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基于内外均衡的人民币汇率政策研究
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摘要
自2005年7月人民银行启动人民币汇率制度改革以来,人民币进入了对美元的单边升值通道。人民币汇率的升值以及国际社会对人民币进一步升值的预期,吸引了大量国际资本进入中国,这些资本与国内宽松的货币政策相配合,最终形成了2007年国内资本市场与房地产市场的过度繁荣。与此同时,2007年爆发的美国次贷危机引发全球金融市场的巨大波动,因应次贷危机的冲击,美国政府出台了大规模的救市计划,并至今先后两次推出量化宽松的货币政策,将联邦基准利率维持在0.25%的水平下。美国这种只考虑自身利益的行为造成了全球美元的泛滥和美元货币的贬值,同时为未来全球性的通货膨胀埋下了祸根。美国金融危机逐渐延伸到对实体经济的冲击,中国政府为防止出现经济的硬着路,出台了大规模的财政刺激计划,并将货币政策由紧缩转为宽松。适应外部均衡的调节再次导致了内部经济、特别是房地产市场的过度反弹。
     基于当前内外复杂的经济环境,如何将人民币的汇率政策与中国经济的内外均衡结合起来,成为亟待研究的问题。本文基于这样一个出发点,在回顾总结内外均衡政策搭配的理论和汇率决定与管理的理论的基础上,分析研究了改革开放以来人民币汇率制度改革与内外均衡调节之间的作用机理及其调节效果。通过分析笔者认为,经济转轨初期的人民币汇率贬值并没有像转轨后期那样队外部均衡发挥明显的调节作用;在人民币名义汇率钉住美元时期,对外均衡的调节主要是通过调节内部均衡的货币政策影响实际有效汇率来间接实现的;人民币进入汇改升值后,由于投机与套利资本的进入,扭曲了内外均衡的作用机制,人民币汇率政策制定既需要考虑内部经济因素,也要考虑国际协调。
     基于人民币汇改升值后套利资本涌入与经济过热的现实,本文从比较经济学的角度分析了与中国当前经济相似的日本泡沫经济前后的内外均衡政策与汇率波动的作用机理,并对基于巴拉萨-萨缪尔逊模型对人民币汇率和日元汇率的升值原因进行分析;研究发现,日元、人民币升值的部分原因都是由于中日相对美国快速增长的生产率差异,这对今后人民币汇率的调整提供了指导方向。综合中日经济过热时期的原因与宏观经济走势的相似性,本文提出日本因应泡沫经济的内外均衡调节与汇率政策对指导中国处理当前局部过热(主要是房地产行业)具有借鉴意义。
     之后,本文对人民币均衡汇率与汇率失调程度进行了研究。研究发现,人民币汇率失调并不是一直保持着高估或者低估,个别时间接近均衡汇率;汇率失调与资本市场因子和产品市场因子的矛盾有关,实际汇率失调程度既取决于资本市场与产品市场两种相反预期作用的大小,也取决于资本市场价格因子和数量因子内部力量的作用结果。
     在研究人民币均衡汇率与汇率失调的基础上,本文对中国经济内外均衡与人民币汇率调整机制之间的关系进行了分析。研究认为,短期内,对人民币实际有效汇率产生影响的主要是贸易顺差、货币供应量和经济增长的因素;长期来看,决定长期汇率均衡走势的是实体经济的体量因素。据此本文建议,与其重视向长期均衡汇率接近,不如放宽短期波动,稳定短期投机预期,从而实现长期均衡汇率的稳定,为将来人民币的国际化创造条件。另外,名义汇率渐进式的升值要同消除资产市场高估的政策措施相结合。人民币名义汇率升值没有必要硬钉住均衡汇率进行调整,调整力度和成本不但同资本账户开放程度以及经济可承受程度相关,更多的还同一个国家整体经济以及国家竞争力有关。
     随着中国经济对外开放程度的加深和在世界贸易中所占份额的上升,人民币汇率政策还应该包括对新的国际货币体系的参与与协调。本论文研究认为,由于当前我国金融市场改革尚未完成、资本项目尚未开放,人民币汇率的协调路径应该是先区域化后国际化。在区域化的措施方面,首先应该加快推动人民币作为贸易结算货币的职能,并推动人民币作为部分大宗商品定价的尝试;其次要加快国内金融市场改革,扩大人民币的回流通道和投资通道;最后要采取稳定措施,防止人民币的过度投机。
     综合中国内外均衡的政策协调与人民币汇率的相互作用机制,并借鉴日本对泡沫经济所采取措施形成的教训,本文就围绕内外均衡的可持续发展和与这可持续发展相适应得人民币汇率政策提出三个建议:一是转变经济结构、扩大内需,实现内部均衡的同时,减轻外部失衡的压力;二是完善货币政策、深化金融市场改革;三是稳步推进人民币的国际化进程。
RMB has entered a scenario of “one-sided” appreciation against US dollar sincethe reform of RMB exchange rate which was launched in July2005. The appreciationof RMB, together with an expectation of a further appreciation, has attracted a hugecapital inflow to China and led to an over-booming capital and real-estate market inyear2007especially when China is following a loose monetary policy at that time.Meanwhile, in2007, the eruption of sub-prime crisis in US greatly increased thevolatility of global financial markets. The US government launched a massive bailoutto cope with the crisis and implemented two rounds of quantities easing, maintainingits benchmark interest rate under0.25%. While the interest of US is protected, USdollar floods the world with liquidity and a depreciation of US dollar is inevitablewhilst inflation is scattered around the world. Gradually, the financial crisis started toimpact the real economy and as a response, Chinese government enacted a huge fiscalstimulus plan to prevent the “hard landing” of economy. On top of that, the monetarypolicy was loosened. In consequence, an accommodation and quick response to theExternal Equilibrium again caused an over bounce of domestic economy, especially inthe real estate market.
