J]. IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement.2005,54(3):1067-1073.
[80]Criminisi A, Reid I. A Plane Measuring Device [J]. Image and Vision Computing.1999, 17(8):625-634.
[81]曾慧,邓小明,赵训坡,等.基于线对应的单应矩阵估计及其在视觉测量中的应用[J].自动化学报.2007,33(5)：449-455.
[82]Hartley R I. In defense of the eight-point algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.1997,19(6):580-593.
[83]Wang G H, Hu Z Y, Wu F C. Single view based measurement on space planes [J]. Journal of Computer Science and Technology.2004,19(3):374-382.
[84]王荣祥,张大勇,岳前进,等.基于现场监测的抗冰平台疲劳寿命估计[J].海洋工程.2008,26(3)：15-20.
[85]Hartley R, Zisserman A. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University,2000:53-55.
[86]Liebowitz D, Zisserman A. Metric rectification for perspective images of planes[C]. the 1998 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Santa Barbara, CA, USA,1998:482-488.
[87]Lourakis M, Argyros A. Refining Single View Calibration With the Aid of Metric Scene Properties[J]. Journal of the WSCG Conference.2007,15(1):129-134.
[88]Ip H H S, Chen Y. Planar rectification by solving the intersection of two circles under 2D homography[J]. Pattern Recognition.2005,38(7):1117-1120.
[89]Chen Y S, Ip H H S. Efficient extraction of metric measurements for planar scene under 2D homography with the help of planar circles[J]. Machine Vision and Applications. 2006,17(2):139-146.
[90]Meng X, Hu Z. A new easy camera calibration technique based on circular points[J]. Pattern Recognition.2003,36(5):1155-1164.
[91]Jiang G, Quan L. Detection of concentric circles for camera calibration[C].10th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Beijing, China,2005:333-340.
[92]Finlayson G, Schaefer G. Hue That is Invariant to Brightness and Gamma[C]. British Machine Vision Conference, Manchester, UK:2001:303-312.
[93]潘晨,陆宗骐,高敦岳.基于颜色的微血管参数测量研究[J].计算机研究与发展.2002,39(7)：861-868.
[94]Stokman H, Gevers T. Selection and fusion of color models for image feature detection [J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2007, 29(3):371-381.
[95]Box M J. A new method of constrained optimization and a comparison with other methods[J]. Computer Journal.1965,8(1):42-52.
[96]Chen Y, Ip H H S. Planar metric rectification by algebraically estimating the image of the absolute conic[C]. the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Cambridge, United kingdo,2004:88-91.
[97]袁业立,华锋,张书文,等.含破碎海浪海面起伏统计的理论模型[J].中国科学D辑：地球科学.2008,38(1)：124-133.
[98]尹文昱,张永宁.渤海海峡风浪特征统计分析[J].大连海事大学学报.2006,32(4)：84-87.
[99]Fitzgibbon A., Pilu M., Fisher R. B. Direct least square fitting of ellipses[J]. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on.1999,21(5): 476-480.
[100]Yue Q J, Bi X J. Ice-induced jacket structure vibrations in Bohai Sea[J]. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering.2000,14(2):81-92.
[101]岳前进,张大勇,刘圆,等.渤海抗冰导管架平台失效模式分析[J].海洋工程.2008,26(1)：18-23.
[102]李辉辉.海洋平台冰振失效的预警标准[D].大连：大连理工大学,2005.
[103]冯士榨,李凤岐,李少普.海洋科学导论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1999.
[104]Haralick R R, Shanmugan K K, Dinstein I I. Texture Features for Image Classification[J]. IEEE Transaction on System Man Cybernetics.1973,3(6):610-621.
[105]Loh H, Leu J, Luo R C. ANALYSIS OF NATURAL TEXTURES USING RUN LENGTH FEATURES. [J]. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics and control instrumentation.1988,35(2): 323-328.
[106]李旭超,朱善安.图像分割中的马尔可夫随机场方法综述[J].中国图象图形学报.2007,12(7)：789-798.
[107]Zhang J, Modestino J W. MARKOV RANDOM FIELD MODEL WITH APPLICATIONS TO TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION AND DISCRIMINATION[C]. Proceedings of the Twentieth Conference on Information Sciences and Systems. Princeton, NJ, USA,1986:230-237.
