高压细水雾灭火系统关键技术及其灭火性能研究
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摘要
科学探测与试验发现,卤代烷气体灭火剂对大气臭氧层有很强的破坏作用,臭氧层的破坏将严重威胁人类的生存环境和身体健康。随着人们环保意识日益增强,卤代烷被整体淘汰是不可避免的趋势。细水雾的比表面积极大,能够快速吸热汽化,降低燃烧区的温度和氧气浓度,通过冷却与窒息作用实施灭火。与其它灭火方式比较,高压细水雾灭火技术具有灭火效率高和安全环保等优良特性,是国际上公认的卤代烷消防系统的主流替代技术。因此,开展高压细水雾灭火技术的基础理论及其灭火性能试验研究,对推动高压细水雾灭火技术在我国的发展与应用具有十分重要的意义。本文主要研究内容如下:
在综述国内外细水雾灭火技术研究状况和最新发展动态的基础上,分析了细水雾的灭火机理、灭火优势及其有效灭火范围,确定了高压细水雾灭火系统存在的关键技术问题及基本对策。
通过分析液体雾化机理和各种雾化方式的特性,根据水雾灭火技术的实际需要,确定了离心式压力喷嘴作为高压细水雾灭火系统的雾化装置。在对喷嘴内部流场和水雾化特性进行理论研究的基础上,归纳出离心式压力喷嘴雾化特性与喷嘴结构参数、压力及流量之间的关系,并应用Fluent软件对喷嘴内部流场进行了数值计算与分析。
将多个结构独立的基本喷嘴按照某种方式安装在母体上构成组合喷嘴。组合喷嘴的性能取决于基本喷嘴的性能及其分布规律。根据单喷嘴的喷雾特性及灭火过程对细水雾分布的要求,提出了组合喷嘴的设计方法。组合喷嘴平均雾滴直径大于单喷嘴平均雾滴直径,这说明相邻雾锥间的干涉是存在的。雾锥间的干涉导致一些小雾滴消失,组合喷嘴的雾滴均匀度优于单喷嘴
自行研制了高压细水雾灭火喷嘴性能试验装置,为喷嘴性能测试和灭火试验提供了可靠的实验条件。利用智能涡轮流量计、激光粒度测试仪研究了结构参数、工作压力对喷嘴流量特性系数和雾化特性的影响。试验结果表明,增加喷嘴出口与入口的面积比,喷嘴的流量特性系数与喷雾角增大,喷雾形状由实心雾锥转变成空心雾锥。提高工作压力,喷嘴的流量增大,雾滴平均直径有所减小,但流量系数、喷雾角和雾滴均匀度指数变化不大。
根据边界层理论建立了雾滴的运动模型,推导出在层流、过渡流及紊流状态下雾滴运动速度和飞行距离计算公式;通过分析火灾环境中雾滴的传热传质规律,确定了雾滴直径与吸热汽化时间的关系。设计过程中,可根据雾滴的初始速度确定雷诺数及流动状态,选择相应公式计算雾滴运动参数与蒸发时间,进而确定相邻喷嘴间允许的最大布置距离和喷嘴的最大悬挂高度。
对所研制的喷嘴进行了深入的灭火性能试验,从试验过程可以看到,该喷嘴产生的细水雾对控制固体类与液体类火灾、抑制燃烧速度是非常有效的。火灾规模大小、燃烧区与水雾喷嘴的相对位置变化对灭火效果的影响,都可以归结为喷雾强度作用的结果。保持燃烧区域有足够的喷雾强度,是实现快速可靠灭火的必要条件。增加喷嘴工作压力,喷嘴的喷雾强度、雾滴的初始速度和动量增大,雾滴能克服上升热气流的阻力到达火焰的根部,直接冷却燃烧核心区,灭火效率显著提高。因此,高压细水雾灭火技术是水雾灭火的发展方向。
试验结果表明,研制出的高压细水雾喷嘴耗水量低,灭火效率高,已获得中国发明专利。采用该喷嘴构成的高压细水雾灭火系统已通过中国船级社(CCS)的认证,并在我国多条船舶上推广应用。
最后,对高压细水雾灭火系统研究中存在的不足和后续工作做了简要的介绍。
It is discovered that Halon fire-extinguishing chemical wreck the ozone layer by science determination and experiment. And its destroy will threaten human living space and body health. With the increasing requirement for environmental safety,it is inevitable trend that Halon will be banned completely. Water mist has big surface area,hence it can absorb rapidly quantity of heat and is converted into steam which drops the erature and oxygen concentration. By comparing to other fire suppressions,high-pressure water mist system has significant advantages of effective fire extinguishing and environment-friendly,and has been recognized as the most potential substitute of halon fire-fighting system. Therefore,research on basis theory and fire suppression test of the spray has great significance for the development and application of the high-pressure water mist fire extinguishing technology. The main contents of this dissertation are as followed.
