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论译文的文学性再现与译者主体性的发挥
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摘要
把文学翻译的文学性再现和译者主体性的研究联系起来进行研究是一个创新的话题。文学翻译中的文学性再现问题,历史悠久,与文学翻译伴随始终。有文学翻译,就会有文学性再现问题。把文学性作为概念和研究对象是在20世纪由俄国形式主义批评家雅各布森提出来的,他认为,“文学研究的对象并非文学而是‘文学性’,即那种使特定作品成为文学作品的东西”,是文学文本区别于其它文本的东西。文学性的阐释是一个流变的过程,在具体的、历史的实践中建构起自己的意义,在不断的扩展与外延中丰富自己的内涵,它受到意识形态、历史背景、言语交际、读者反应等一系列因素的影响。文学翻译的本质要求译者从基本的意义传递要上升到文学性的建构。在翻译过程中,译者应审视中西诗学规范的差异,明确译文的诗学取向,综合运用翻译策略,发挥译入语优势,确保译文文学性的传递和再创造。文学性内涵丰富,从文学形式角度来看,有语言层面、修辞层面及文体层面因素;从语境、作者、读者角度看,有风格层面、文化层面等因素。它们共同构成了文学文本的文学性内涵和审美意蕴。
     在整个翻译活动和过程中,不管是对原文的理解,还是对原文的语言转换,以及用译文对原文进行阐释、表达和创造,都离不开翻译的主体——译者。在整个翻译的过程中,译者处于核心地位,发挥着至关重要的作用。译者主体性体现在翻译过程的各个阶段。从原文的选择,译前准备,到原文的细读、理解,再到翻译策略的决定,对文本审美意蕴的再现,等等,都以译者为中心,通过译者对大环境的判断、文化价值的取向、意识形态的态度、翻译理念的渗透和实践,实现对原文意义的、形式的、非形式的、文化的、审美的价值再现,具体表现在时代背景、意识形态、社会文化、翻译思想、个人性情和风格等等多个方面贯穿在翻译过程的各个阶段。
     译作文学性的再现和译者主体性的发挥,是文学翻译的非常重要的两大因素。任何文学作品的翻译都能从这两个因素来分析其翻译结果的不同。这两个因素发挥的程度如何,直接影响到译文的效果的好坏。译作文学性的再现和译者主体性的发挥,两者相铺相成、相得益彰。前者是后者的体现,后者决定了前者的质量。再现原作的文学性是整个翻译活动的主要目的,同时对文学性的再现也是体现译者主体性的手段,反之亦然。文学作品翻译的成功,是译者主体性发挥和译文文学性再现完美结合的成果。文学性再现与译者主体性发挥处在一种互动的关系和状态,这种互动相随的关系体现在多个维度和层面。
     基于对此的理解和假设,本论文从实践出发,以实例来分析文学翻译中文学性的再现和译者主体性的发挥以及两者之间的关系。本文通过分析李霁野、祝庆英、黄源深三个《简·爱》译本文学性的再现以及译者主体性的发挥,论证二者对文学翻译的重要性。从语言修辞、文体风格、文化意蕴、审美意境等方面分析文学翻译中文学性的再现;从时代背景、意识形态、社会观念、翻译思想、审美取向、个人风格、语言特征等方面的实例,论证译者主体性发挥对文学性再现的影响和作用。
     从三个《简·爱》译本在文学性再现和译者主体性发挥的比较,我们发现,总的来说,李霁野先生的译本在主体性发挥的程度上更弱、范围上要更小,祝庆英女士的译本处于居中,黄源深先生的译本则最为充分地实现了主体性的发挥。在文学性的再现上,与主体性发挥的大小是一致:李译本略少,祝译本居中,黄译本最多,效果最好。文学翻译的文学性再现和译者主体性的发挥具有紧密的正面联系。文学性的再现,是靠译者发挥主体性的程度来决定的,译者主体性发挥得越好,文学性的再现则越丰满。
     本论文的目的和研究意义有:第一,梳理和评价文学翻译中文学性的讨论以及文学性再现的性质和表现的内容;第二,探讨译者在翻译过程中的主体性发挥的作用;第三,把文学性再现和译者主体性发挥相联系,探讨二者之于文学翻译的影响;第四,系统地比较和分析三个不同时代的《简爱》译本中文学性再现和主体性发挥;第五,依据本个案研究,对文学性再现和译者主体性的关系进行理论总结,为文学翻译批评提供一个考察的视角;第六,引起译者的注意,从发挥译者主体性作用和实现文学性再现的角度提高翻译质量,在文学翻译过程中既要注意传达文本的意义,也要注重呈现其文学性内涵和审美意蕴,增强译本的文学性品质。
The study on the relationship between the representation of literariness andtranslator’s subjectivity in literary translation is a topic of innovation, even though theformer has been an old issue of controversy. It is generally acknowledged that literarytranslation has been always accompanied by the debate of literariness representation.Literariness, however, as both a concept and an object of study, was initiated in the20th century by Roman Jacobson, an influential representative of Russian formalism.He maintained that the object of literary study is not literature but ‘literariness’, bywhich literary works can be distinguished essentially from non-literary works. Theinterpretation of literariness involves a dynamic and fluid process, in which meaningsare constructed in specific and historical context. Furthermore, the meanings are to beextended and enriched in accordance with ideology, historical background, verbalcommunication, reader response and a series of dynamic factors. The nature ofliterary translation requires the translator to construct its literariness as well as toconvey its basic meaning. In the process of translation, the translator should examinethe differences between Chinese and Western poetic specifications, identify theorientation of poetics, use the combination of translation strategies, and bring thetarget language advantages into full play to ensure the conveyance and recreation ofliterariness. The connotations of literariness are versatile. From the perspective ofform, literariness involves linguistic, rhetoric, stylistic connotations etc., and from theperspective of such subject factors as the context, the author and the reader, itinvolves writer style, translator style, cultural, social, and contextual connotations etc.All these connotations contribute to the meanings and aesthetic values of literariness.