[108]Chellappa R, Chatterjee S, Bagdazian R. TEXTURE SYNTHESIS AND COMPRESSION USING GAUSSIAN-MARKOV RANDOM FIELD MODELS. [J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.1985, SMC-15(2):298-303.
[109]Derin H, Elliott H. MODELING AND SEGMENTATION OF NOISY AND TEXTURED IMAGES USING GIBBS RANDOM FIELDS. [J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 1987, PAMI-9(1):39-55.
[110]Gong X, Huang N. TEXTURED IMAGE RECOGNITION USING HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL[C].1988 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, New York, NY, USA,1988:1128-1131.
[111]王东峰,邹谋炎.傅氏变换的自配准性质及其在纹理识别和图象分割中的应用[J].中国图象图形学报.2003,8(2)：140-146.
[112]Arivazhagan S, Ganesan L, Priyal S P. Texture classification using Gabor wavelets based rotation invariant features[J]. Pattern Recognition Letters.2006,27(16): 1976-1982.
[113]Weldon T P, Higgins W E, Dunn D F. Efficient Gabor filter design for texture segmentation[J]. Pattern Recognition.1996,29(12):2005-2015.
[114]Pichler 0, Teuner A, Hosticka B J. Comparison of texture feature extraction using adaptive Gabor filtering, pyramidal and tree structured wavelet transforms[J]. Pattern Recognition.1996,29(5):733-742.
[115]Maitre H,孙洪译.现代数字图像处理[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006：232-243.
[116]Ojala Timo, Pietikainen Matti, Maenpaa Topi. Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2002,24(7):971-987.
[117]陈玲,沈红标,李咸伟,等.改进的图像纹理检索方法在矿石识别中的应用[J].中国图象图形学报.2006(11)：1700-1703.
[118]周颖颖,周振宇,孙宁.基于改进LBP特征的白细胞识别[J].生物医学工程研究.2005,24(5)：242-246.
[119]李杰,朱维乐,王磊,等.基于Wold模型和支持向量机的纹理识别[J].计算机研究与发展.2007,44(3)：460-466.
[120]Vincent L, Soille P. Watersheds in digital spaces:An efficient algorithm based on immersion simulations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.1991,13(6):583-598.
[121]Xu S. Robust traffic sign shape recognition using geometric matching [J].IET Intelligent Transport Systems.2009,3(1):10-18.
[122]陈孝春,叶懋冬,倪臣敏.一种形状识别的方法[J].模式识别与人工智能.2006,19(6)：758-763.
[123]Park H J, Ji M, Ha J, et al. Shape matching using the modified histogram based chain code[C]. Asia-Pacific Optical and Wireless Communications-Mobile Service and Application, Wuhan, China,2004:114-121.
[124]刘勇奎,魏巍,郭禾.压缩链码的研究[J].计算机学报.2007,30(2)：281-287.
[125]Neill-Manning C, Witten I. On-line and off-line heuristics for inferring hierarchies of repetitions in sequence[C]. Proceeding of IEEE,2000:300-307.
[126]Ko P, Aluru S. Space efficient linear time construction of suffix arrays [J]. Journal of Discrete Algorithms.2005,3(2-4):143-156.
[127]Na J C, Apostolico A, Iliopoulos C S, et al. Truncated suffix trees and their application to data compression[J]. Theoretical Computer Science.2003,304(1-3): 87-101.
[128]魏莲,吴信才.动态规划字符串匹配算法在曲线对比中的应用[J].计算机工程与应用.2007,43(8)：8-9.
[129]Levenshtein V I. Binary codes capable of correcting spurious insertions and deletions of ones[J]. Problems of information Transmission.1965,1(1):8-17.
[130]Gonzalo N., Mathieu R.,中科院计算所网络信息安全研究组译.柔性字符串匹配[M]. 北京：电子工业出版社,2007：135-136.
[131]Ukkonen E. Finding approximate patterns in strings [J]. Journal of Algorithms.1985, 6(1):132-137.
[132]Chang W I, Lampe J. Theoretical and empirical comparisons of approximate string matching algorithms[C]. the 3rd Annual Symposium on-Combinatorial Pattern Matching, Verlag,1992:175-184.
[133]Schlapbach A, Bunke H. Off-line Writer Identification Using Gaussian Mixture Models[C]. the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, CHINA,2006: 992-995.