By summarization for the newest developing situation of domestic and overseas water mist fire extinguishing technology,the mechanisms and advantages of mist fire suppression are analysed. Key problems and basic countermeasure are defined.
According to analysis of liquid atomizing characteristics and practical requirement of water mist fire suppression,centrifugal type pressure nozzle is determined as atomizing device of the water mist system. Based on the theoretical analyses of the inner flow field of the nozzle,the relations of its atomizing characteristics with the structural parameters and pressure are concluded. Numerical value simulation and analysis of flow field in nozzle accomplished by FLUENT sfotware. A new nozzle was developed, and has been counerred china invent pantent for its low using water quantity and high fire suppression efficiency.
Combined spray head is made up of some independent nozzles,its performance depends on function and distrbution of the nozzles. By changing amount and distrbution of the nozzles,Combined spray head has more flexibility in design and use.
Motional model of mist droplets is built on the basis of boundary storey theory,their flying velocity and distance can be calculated. By analyzing transfers law of heat and quality of the droplets in fire,vaporizing speed and time of the droplets are concluded,and then the most fixing height interval of spray heads can be established.
Experiments on the structure parameters and working pressure of nozzles affecting the flow coefficient and atomizing characteristics are carried out by the use of turbine flowmeter and laser particle size analyzer. The results show that: the flow coefficient increases and mean diameter of the droplets decrease when the pressure raised,but he flow coefficient and uniformity degree index of mist droplets change hardly.
Combined spray head will produce bigger size droplets than single nozzle. This illustrates that interferences between mist cones are in existence and lead to some small droplets disappearing. Hence combined spray head has better uniformity degree of mist droplets than single nozzle.
A lot of fire suppression experiments were accomplished for the nozzle developed. It may be seen that fine water mist for the nozzle to produceare specially effective for extinguishing solid and liquid fire or restraining combustion speed. The influences of fire scale and nozzles position on fire extinguishing performance may be summed up in effect of spray intensity. It is necessary fire extinguishing factor that there is enough spray intensity in burning region. With raise of nozzle workong pressure,the spray intensity and momentum of droplets increase. The droplets can surmount the resistance of heat airflow and flame,and directly make cool core region of combusition, fire extinguishing efficiency notably rise. Therefore,high-pressure water mist fire suppression technology has notable superiority to those of low-pressure system. Lastly, some problems left and further researches in high-pressure water mist fire suppression system are also discussed in short.
The results of the experiments show that: the nozzle has low using water quantity and high fire suppression efficiency and been counerred china invent pantent. The high pressure water mist fire suppression system adopting the nozzle has been legalized by china ship’s classificaion society(CCS), and was applied in ships.
在综述国内外细水雾灭火技术研究状况和最新发展动态的基础上,分析了细水雾的灭火机理、灭火优势及其有效灭火范围,确定了高压细水雾灭火系统存在的关键技术问题及基本对策。
通过分析液体雾化机理和各种雾化方式的特性,根据水雾灭火技术的实际需要,确定了离心式压力喷嘴作为高压细水雾灭火系统的雾化装置。在对喷嘴内部流场和水雾化特性进行理论研究的基础上,归纳出离心式压力喷嘴雾化特性与喷嘴结构参数、压力及流量之间的关系,并应用Fluent软件对喷嘴内部流场进行了数值计算与分析。
将多个结构独立的基本喷嘴按照某种方式安装在母体上构成组合喷嘴。组合喷嘴的性能取决于基本喷嘴的性能及其分布规律。根据单喷嘴的喷雾特性及灭火过程对细水雾分布的要求,提出了组合喷嘴的设计方法。组合喷嘴平均雾滴直径大于单喷嘴平均雾滴直径,这说明相邻雾锥间的干涉是存在的。雾锥间的干涉导致一些小雾滴消失,组合喷嘴的雾滴均匀度优于单喷嘴
自行研制了高压细水雾灭火喷嘴性能试验装置,为喷嘴性能测试和灭火试验提供了可靠的实验条件。利用智能涡轮流量计、激光粒度测试仪研究了结构参数、工作压力对喷嘴流量特性系数和雾化特性的影响。试验结果表明,增加喷嘴出口与入口的面积比,喷嘴的流量特性系数与喷雾角增大,喷雾形状由实心雾锥转变成空心雾锥。提高工作压力,喷嘴的流量增大,雾滴平均直径有所减小,但流量系数、喷雾角和雾滴均匀度指数变化不大。
根据边界层理论建立了雾滴的运动模型,推导出在层流、过渡流及紊流状态下雾滴运动速度和飞行距离计算公式;通过分析火灾环境中雾滴的传热传质规律,确定了雾滴直径与吸热汽化时间的关系。设计过程中,可根据雾滴的初始速度确定雷诺数及流动状态,选择相应公式计算雾滴运动参数与蒸发时间,进而确定相邻喷嘴间允许的最大布置距离和喷嘴的最大悬挂高度。
对所研制的喷嘴进行了深入的灭火性能试验,从试验过程可以看到,该喷嘴产生的细水雾对控制固体类与液体类火灾、抑制燃烧速度是非常有效的。火灾规模大小、燃烧区与水雾喷嘴的相对位置变化对灭火效果的影响,都可以归结为喷雾强度作用的结果。保持燃烧区域有足够的喷雾强度,是实现快速可靠灭火的必要条件。增加喷嘴工作压力,喷嘴的喷雾强度、雾滴的初始速度和动量增大,雾滴能克服上升热气流的阻力到达火焰的根部,直接冷却燃烧核心区,灭火效率显著提高。因此,高压细水雾灭火技术是水雾灭火的发展方向。
试验结果表明,研制出的高压细水雾喷嘴耗水量低,灭火效率高,已获得中国发明专利。采用该喷嘴构成的高压细水雾灭火系统已通过中国船级社(CCS)的认证,并在我国多条船舶上推广应用。