     How to better connect RMB exchange rate policy with the internal and externalequilibrium of China economy, under such a complicated economic environment, is akey issue to be further discussed. To answer this question, the paper reviewed themechanism between the exchange rate reform (after China’s opening to the world)and the internal&external equilibrium, especially the effect of equilibrium. Viaanalysis, the author is of the opinion that the depreciation of RMB at the earlier stageof economic reform is NOT that effective in terms of the tune of equilibriumcompared with the later stage of reform. When RMB nominal exchange rate is peggedto US dollar, the external equilibrium is basically tuned by adjusting the domesticmonetary policy which could influence the actual exchange rate; after the reform of exchange rate, the internal/external equilibrium is twisted as a result of speculationand arbitrage. Thus, The RMB exchange rate policy in the future should incorporateboth the internal factors and the international influences.
     In view of the fact that the speculation and arbitrage is hot in the post reformyears, the paper also analyzes the economic bubble of Japan, which is quite similar tothe one China is currently is facing, under the frame work of internal/externalequilibrium and rationale of exchange rate fluctuation. Besides, to analyze the factorsinfluencing the appreciation of RMB and Japanese Yen based on theBalassa-Samuelson model; Researches show that, one of the reasons Yen and RMBappreciate against US dollar is that Japan and China possess a higher productivity ratecompared to US, which could enlighten the tune of RMB exchange rate in the future.In view of the similarity between China and Japan’s over-heating economy, it is ofreference value that China to cope with the partial overheats (the real estate market inparticular) with the research on the Japanese experience.
     In addition to the above analysis, the paper focused on RMB’s distortion anddeviation from its real effective equilibrium exchange rate. The main findings are asfollowing: the distortion of RMB’s nominal exchange rate from its equilibrium leveldoes not always keep at one side, i.e. appreciation or deprecation. In some particulartimes, they are on the same level; the distortion and deviation of RMB exchange rateis related to the conflict between capital market factors and goods market factors; thedegree of the deviation not only depends on the magnitude of inverse expectationfrom capital market factors and goods market factors, but also depends on theinteractions between pricing factors and quantum factors within capital market.
     Based on the above research, the paper moved forward with the analysis on theinteracting mechanism between China’s internal&external equilibrium and RMBexchange rate. The followings are the paper’s key findings. In the short term, thefactors that affecting RMB real effective exchange rate are trading surplus, monetarysupply volume and GDP growth rate. In the long run, the factor deciding futureequilibrium exchange rate comes from real economic factors. Therefore, the papersuggested that, it would be more effective to stabilize the long-run RMB equilibriumexchange rate expectation with the relaxing of short-term RMB floating band than just to narrow the gap between the nominal and equilibrium exchange rate. In addition, thegraduating appreciation of RMB’s nominal exchange rate should be connected withthe measures to put down of capital market overvaluation. RMB’s nominal exchangerate appreciation does not necessarily stick to its equilibrium level. Its adjustingmagnitude and cost should not only be related to the degree of China’s capital marketopenness and economic acceptance, but also be related to China’s whole economicdevelopment and competitiveness.
     Along with the growing openness of China’s economy and the rising shares inworld trade, policies on RMB exchange rate should also include the coordination withinternational monetary bodies. Based on the fact that China’s financial market is stillunder developing and the capital account does not open to the world, the coordinatingroute for RMB should take the order first on the regionalization and theninternationalization. In view of RMB’s regionalization, the government shouldcontinue to raise RMB’s settling function in bilateral and international trade.Furthermore, the reforming on China’s domestic financial market should speed up.And measures to stabilize RMB nominal exchange rate should be taken to preventover-speculation.
     To summarize the paper’s whole research conducted on the interactions betweenChina’s internal&external policy adjustment and RMB’s exchange rate, and alsodrawing lessons from Japan’s bubble economy during1980s, the paper made thefollowing three suggestions: first, deepen reforms on China’s economic structure andinternal demand, with an aim to balance internal economy and cut down pressures onexternal imbalance; secondly, improve monetary policies and financial marketreforms; last, continue with the process of RMB’s internationalization.
引文
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    29有关东亚金融危机是流动性危机的讨论,可参看区绍光:“资本自由化与金融危机关系的分析”《国际金融研究》2001,11月,P11-15。
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    31易纲汤弦:“汇率制度‘角点解假设’的一个理论基础”,《金融研究》2001年第8期,p5-14,下文提到的“角点汇率制度”是指IMF1999年对汇率制度八项分类中的第一类(货币联盟、美元化)、第二类(货币局制度)和第八类(单独浮动);而将第三类至第七类(其他传统固定钉住、水平带内的钉住、爬行钉住、爬行带内的汇率安排、不事先公布干预方式的管理浮动)称之为“中间汇率制度”。
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    48转引自徐明棋:“国际金融体系的改革与展望”《国际金融研究》2001年第2期P11
    49Barry Eichengreen:“Toward A New International Financial Architecture—A Practical Post-AsiaAgenda”,成小周李莹译北京出版社2001.1P119-126
    50有关东亚金融危机是流动性危机的讨论,可参看区绍光:“资本自由化与金融危机关系的分析”《国际金融研究》2001,11月,P11-15
    51“Edwads and Savastano ““How Effective re Capital Controls” NBER Working Paper SeriesNO.7413.
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