[134]Vlassis N, Likas A. A Greedy EM Algorithm for Gaussian Mixture[J]. Neural Processing Letters.2002,15(1):77-87.
[135]Biernacki C, Celeux G, Govaert G. Assessing a mixture model for clustering with the integrated completed likelihood[J]. Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2000,.22(7):719-725.
[136]Han Jiawei, Kamber Micheline,范明,等.数据挖掘[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2007：200-204.
[137]Ahonen T. A general Local Binary Pattern (LBP) implementation for Matlab2007[CP/OL]. http://www. ee. oulu. fi/mvg/page/lbp_matlab
[2]Criminisi A, Reid I, Zisserman A. Single View Metrology[J]. International Journal of Computer Vision.2000,40(2):123-148.
[3]Wang G H, Hu Z Y, Wu F C, et al. Single view metrology from scene constraints[J]. Image and Vision Computing.2005,23(9):831-840.
[4]Wang G H, Tsui H T, Hu Z H. Reconstruction of structured scenes from two uncalibrated images[J]. Pattern Recognition Letters.2005,26(2):207-220.
[5]Owens N, Harris C, Stennett C. Hawk-eye tennis system[C]. International Conference on Visual Information Engineering, Guildford, UK,2003:182-185.
[6]Chen H. Vision-based tracking with projective mapping for parameter identification of remotely operated vehicles[J]. Ocean Engineering.2008,35(10):983-994.
[7]Qu Y, Yue Q J, Bi X J, et al. A random ice force model for narrow conical structures [J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology.2006,45(3):148-157.
[8]张光发.导管架下水运动三维数值模拟研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2007.
[9]胡志萍,欧宗瑛,李云峰.海上工作平台固定用导管架下水运动参数立体视觉测定[J].仪器仪表学报.2003,24(S2)：496-501.
[10]Criminisi A, Reid I, Zisserman A. A plane measuring device[J]. Image and Vision Computing.1999,17(8):625-634.
[11]Grimm T. Fast and Clean[J]. Destop Engineering.2005,11(4):1-5.
[12]李学军,王新波,谢剑薇,等.嫦娥一号月面影像图自动生成软件的设计与实现[J].装备指挥技术学院学报.2009,20(01)：85-90.
[13]黄琦.中国的嫦娥1号与日本的月女神[J].中国航天.2007(11)：17-19.
[14]Hartley R I, Sturm P. Triangulation[C]. Czechoslovakia:Springer,1995.
[15]Yamazoe H, Utsumi A, Tetsutani N, et al. Vision-based human motion tracking using head-mounted cameras and fixed cameras [J]. Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part II:Electronics (English translation of Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi).2007, 90(2):40-53.
[16]董秋雷,吴毅红,胡占义.基于视频的实时自动人体高度测量[J].自动化学报.2009,35(02)：
137-144.
[17]王兆其,张勇东,夏时洪.体育训练三维人体运动模拟与视频分析系统[J].计算机研究与发展.2005,42(2)：344-352.
[18]赵宇,陈雁秋.曲线描述的一种方法：夹角链码[J].软件学报.2004,15(2)：300-307.
[19]Grimm T A. Fast & Clean-3D scanning helps a kayak maker navigate between hand crafting and digital design[J]. Desktop Engineering.2005(5).
[20]Levoy M, Rusinkiewicz S, Ginzton M, et al. The digital Michelangelo project:3D scanning of large statues[C]. SIGGRAPH, New Orleans, LA, United states,2000: 131-144.
[21]Wei L Y, Levoy M. Fast texture synthesis using tree-structured vector quantization[C]. SIGGRAPH, New Orleans, LA, United states,2000:479-488.
[22]Koller D, Turitzin M, Levoy M, et al. Protected interactive 3D graphics via remote rendering[C]. SIGGRAPH, Los Angeles, CA, United states,2004:695-703.
[23]Rusinkiewicz S, Levoy M. QSplat:A multiresolution point rendering system for large meshes[C]. SIGGRAPH, New Orleans, LA, United states,2000:343-352.
[24]Wei L Y, Levoy M. Texture synthesis over arbitrary manifold surfaces[C]. SIGGRAPH, Los Angeles, CA, United states,2001:355-360.
