中药香莲外洗液对40例白色念珠菌阴道分离株的药敏分析
|
摘要
研究目的：
初步探索中药香莲外洗液对40例白色念珠菌阴道分离株的最低抑菌浓度值(MIC值)和最低杀菌浓度值(MFC值)范围；并分析所收集的40例外阴阴道念珠菌病(Vulvovaginal Candidiasis,简称VVC)患者的病史资料,对VVC疾病的临床概况、诊断治疗的发展等方面总体上进行客观地探讨了解。
研究方法：
实验方面,参照1997年CLSI(美国临床和实验室标准化协会)颁布的《肉汤稀释法酵母菌抗真菌药物敏感性试验参考方法》(M27-A方案),采用微量液基稀释法分别测定香莲外洗液和氟康唑对40例白色念珠菌阴道分离株的MIC值及香莲外洗液对该菌临床株的MFC值,质控菌株为克柔念珠菌ATCC6258。临床方面,对纳入病源标准的40例VVC患者进行病史采集,分析采集结果,认识VVC疾病的临床概况并探讨该疾病在诊断治疗方面的发展以对VVC疾病的临床特征、诊治规范等各信息作一番大致了解。
研究结果：
1.实验结果,质控菌株克柔念珠菌ATCC6258在M27-A方案的质控MIC结果范围内。40株白色念珠菌的香莲外洗液MIC范围为3.20±2.83mg/ml,MFC范围为31.25-62.5mg／ml；氟康唑MIC范围为4.00±2.94μg／ml；两药物的抑菌作用的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。
2.临床方面,病史采集结果,40例VVC患者年龄为32.4±10.15(20～55岁),均有性生活史,其中,复发患者合计占20%(8／40)；患者就诊的主要症状体征是外阴／阴道瘙痒(28／40,70%),外阴／阴道潮红(30／40,75%),宫颈轻度糜烂(14／40,35%),其次为白带增多(22／40,55%),阴道分泌物粘稠呈豆渣样(20／40,50%)；治疗上选用香莲外洗液52.5%(21／40),咪唑类药物者占82.5%(33／40),制霉菌素糊27.5%(11／40)；单纯阴道纳药治疗者占45%(18／40),外用联合口服治疗者占55%(22／40),中西医结合治疗者占87.5%(35／40)。
研究结论：
体外抗真菌药敏试验证实香莲外洗液在一定浓度范围内对白色念珠菌有较满意的抑杀作用,其抑菌作用和氟康唑差别不大。外阴阴道念珠菌病(VVC)是我院妇科和皮肤性病门诊的常见病和多发病,是仅次于细菌性阴道炎的常见生殖道感染性疾病,影响大多数妇女的身心健康和正常生活工作,好发于育龄期妇女,性行为是VVC疾病发生交叉感染的重要途径之一,白色念珠菌仍为本病主要的致病菌。病史采集结果发现咪唑类药物(如达克宁等)、多烯类药物(如制霉菌素糊等)和香莲外洗液是我院用以治疗VVC的常用药物,阴道纳药法、内外合治法以及中西医结合法是我院妇科和皮肤性病门诊治疗VVC患者的首选疗法。
Objectives:
To priliminarily research into the range of both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungi cidal concentration (MFC) of Xianglian lotion against 40 strains of Candida Albicans in vaginal isolates. And analyze the medical history data of 40 patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (called VVC for short). Thereby to totally and objectively comprehend and probe into various aspects of general clinical situations as well as diagnosis and therapy on the VVC disease.
Methods:
In the experimental respect, the MICs of both fluconazole and Xinaglian lotion as well as its MFCs against 40 strains of C. albicans in vaginal isolates were all measured by broth microdilution method according to document《Re-ference Method for Broth Dilution Susceptibility Testing of Yeast》(M27-A Document) published by the American National Institution for Clinical Lab-oratory Standards(CLSI) in 1997. The Candida strain of quality control(QC) is Candida krusei ATCC6258. In the clinical respect, collect the clinical history of 40 patients with VVC who conformed to the subsumption standard of etiology. Then analyze the results by the collection. Afterwards know about the general clinical situations of VVC disease and probe into the aspect on its development of diagnosis and therapy, in order to roughly understand va-rious VVC information on the clinical characters and guidelines of diagnosis and treatment.
Result:
1. The experiment result is that the Candida strain of QC, Candida krusei ATCC6258, is under the control of the MICs range according to the document M27-A. The MICs range of 40 Candida strains are:Fluconazole 4.00±2.94μg/ml, Xinaglian lotion 3.20±2.83mg/ml. The MFCs range of Xianglian lotion is 31.25～62.5mg/ml. Besides, there's no prominent difference between the bacteriostatic effects of these two med-ications (P>0.05).