     Translation cannot be done without its subject in the sense that the translatorparticipates in almost every phase of translation such as understanding andinterpreting the source text, expressing and creating the target text, etc. In the wholeprocess of translation, the translator plays a crucial and positive role. The subjectivityof literary translation reflects itself in the various stages of translation process. Thewhole literary translation process is translator-centered, as can be seen in selecting thesource text, preparing before translation, reading over the source text, and adopting translation principles and strategies. It is through the translator’s judgments on theenvironment, his orientation in cultural values, his attitudes towards ideologies andhis translation principles that the original can achieve its representation in form,meaning, culture and aesthetic values. The translator’s subjectivity is to be exhibitedin different aspects such as historical background, ideology, social culture, translationthoughts, personal temperament and style etc.
     Representation of literariness and translator’s subjectivity are two of the mostimportant factors in literary translation, and therefore decide the quality of translatedworks. Representation of literariness is both the aim of translation and the means toreflect the translator’s subjectivity. The relationship between them is complementaryand interactive to each other in dynamic ways. A perfect integration of the two factorsensures the full success of a literary translation. This dissertation focuses on theirdynamic relationship and explores it along such a wide range of dimensions andperspectives as the representation of defamiliarized languages, religion and culturalvalues, ideology, social systems, and aesthetic values, etc.
     Based on the previous understandings and explications, the dissertation analyzesthe relationship between the representation of literariness and translator’s subjectivityby comparing the three Chinese versions of Jane Eyre (translated by Li Jiye, ZhuQingying and Huang Yuanshen respectively). The findings fully illustrate theimportance of this dynamic relationship to literary translation. The study alsoelaborates on the role of the translator’s subjectivity in the representation ofliterariness and their relationship from such perspectives as historical background,ideology, social values, translation thoughts, aesthetic orientations, individual style,and linguistic characteristics, etc.
     By comparing the three Chinese versions, we come to such a conlusion.Generally speaking, from the perspective of the translator’s subjectivity, we recognizethat Li’s ranslation is the least both in degree and scope, while Huang’s fully takeadvantage of the translator’s subjectivity with Zhu’s somewhere in-between. With therespect to the representation of literariness, Li’s show s least, Zhu’s more, yet Huang’sreflects most and achieves the best effect. From this, we can see the representation of literariness is consistent with subjectivity in the degree and scope. The representationof literariness has positive relationship with the translator’s subjectivity. Therepresentation of literariness depends on the translator’s subjectivity in the degree andscope. The more fully the translator’s subjectivity is reflected, the better theliterariness can be represented.
     This study is characterized by the following objectives and contributions. First, itanalyzes the previous discussions and debates and establishes a framework regardingthe nature of literariness and the representation of literariness in literary translations.Second, it reviews previous studies of translator subjectivity and highlights the greatimportance of translator’s subjectivity in literary translation. Third, it explores therelationship between representation of literariness and translator’s subjectivity and todiscuss the significance of doing so in literary translation research. Fourth, itsystematically compares and analyzes the relationship of the two by examining threeChinese translated versions of Jane Eyre in three different historical backgrounds.Fifth, by offering the case study, the dissertation provides a new perspective of literarycriticism, referring to the relationship between literariness representation andtranslator’s subjectivity. Sixth, the current study also intends to alert the professionaltranslators to the fact that taking the relationship between literariness representationand translator’s subjectivity into account is of great priority in conveying originalmeaning and reproducing both literariness and aesthetic values, thus improving thequality of translated works in the process of literary translation.
引文
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