[25]El-Hakim S F, Brenner C, Roth G. A multi-sensor approach to creating accurate virtual environments[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.1998,53(6): 379-391.
[26]Zhao H, Shibasaki R. A System for Reconstructing Urban 3D Objects using Ground-based Range and CCD Sensors[C]. Tokyo:1999:175-182.
[27]Yu Y, Ferencz A, Malik J. Extracting objects from range and radiance images [J]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.2001,7(4):351-364.
[28]Stamos I, Allen P K. Geometry and texture recovery of scenes of large scale[J]. Computer Vision and Image Understanding.2002,88(2):94-118.
[29]Allen P K, Stamos I, Troccoli A, et al.3D modeling of historic sites using range and image data[C]. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Taipei, CHINA,2003:145-150.
[30]Frueh C, Zakhor A. Constructing 3D city models by merging ground-based and airborne views[C]. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Madison, WI, United states,2003:Ⅱ/562-Ⅱ/569.
[31]荣国栋,孟祥旭.Inspeck 3D-DF三维扫描仪在数字博物馆中的应用[J].计算机工程与应用.2002(16)：237-239.
[32]向辉,孟祥旭,杨承磊.山东大学考古数字博物馆设计与实现[J].系统仿真学报.2003,15(3)：319-321.
[33]孟祥旭,杨承磊.基于未校准照片构造全景图的新方法[J].工程图学学报.2002(3)：110-114.
[34]李振波,孟祥旭,向辉.复杂虚拟场景构造及交互漫游实现研究[J].系统仿真学报.2002,14(9)：1183-1187.
[35]李俊二,徐延宁,李振波,等.多用户虚拟场景的EAI实现[J].系统仿真学报.2002,14(12)：1644-1646.
[36]杨承磊,张宗霞,潘荣江,等.计算机辅助文物修复系统架构及关键技术研究[J].系统仿真学报.2006,18(7)：2003-2006.
[37]王君秋,查红彬.结合兴趣点和边缘的建筑物和物体识别方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2006,18(8)：1257-1263.
[38]孟放,查红彬.基于LOD控制与内外存调度的大型三维点云数据绘制[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2006,18(1)：1-8.
[39]Liu T, Guo H, Fu X, et al. Vehicle localization and city modeling system based on laser scan data[J]. Journal of Information and Computational Science.2007,4(1): 169-178.
[40]Frueh C. Automated 3D Model Generation for Urban Environments[D]. German:University of Karlruhe,2002.
[41]Besl P J, Mckay N D. A method for registration of 3-D shapes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.1992,14(2):239-256.
[42]Cox I J. Blanche—An experiment in guidance and navigation of an autonomous robot vehicle[J]. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation.1991,7(2):193-204.
[43]Sharp G C, Lee S W, Wehe D K. ICP registration using invariant features[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2002,24(1):90-102.
[44]Fairfield N, Maxwell B. Mobile robot localization with sparse landmarks[C]. Mobile Robots XVI, Newton, MA, United states,2001:148-155.
[45]Lu F, Milios E. Robot pose estimation in unknown environments by matching 2D range
scans[J]. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems:Theory and Applications.1997, 18(3):249-275.
[46]Brown L G. A survey of image registration techniques [J]. ACM Computing Surveys.1992, 24(4):325-376.
[47]Zitova B, Flusser J. Image registration methods:A survey[J]. Image and Vision Computing.2003,21(11):977-1000.
[48]Mikolajczyk K, Schmid C. A performance evaluation of local descriptors[C]. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Madison, WI, United states,2003:Ⅱ/257-Ⅱ/263.
[49]Ali K M, Pazzani M J. Error reduction through learning multiple descriptions [J]. Machine Learning.1996,24(3):173-202.
[50]李润培,谢永和,舒志.深海平台技术的研究现状与发展趋势[J].中国海洋平台.2003,18(03)：1-5.
[51]杨晓刚.深水导管架滑移下水的安装分析技术和设计方法[J].中国海上油气(工程).2003,15(3)：4-9.
[52]van den H B, J K, P A. Offshore monitoring, real world data for design, engineering and operation [C]. Proceedings of Off shore Technology Conference, Houston, USA,2005: 17172-17180.
[53]杨大明,陈徐均,赵洪江,等.一种模型运动参数测试的新方法[J].中国测试.2009,35(1)：31-33.