2. On the clinical aspect, the results of patients'history collection are: The ages of 40 patients with VVC disease, all of whom have the life history, are 32.4±10.15 (20～55 years old); 20% people in total for subsequent visits. The main symptoms of patients are pruritus of vulva and vagina (28/40,70 %), erubescent on the vulva and vagina (30/40,75%), cervical lightly erosion (14/40,35%). Second are leucorrhea increase (22/40,55%), bean curd residue alike of the stiff excretions in vagina (20/40,50%). Medicine choices si-tuation is that Xianglian lotion 52.5%(21/40), imidazole class medicines 82.5%(33/40), mycetin cataplasma 27.5%(11/40), the purely medicine law ac-ception of the vagina 45%(18/40), external use integrated oral treatment 55% (22/40), Chinese integrated western medicine 87.5%(35/40).
Conclusion:
The susceptibility tests of antifungal agents in vitro proved that Xiang-lian lotion in some concentration range has its own approving inhibitory and fungicidal effects against C. albicans and, in comparision with fluco-nazole and Xianglian lotion, there's few difference of the bacterio-static effects between them two. The WC is, after the bacterial vaginosis, the second common disease of genital tract infection, which affects a majority of women's phy-sical and psychology health a lot and mainly occurs among women of child-bearing age. Sexual behavior is one of the important ways of the Cross infection on the WC disease. C. albicans is still the main pathogenic fungus. The results of patients'history collection shows that imidazole class medicines (as Miconazole Nitrate Cream)、polyene medicines (as mycetin cataplasma) and Xianglian lotion are in common use to treat WC in our hospital. The medicine law acception of the vagina、external use integrated oral treatment and the way of Chinese integrated western medicine are the first choices of therapies for WC patients in the outpatients of the gynecology and the dermatology & venereology departments of our hospital.
初步探索中药香莲外洗液对40例白色念珠菌阴道分离株的最低抑菌浓度值(MIC值)和最低杀菌浓度值(MFC值)范围；并分析所收集的40例外阴阴道念珠菌病(Vulvovaginal Candidiasis,简称VVC)患者的病史资料,对VVC疾病的临床概况、诊断治疗的发展等方面总体上进行客观地探讨了解。
研究方法：
实验方面,参照1997年CLSI(美国临床和实验室标准化协会)颁布的《肉汤稀释法酵母菌抗真菌药物敏感性试验参考方法》(M27-A方案),采用微量液基稀释法分别测定香莲外洗液和氟康唑对40例白色念珠菌阴道分离株的MIC值及香莲外洗液对该菌临床株的MFC值,质控菌株为克柔念珠菌ATCC6258。临床方面,对纳入病源标准的40例VVC患者进行病史采集,分析采集结果,认识VVC疾病的临床概况并探讨该疾病在诊断治疗方面的发展以对VVC疾病的临床特征、诊治规范等各信息作一番大致了解。
研究结果：
1.实验结果,质控菌株克柔念珠菌ATCC6258在M27-A方案的质控MIC结果范围内。40株白色念珠菌的香莲外洗液MIC范围为3.20±2.83mg/ml,MFC范围为31.25-62.5mg／ml；氟康唑MIC范围为4.00±2.94μg／ml；两药物的抑菌作用的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。
2.临床方面,病史采集结果,40例VVC患者年龄为32.4±10.15(20～55岁),均有性生活史,其中,复发患者合计占20%(8／40)；患者就诊的主要症状体征是外阴／阴道瘙痒(28／40,70%),外阴／阴道潮红(30／40,75%),宫颈轻度糜烂(14／40,35%),其次为白带增多(22／40,55%),阴道分泌物粘稠呈豆渣样(20／40,50%)；治疗上选用香莲外洗液52.5%(21／40),咪唑类药物者占82.5%(33／40),制霉菌素糊27.5%(11／40)；单纯阴道纳药治疗者占45%(18／40),外用联合口服治疗者占55%(22／40),中西医结合治疗者占87.5%(35／40)。
研究结论：
体外抗真菌药敏试验证实香莲外洗液在一定浓度范围内对白色念珠菌有较满意的抑杀作用,其抑菌作用和氟康唑差别不大。外阴阴道念珠菌病(VVC)是我院妇科和皮肤性病门诊的常见病和多发病,是仅次于细菌性阴道炎的常见生殖道感染性疾病,影响大多数妇女的身心健康和正常生活工作,好发于育龄期妇女,性行为是VVC疾病发生交叉感染的重要途径之一,白色念珠菌仍为本病主要的致病菌。病史采集结果发现咪唑类药物(如达克宁等)、多烯类药物(如制霉菌素糊等)和香莲外洗液是我院用以治疗VVC的常用药物,阴道纳药法、内外合治法以及中西医结合法是我院妇科和皮肤性病门诊治疗VVC患者的首选疗法。
Objectives:
To priliminarily research into the range of both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungi cidal concentration (MFC) of Xianglian lotion against 40 strains of Candida Albicans in vaginal isolates. And analyze the medical history data of 40 patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (called VVC for short). Thereby to totally and objectively comprehend and probe into various aspects of general clinical situations as well as diagnosis and therapy on the VVC disease.