最后,对高压细水雾灭火系统研究中存在的不足和后续工作做了简要的介绍。
It is discovered that Halon fire-extinguishing chemical wreck the ozone layer by science determination and experiment. And its destroy will threaten human living space and body health. With the increasing requirement for environmental safety,it is inevitable trend that Halon will be banned completely. Water mist has big surface area,hence it can absorb rapidly quantity of heat and is converted into steam which drops the erature and oxygen concentration. By comparing to other fire suppressions,high-pressure water mist system has significant advantages of effective fire extinguishing and environment-friendly,and has been recognized as the most potential substitute of halon fire-fighting system. Therefore,research on basis theory and fire suppression test of the spray has great significance for the development and application of the high-pressure water mist fire extinguishing technology. The main contents of this dissertation are as followed.
By summarization for the newest developing situation of domestic and overseas water mist fire extinguishing technology,the mechanisms and advantages of mist fire suppression are analysed. Key problems and basic countermeasure are defined.
According to analysis of liquid atomizing characteristics and practical requirement of water mist fire suppression,centrifugal type pressure nozzle is determined as atomizing device of the water mist system. Based on the theoretical analyses of the inner flow field of the nozzle,the relations of its atomizing characteristics with the structural parameters and pressure are concluded. Numerical value simulation and analysis of flow field in nozzle accomplished by FLUENT sfotware. A new nozzle was developed, and has been counerred china invent pantent for its low using water quantity and high fire suppression efficiency.
Combined spray head is made up of some independent nozzles,its performance depends on function and distrbution of the nozzles. By changing amount and distrbution of the nozzles,Combined spray head has more flexibility in design and use.
Motional model of mist droplets is built on the basis of boundary storey theory,their flying velocity and distance can be calculated. By analyzing transfers law of heat and quality of the droplets in fire,vaporizing speed and time of the droplets are concluded,and then the most fixing height interval of spray heads can be established.
Experiments on the structure parameters and working pressure of nozzles affecting the flow coefficient and atomizing characteristics are carried out by the use of turbine flowmeter and laser particle size analyzer. The results show that: the flow coefficient increases and mean diameter of the droplets decrease when the pressure raised,but he flow coefficient and uniformity degree index of mist droplets change hardly.
Combined spray head will produce bigger size droplets than single nozzle. This illustrates that interferences between mist cones are in existence and lead to some small droplets disappearing. Hence combined spray head has better uniformity degree of mist droplets than single nozzle.
A lot of fire suppression experiments were accomplished for the nozzle developed. It may be seen that fine water mist for the nozzle to produceare specially effective for extinguishing solid and liquid fire or restraining combustion speed. The influences of fire scale and nozzles position on fire extinguishing performance may be summed up in effect of spray intensity. It is necessary fire extinguishing factor that there is enough spray intensity in burning region. With raise of nozzle workong pressure,the spray intensity and momentum of droplets increase. The droplets can surmount the resistance of heat airflow and flame,and directly make cool core region of combusition, fire extinguishing efficiency notably rise. Therefore,high-pressure water mist fire suppression technology has notable superiority to those of low-pressure system. Lastly, some problems left and further researches in high-pressure water mist fire suppression system are also discussed in short.
The results of the experiments show that: the nozzle has low using water quantity and high fire suppression efficiency and been counerred china invent pantent. The high pressure water mist fire suppression system adopting the nozzle has been legalized by china ship’s classificaion society(CCS), and was applied in ships.
引文
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