[54]吴冠豪,曾理江.用于自由游动鱼三维测量的视频跟踪方法[J].中国科学(G辑：物理学力学天文学).2007,37(06)：760-766.
[55]李木国,韩冰,王静,等.非接触式浮体六自由度检测系统研究[J].大连理工大学学报.2004,44(1)：114-117.
[56]Hu Z P, Ou Z Y, Lin Y. Measurement of 3-D motion parameters of jacket launch based on stereo image sequences [J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology.2008,15(2): 277-282.
[57]Hartley R I, Sturm P. Triangulation[Z]. Prague, Czechoslovakia:Springer-Verlag GmbH & Company KG,1995:970,190.
[58]Lowe D G. Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints[J]. International Journal of Computer Vision.2004,60(2):91-110.
[59]Triggs B, Mclauchlan P, Hartley R, et al. Bundle adjustment—a Modern synthesis[M]. Berlin:Springer Verlag,2000:298-375.
[60]许定安,丁棣华,王波.经典力学[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,1993.
[61]Dunn F, Parberry I.3D Math Primer for Graphics and Game Development [M]. Texas U. S. A. Wordware Publishing,2002.
[62]Lowe D G. Object recognition from local scale-invariant features[C]. the 7th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Kerkyra, Greece,1999:1150-1157.
[63]李向群.多点系泊船舶在波浪中的运动及其系泊力[J].交通部上海船舶运输科学研究所学报.1999,22(1)：9-15.
[64]Abdel-Aziz Y I, Karara H M. Direct linear transformation into object space coordinates in close-range photogrammetry[C]. Proceedings Symposium Close-Range Photogrammetry, Urbana,1971:1-18.
[65]Zhang Z Y. A flexible new technique for camera calibration[J]. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2000,22(11):1330-1334.
[66]Hartley R, Zisserman A. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University,2000:208-218.
[67]Zhang Z. Camera calibration with one-dimensional objects[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2004,26(7):892-899.
[68]段福庆,吴福朝,胡占义.基于平行性约束的摄像机标定与3D重构[J].软件学报.2007,18(6)：1350-1360.
[69]祝海江,吴福朝,胡占义.基于两条平行线段的摄像机标定[J].自动化学报.2005,31(6)：853-865.
[70]Faugeras O D, Luong Q, Maybank S. camera self-calibration:theory and experiments[C]. European Conference on Computer Vision Verlag:Springer,1992:321-334.
[71]Caprile B, Torre V. Using vanishing points for camera calibration[J]. International Journal of Computer Vision.1990,4(2):127-139.
[72]Wu F, Yu H, Yuan B, et al. Camera self-calibration-theory and algorithms[J]. Acta Automatica Sinica.1999,25(6):769-776.
[73]孟晓桥,胡占义.摄像机自标定方法的研究与进展[J].自动化学报.2003,29(1)：110-124.
[74]Wu Y, Li X, Wu F, et al. Coplanar circles, quasi-affine invariance and calibration [J]. Image and Vision Computing.2006,24(4):319-326.
[75]Zhang H, Wong K K, Zhang G. Camera calibration from images of spheres[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2007,29(3):499-502.
[76]Wong K K, Mendonca P R S, Cipolla R. Camera calibration from surfaces of revolution [J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2003,25(2):147-161.
[77]孟晓桥,胡占义.一种新的基于圆环点的摄像机自标定方法[J].软件学报.2002,13(5)：957-965.
[78]Hartley R, Zisserman A. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University,2000:81-93.
[79]Bao G Q, Xiong S S. Vision-based horizon extraction for micro air vehicle flight control[J]. IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement.2005,54(3):1067-1073.
[80]Criminisi A, Reid I. A Plane Measuring Device [J]. Image and Vision Computing.1999, 17(8):625-634.
[81]曾慧,邓小明,赵训坡,等.基于线对应的单应矩阵估计及其在视觉测量中的应用[J].自动化学报.2007,33(5)：449-455.
[82]Hartley R I. In defense of the eight-point algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.1997,19(6):580-593.
[83]Wang G H, Hu Z Y, Wu F C. Single view based measurement on space planes [J]. Journal of Computer Science and Technology.2004,19(3):374-382.