Methods:
In the experimental respect, the MICs of both fluconazole and Xinaglian lotion as well as its MFCs against 40 strains of C. albicans in vaginal isolates were all measured by broth microdilution method according to document《Re-ference Method for Broth Dilution Susceptibility Testing of Yeast》(M27-A Document) published by the American National Institution for Clinical Lab-oratory Standards(CLSI) in 1997. The Candida strain of quality control(QC) is Candida krusei ATCC6258. In the clinical respect, collect the clinical history of 40 patients with VVC who conformed to the subsumption standard of etiology. Then analyze the results by the collection. Afterwards know about the general clinical situations of VVC disease and probe into the aspect on its development of diagnosis and therapy, in order to roughly understand va-rious VVC information on the clinical characters and guidelines of diagnosis and treatment.
Result:
1. The experiment result is that the Candida strain of QC, Candida krusei ATCC6258, is under the control of the MICs range according to the document M27-A. The MICs range of 40 Candida strains are:Fluconazole 4.00±2.94μg/ml, Xinaglian lotion 3.20±2.83mg/ml. The MFCs range of Xianglian lotion is 31.25～62.5mg/ml. Besides, there's no prominent difference between the bacteriostatic effects of these two med-ications (P>0.05).
2. On the clinical aspect, the results of patients'history collection are: The ages of 40 patients with VVC disease, all of whom have the life history, are 32.4±10.15 (20～55 years old); 20% people in total for subsequent visits. The main symptoms of patients are pruritus of vulva and vagina (28/40,70 %), erubescent on the vulva and vagina (30/40,75%), cervical lightly erosion (14/40,35%). Second are leucorrhea increase (22/40,55%), bean curd residue alike of the stiff excretions in vagina (20/40,50%). Medicine choices si-tuation is that Xianglian lotion 52.5%(21/40), imidazole class medicines 82.5%(33/40), mycetin cataplasma 27.5%(11/40), the purely medicine law ac-ception of the vagina 45%(18/40), external use integrated oral treatment 55% (22/40), Chinese integrated western medicine 87.5%(35/40).
Conclusion:
The susceptibility tests of antifungal agents in vitro proved that Xiang-lian lotion in some concentration range has its own approving inhibitory and fungicidal effects against C. albicans and, in comparision with fluco-nazole and Xianglian lotion, there's few difference of the bacterio-static effects between them two. The WC is, after the bacterial vaginosis, the second common disease of genital tract infection, which affects a majority of women's phy-sical and psychology health a lot and mainly occurs among women of child-bearing age. Sexual behavior is one of the important ways of the Cross infection on the WC disease. C. albicans is still the main pathogenic fungus. The results of patients'history collection shows that imidazole class medicines (as Miconazole Nitrate Cream)、polyene medicines (as mycetin cataplasma) and Xianglian lotion are in common use to treat WC in our hospital. The medicine law acception of the vagina、external use integrated oral treatment and the way of Chinese integrated western medicine are the first choices of therapies for WC patients in the outpatients of the gynecology and the dermatology & venereology departments of our hospital.
引文
[1]Natinal Committee for Clinical Laboratory standards.1997. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Susceptibility Testing of Yeast. Approved standard M27-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Villanova, Pa.
[2]Klaus Wolff, Richard Allen Johnson, Dick Suurmond et al. Fitzpatrick临床皮肤病学彩色图谱[M].邵长庚,译.北京：人民卫生出版社,2008,第1版：654-665.
[3]樊翌明,张信江.皮肤性病学[M].北京：科学出版社,2007,第1版：58-61.
[4]张学军.皮肤性病学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2008,第7版：86-89.
[5]赵辨.临床皮肤病学[M].南京：江苏科学技术出版社,2001,第3版：429-431.
[6]司徒仪.中西医结合妇产科学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,第1版：210-212.
[7]印利华.茯苓猪苓汤治疗复发性生殖器念珠菌病30例[J].皮肤病与性病,2004,26(1)：57.
