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微波辐射下丙烯酸类抑尘剂的合成及应用研究
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摘要
粉尘污染治理是一个世界性问题,很早以前就引起了人们的关注。粉尘包括很多种,其中煤粉尘是其中的重要组成部分。煤粉尘引起的环境污染和破坏是很严重的,特别像我国这样以煤炭为主要能源的国家。我国现阶段由于经济状况和基础条件的限制,煤炭在存储堆放或运输过程中,一般采用露天方式,当受到风力作用时,就会产生大量的煤粉扬尘,对环境和人体造成严重损害,特别在煤炭运输过程中,由于道路条件影响,路基不平、车辆驶过弯道、铁路路轨设施等引起的车厢颠簸,风力作用以及车辆在启动和停止时的惯性作用,都会引起煤粉的洒落,不仅造成煤粉损失和道路沿线的煤尘污染,还会给煤炭运输带来严重的安全事故和隐患。而且随着煤炭价格的快速增长,人们对减少煤炭损失的要求越来越强烈。目前采用的减少煤炭损失的方法有机械加盖法、篷布遮盖法、集装箱运输法以及现在应用较少的喷洒抑尘剂法等,喷洒抑尘剂法以其效果明显,操作简单,得到了人们的认可,但也因其价格较高,限制了它的应用。所以,目前人们正努力开发较为廉价的抑尘剂,以企实现它的大范围推广和应用。
     本论文制备了几种高分子抑尘剂:首先用微波法制备了氧化淀粉-丙烯酸(AA)-丙烯酰胺(AM)抑尘剂,确定了微波辐射下的较佳制备工艺条件是:单体配比m(AA):m(AM)=6:4、丙烯酸中和度为60%、引发剂用量为(对单体总质量)0.6%、微波反应时间为3min、微波反应功率为300W。随后又使用常规的水浴加热法制备了氧化淀粉-丙烯酸(AA)-丙烯酰胺(AM)抑尘剂,最后分别使用二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,采用水浴加热合成了两种抑尘剂,分别用红外光谱仪、热重分析仪和扫描电子显微镜对三种抑尘剂的结构及性能进行了表征。
     通过对几种抑尘剂(其中丙烯酰胺类抑尘剂分别使用微波辐射和水浴加热两种合成方法)在煤粉表面的应用性能进行比较得出:在保湿性方面,使用PVA为原料的抑尘剂性能较差,保湿率仅为4.8%,另外两种丙烯酰胺类抑尘剂分别为7.6%(微波)和6.9%(水浴),DMDAAC类抑尘剂为6.5%。在抗压性方面,PVA抑尘剂要优于另外两种抑尘剂,抗压强度为0.67MPa,丙烯酰胺类抑尘剂为0.59MPa(微波)、0.56MPa(水浴),DMDAAC类抑尘剂为0.56MPa;在抗震荡性能方面,如果震荡时间较短,三种抑尘剂性能相近,但随着震荡时间的延长,PVA抑尘剂性能最差,煤粉损失率为2.21%。在耐水冲蚀性方面,DMDAAC抑尘剂性能较好;在温度适应性和抗风蚀性方面,三种抑尘剂的性能相近。在实验中我们发现,抑尘剂在使用质量分数为2%左右时,保湿性最好。
     在抑尘剂原料成本上,使用PVA为原料的抑尘剂价格最低,另外两种相近。另外,丙烯酰胺类抑尘剂中使用的是氧化淀粉,另两种使用淀粉。一般情况下,市场上氧化淀粉要比淀粉每吨贵400到600百元。在合成方法上,虽然购置微波反应器价格较贵,但在实验中可以看到,其反应时间大大缩短,抑尘剂的性能也有所提高。从长远的角度来看,大大减少了能源的消耗,提高了抑尘性能,降低了抑尘剂的生产成本。因此,随着大生产用微波反应器的开发应用,利用微波反应合成抑尘剂还是值得推广和应用的,也希望对以后的实验研究提供帮助。
The treatment of dust pollution is a worldwide problem, people pay moreand more attention to it. There are many types of dust, in which coal dust is animportant part of the dust. Environmental pollution and destruction caused bycoal dust is a very serious, especially our country has coal as the main source ofenergy. Due to economic conditions and the limitations of the basic conditions inour country, coal is not covered in storage stacked and transportation, it willproduce large amounts of coal dust by wind action, and will cause seriousdamage to the environment and human health. In coal transportation, because thejolting which the subgrade uneven, vehicles passing through the corners and therail facility created, in addition the wind action and the inertia of the vehicle atthe start and stop, will cause the pulverized coal spilled. One hand caused theloss of coal resources and the pollution of the road, another hand may causeserious security incidents and hidden dangers. With the rapid growth of coalprices, reduce coal loss is more intense. There were many ways to prevent thecoal scatters, for example: The machinery capping, the canvas cover, containertransports and prays the dust suppression and so on. The advantages of spraydust suppressants is effective and simple operation, has been recognized by thepeople, but because of higher prices, limit its application. The researchers aretrying to develop a cheaper dust suppressants to achieve its widespread use. Inthis paper, several dust suppressants were prepared, and can be applied tosuppress coal dust.
     We have synthesized several polymer dust suppressants. The first one(Oxidized starch-AA-AM) with synthesized by microwave irradiation, anddiscussed the monomer ratio [m(AA):m(AM)=6:4], neutralization degree ofacrylic acid (60%), the amount of initiator (0.6%), the microwave reactiontime(3min) and microwave reaction power(300W), then the dust suppressants(Oxidized starch-AA-AM) was synthesized by conventional heating technique.Finally other two dust suppressants were synthesized use different raw material (DMDAAC and PVA) by conventional heating technique. IR, TG and SEMcharacterization of the three types of dust suppressants. And the dust suppressionpotential of dust suppressants solution was investigated experimentally withpulverized coal as the model dust-generating material. Three dust suppressants ina variety of performance obtained: In terms of moisture, the use of PVA as a rawmaterials have poor performance, the moisture absorption rate is4.8%for38h,Acrylamide dust suppressants were7.6%(microwave irradiation) and6.5%(waterbath), DMDAAC dust suppressants was6.9%; The compressive properties ofPVA dust suppressants is superior to two other dust suppressants, thecompressive strength was0.67MPa, Acrylamide dust suppressants were0.59MPa (microwave irradiation) and0.56MPa (water bath), DMDAAC dustsuppressants was0.56MPa; In anti-shock, if the shorter time, three kinds of dustsuppressants performance similar, but with shocks longer, PVA dust suppressantsdegrades the performance, coal loss rate of2.21%; DMDAAC dust suppressantsbetter performance in terms of water resistance erosion; The three types of dustsuppressants are similar in temperature adaptability and anti-wind performance.In the experiment, we found that dust suppressants moisturizing best when themass fraction of about2%. The other performance is enhanced with the increaseof the mass fraction of dust suppressants
     The dust suppressants use of polyvinyl alcohol as a raw material have thelowest price, and the other two are similar. Acrylamide dust suppressants usedthe oxidation of starch, the other two used starches. The microwave reactor ismore expensive, but the response time of dust suppressants greatly shortened, theperformance improved. From the long-term perspective, the use of microwavereactor can greatly reduce energy consumption and reduce the cost of dustsuppressants. So, the use of the microwave reactor synthetic dust suppressants isworth promoting and applications, and also hope to provide help for futureresearch.
引文
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