[84]王荣祥,张大勇,岳前进,等.基于现场监测的抗冰平台疲劳寿命估计[J].海洋工程.2008,26(3)：15-20.
[85]Hartley R, Zisserman A. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University,2000:53-55.
[86]Liebowitz D, Zisserman A. Metric rectification for perspective images of planes[C]. the 1998 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Santa Barbara, CA, USA,1998:482-488.
[87]Lourakis M, Argyros A. Refining Single View Calibration With the Aid of Metric Scene Properties[J]. Journal of the WSCG Conference.2007,15(1):129-134.
[88]Ip H H S, Chen Y. Planar rectification by solving the intersection of two circles under 2D homography[J]. Pattern Recognition.2005,38(7):1117-1120.
[89]Chen Y S, Ip H H S. Efficient extraction of metric measurements for planar scene under 2D homography with the help of planar circles[J]. Machine Vision and Applications. 2006,17(2):139-146.
[90]Meng X, Hu Z. A new easy camera calibration technique based on circular points[J]. Pattern Recognition.2003,36(5):1155-1164.
[91]Jiang G, Quan L. Detection of concentric circles for camera calibration[C].10th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Beijing, China,2005:333-340.
[92]Finlayson G, Schaefer G. Hue That is Invariant to Brightness and Gamma[C]. British Machine Vision Conference, Manchester, UK:2001:303-312.
[93]潘晨,陆宗骐,高敦岳.基于颜色的微血管参数测量研究[J].计算机研究与发展.2002,39(7)：861-868.
[94]Stokman H, Gevers T. Selection and fusion of color models for image feature detection [J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2007, 29(3):371-381.
[95]Box M J. A new method of constrained optimization and a comparison with other methods[J]. Computer Journal.1965,8(1):42-52.
[96]Chen Y, Ip H H S. Planar metric rectification by algebraically estimating the image of the absolute conic[C]. the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Cambridge, United kingdo,2004:88-91.
[97]袁业立,华锋,张书文,等.含破碎海浪海面起伏统计的理论模型[J].中国科学D辑：地球科学.2008,38(1)：124-133.
[98]尹文昱,张永宁.渤海海峡风浪特征统计分析[J].大连海事大学学报.2006,32(4)：84-87.
[99]Fitzgibbon A., Pilu M., Fisher R. B. Direct least square fitting of ellipses[J]. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on.1999,21(5): 476-480.
[100]Yue Q J, Bi X J. Ice-induced jacket structure vibrations in Bohai Sea[J]. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering.2000,14(2):81-92.
[101]岳前进,张大勇,刘圆,等.渤海抗冰导管架平台失效模式分析[J].海洋工程.2008,26(1)：18-23.
[102]李辉辉.海洋平台冰振失效的预警标准[D].大连：大连理工大学,2005.
[103]冯士榨,李凤岐,李少普.海洋科学导论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1999.
[104]Haralick R R, Shanmugan K K, Dinstein I I. Texture Features for Image Classification[J]. IEEE Transaction on System Man Cybernetics.1973,3(6):610-621.
[105]Loh H, Leu J, Luo R C. ANALYSIS OF NATURAL TEXTURES USING RUN LENGTH FEATURES. [J]. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics and control instrumentation.1988,35(2): 323-328.
[106]李旭超,朱善安.图像分割中的马尔可夫随机场方法综述[J].中国图象图形学报.2007,12(7)：789-798.
[107]Zhang J, Modestino J W. MARKOV RANDOM FIELD MODEL WITH APPLICATIONS TO TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION AND DISCRIMINATION[C]. Proceedings of the Twentieth Conference on Information Sciences and Systems. Princeton, NJ, USA,1986:230-237.
[108]Chellappa R, Chatterjee S, Bagdazian R. TEXTURE SYNTHESIS AND COMPRESSION USING GAUSSIAN-MARKOV RANDOM FIELD MODELS. [J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.1985, SMC-15(2):298-303.
[109]Derin H, Elliott H. MODELING AND SEGMENTATION OF NOISY AND TEXTURED IMAGES USING GIBBS RANDOM FIELDS. [J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 1987, PAMI-9(1):39-55.
[110]Gong X, Huang N. TEXTURED IMAGE RECOGNITION USING HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL[C].1988 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, New York, NY, USA,1988:1128-1131.