[8]侯雁.完带汤加味配合西药规范治疗脾虚肝郁型复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病临床观察[J].北京中医药,2009,28(3)：216-218.
[9]樊小玲,龚细生.中药内服外用治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎82例临床观察[J].河北中医,2007,29(3)：214-215.
[10]沈碧琼,陈晨,黄健玲.完带汤配合克霉唑栓外用治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎27例临床观察[J].新中医杂志,2007,39(12)：52-53.
[11]欧阳卫权,钟秀驰,范瑞强.中药“AF—1”内服治疗外生殖器念珠菌病90例疗效观察[J].皮肤病与性病,2005,27(2)：35-37.
[12]王薇华.中药雾化治疗复发性阴道念珠菌病89例[J].实用中医药杂志,2006,22(11)：681.
[13]刘小静.冰硼散配合中药熏洗治疗念珠菌性阴道炎[J].中华现代妇产科学杂志,2005,2(8)：739-740.
[14]刘桂霞.中西医结合治疗念珠菌性阴道炎体会[J].现代保健·医学创新研究,2006,3(8)：69-70.
[15]张凤岭.川椒外用配合祛霉胶囊内服治疗霉菌性阴道炎疗效分析[J].河北中医,2000,22(1)：15-16.
[16]仲峰,张子宝.龙胆泻肝汤在前阴疾病中的应用[J].社区医学杂志,2006,4(5)：56-57.
[17]梁华平.创伤后细胞免疫功能受抑的机理及中药免疫调理作用研究[J].第三军医大学学报,1996,18(4)：352.
[18]邓柏萍.中药熏洗治疗念珠菌性阴62例[J].中国中医急症,2007,16(10)：1204.
[19]田莹.经阴道压力雾化喷洗复方黄柏液治疗念珠菌性阴道炎疗效观察[J].中国中医急症,2005,14(4)：324-325.
[20]刘素涵,谢风云,程安一,等.中药温浴在治疗念珠菌性阴道炎中的作用[J].中医外治杂志,2001,10(2)：24-25.
[21]李鼎九.胡自省.肿瘤热疗学[M].郑州：河南医科大学出版社,1995,第1版：233-239.
[22]郭应禄,葛雯.前列腺热疗及相关疗法[M].北京：学苑出版杜,1998,第1版：43-44.
[23]姜乃明,范剑非,等.药物热喷治疗咽炎咽喉炎97例[J].中华理疗杂志,1992,22(2)：42.
[24]马树良,于丽洋,战继伟.冰硼散配合中药坐浴治疗念珠菌性阴道炎观察[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,2007,28(14)：1679.
[25]毕淑梅,阮凤英,李海燕.中药外治治疗念珠菌性阴道炎100例效果分析[J].中华现代妇产科学杂志,2005,2(7)：634-635.
[26]李建修,陈明富.抗霉胶囊治疗霉菌性阴道炎临床观察[J].湖北中医杂志,1999,21(7)：309.
[27]周莲华.中西医结合治疗外阴阴道念珠菌病的疗效观察[J].实用中西医结合临床,2009,9(4)：32-33.
[28]罗冬梅.外阴阴道念珠菌病的中西医结合治疗探索[J].中国现代实用医学杂志,2006,5(7)：68-69.
[29]陈慧娟,赵晓平,吕连凤.盐酸特比萘芬阴道泡腾片联合中药外洗治疗复发性念珠茵性阴道炎49例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2007,34(8)：1103-1104.
[30]刘丽芬,柴天川.中西医结合治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎61例临床观察[J].江苏中医药,2008,40(9)：42.
[31]张幸花.中西医结合治疗念珠菌阴道炎的临床观察[J].光明中医,2009,24(10)：1955.
[32]张丽,申小静.中西医结合治疗复发性念珠菌阴道炎[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,3(149)：176-177.
[33]张宏,廖万清,郭宁.实用临床真菌病学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,2009,第1版：63-70.
[34]Paul L, Fidel Jr. Immunity in vaginal candidiasis[J]. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease,2005,18:107-111.
[35]Faro S. Differential diagnosis and Management[M]. Vaginitis:Parthenon Publishing,2004:45-65.
[36]Kucukates F, Erturan Z, Susever S, et al. In vitro susceptibility of yeasts isolated from patients in intensive care units to fluconazole and amphotericin B duing a 3-year period. APMIs 2005;113(4):278-283.
[37]Samra Z, Yardeni M,Peled N, et al.Species distribution and antifungal sus-ceptibility of Candida bloodstream isolates in a tertiary medical center in Israel.Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24(9):592-595.
[38]王瑞礼.医学真菌学实验室检验指南[M].北京：人民卫生出版,2005,第1版：86-95.