[111]王东峰,邹谋炎.傅氏变换的自配准性质及其在纹理识别和图象分割中的应用[J].中国图象图形学报.2003,8(2)：140-146.
[112]Arivazhagan S, Ganesan L, Priyal S P. Texture classification using Gabor wavelets based rotation invariant features[J]. Pattern Recognition Letters.2006,27(16): 1976-1982.
[113]Weldon T P, Higgins W E, Dunn D F. Efficient Gabor filter design for texture segmentation[J]. Pattern Recognition.1996,29(12):2005-2015.
[114]Pichler 0, Teuner A, Hosticka B J. Comparison of texture feature extraction using adaptive Gabor filtering, pyramidal and tree structured wavelet transforms[J]. Pattern Recognition.1996,29(5):733-742.
[115]Maitre H,孙洪译.现代数字图像处理[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006：232-243.
[116]Ojala Timo, Pietikainen Matti, Maenpaa Topi. Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2002,24(7):971-987.
[117]陈玲,沈红标,李咸伟,等.改进的图像纹理检索方法在矿石识别中的应用[J].中国图象图形学报.2006(11)：1700-1703.
[118]周颖颖,周振宇,孙宁.基于改进LBP特征的白细胞识别[J].生物医学工程研究.2005,24(5)：242-246.
[119]李杰,朱维乐,王磊,等.基于Wold模型和支持向量机的纹理识别[J].计算机研究与发展.2007,44(3)：460-466.
[120]Vincent L, Soille P. Watersheds in digital spaces:An efficient algorithm based on immersion simulations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.1991,13(6):583-598.
[121]Xu S. Robust traffic sign shape recognition using geometric matching [J].IET Intelligent Transport Systems.2009,3(1):10-18.
[122]陈孝春,叶懋冬,倪臣敏.一种形状识别的方法[J].模式识别与人工智能.2006,19(6)：758-763.
[123]Park H J, Ji M, Ha J, et al. Shape matching using the modified histogram based chain code[C]. Asia-Pacific Optical and Wireless Communications-Mobile Service and Application, Wuhan, China,2004:114-121.
[124]刘勇奎,魏巍,郭禾.压缩链码的研究[J].计算机学报.2007,30(2)：281-287.
[125]Neill-Manning C, Witten I. On-line and off-line heuristics for inferring hierarchies of repetitions in sequence[C]. Proceeding of IEEE,2000:300-307.
[126]Ko P, Aluru S. Space efficient linear time construction of suffix arrays [J]. Journal of Discrete Algorithms.2005,3(2-4):143-156.
[127]Na J C, Apostolico A, Iliopoulos C S, et al. Truncated suffix trees and their application to data compression[J]. Theoretical Computer Science.2003,304(1-3): 87-101.
[128]魏莲,吴信才.动态规划字符串匹配算法在曲线对比中的应用[J].计算机工程与应用.2007,43(8)：8-9.
[129]Levenshtein V I. Binary codes capable of correcting spurious insertions and deletions of ones[J]. Problems of information Transmission.1965,1(1):8-17.
[130]Gonzalo N., Mathieu R.,中科院计算所网络信息安全研究组译.柔性字符串匹配[M]. 北京：电子工业出版社,2007：135-136.
[131]Ukkonen E. Finding approximate patterns in strings [J]. Journal of Algorithms.1985, 6(1):132-137.
[132]Chang W I, Lampe J. Theoretical and empirical comparisons of approximate string matching algorithms[C]. the 3rd Annual Symposium on-Combinatorial Pattern Matching, Verlag,1992:175-184.
[133]Schlapbach A, Bunke H. Off-line Writer Identification Using Gaussian Mixture Models[C]. the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, CHINA,2006: 992-995.
[134]Vlassis N, Likas A. A Greedy EM Algorithm for Gaussian Mixture[J]. Neural Processing Letters.2002,15(1):77-87.
[135]Biernacki C, Celeux G, Govaert G. Assessing a mixture model for clustering with the integrated completed likelihood[J]. Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2000,.22(7):719-725.
[136]Han Jiawei, Kamber Micheline,范明,等.数据挖掘[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2007：200-204.
[137]Ahonen T. A general Local Binary Pattern (LBP) implementation for Matlab2007[CP/OL]. http://www. ee. oulu. fi/mvg/page/lbp_matlab