[39]Say P, Janet MD, J acyntho,et al. Difficult-to-manage vaginitis recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clinical Obstertrics and Gynecology[J]. Volume, 2005,48(4):753-768.
[40]徐艳,焦嫦亮,郑录清,等.外阴阴道念珠菌病病因研究进展[J].海南医学院学报,2006,12(5)：465-468.
[41]虞丰,周晔,何琳.复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的病原学特点及药敏分析[J].中国现代医学杂志,17(23)：2921-2923.
[42]Lai C C, Tan C K, Huang Y T, et al. Current challenges in the management of invasive fungal infections[J]. J Infect Chemother,2008,14(2):77-85.
[43]杨蓬勃,胡云建.住院患者真菌感染及耐药性分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2007,17(6)：729-731.
[44]路晓钦,黎莉华,周丽,等.白假丝酵母菌感染分布及耐药性分析[J].中国感染控制杂志,2007,6(6)：419-421.
[45]周燕玲,黄宏君,吴白平.肿瘤病人真菌感染及耐药趋势分析[J].实用预防医学,2007,14(3)：900-901.
[46]张广清.女性泌尿生殖道假丝酵母菌感染及耐药性研究[J].检验医学与临床,2008,5(6)：350-351.
[47]汪宏良,邹义春,罗卓跃.216株酵母样真菌MIC结果分析[J].医学新知杂志,2007,17(2)：104-105.
[48]王彦,黄海,李键峰,等。真菌耐药的研究进展[J].药学服务与研究,2009,9(3)：166-167.
[49]白建蓉.念珠菌病发病原因分析[J].现代检验医学杂志,2007,22(1)：107-108.
[50]邓忠良,陈丽丽,蔡艳林,等.念珠菌阴道炎患者的阴道菌群分析[J].美国中华临床医学杂志,2004,6(1)：66-67.
[51]廉翠红,张书岭,王福喜,等.外阴阴道念珠菌病的危险因素分析[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2007,40(2)：98-100.
[52]Irving G, Miller D, Robinson A, et al. Psychological factors associated with recurrent vaginal candidiasis:a preliminary study. Sex Transm Infect,1998, 74(5):334-338.
[53]廖绮曼,陈木开,曾庆祥.复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的危险因素分析和治疗研究[J].岭南皮肤性病科杂志,2005,12(2)：85-87.
[54]Delfina Tavares, Paula Fereira, Mario Arala-Chaves, et al. Increased re-sistance in BALB/c mice to reinfection with Candida albicans is due to immuno-neutralization of a virulence-associated immuno-modulatoryprotein[J]. Micro-biology,2003,149:333-339.
[55]Wozniak KI, Palmer G, Kutner R, et al. Immuno-therapeutic approaches to enhance protective immunity aganist candidia vaginitis[J]. Infect Immun,2005, 73(11):7765-7767.
[56]M M Barousse, B J Van Der Pol, D Fortenberry, et al. Vaginal yeast col-onisation, prevalence of vaginitis, and associated local immunity in ado-lescents [J]. Sex Transm Infect,2004,80:48-53.
[57]Wormley FL Jr, Cutright J, Fidel PL Jr, et al. Multiple experimental designs to evaluate the role of T-cell—mediated immunity against experimental vaginal candida albicans infection[J].Med Mycol,2003,41(5):401-409.
[58]Janet E Leigh, Melissa Barousse, Rolf K, et al. Candida-sepecific systemic cell-mediated"immune reactivities in human immunodeficiency virus—positive persons with mucosal candidiasis[J]. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2001,15:183.
[59]Yun Chang J,Oh YK, Soo Kong H, et al. Prolongedanti-fungal effects of clotrimazole-containing mucoadhesive thermosensitive gels on vaginitis[J]. J Control Release,2002,82:39-50.
[60]Loh KY, Sivalingam N. Recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Med J Malaysia,2003, 58(5):788-792.
[61]Sobel JD, Chaim W, Leaman D.Recurent vulvovaginal candidiasis associated with long-term tamoxifen treatment in post-menopausal women. Obstet Gynecol, 1996,88(4 Pt 2):704-706.
[62]麦克法丁.JF.医学细菌生化试验.国外医学微生物学分册,1992,4(3)：125.
[63]KAUFFMA CA, VAZQUEZ JA, SOBEL JD, et al. Prospective muhicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. The national institute for allergy and infectious diseases(NIAID) mycoses study goup[J]. Clin infect Dis,2000,30: 14-18.
[64]董晓梅,王声湧,罗新,等.广州市妇女生殖道念珠菌感染危险因素[J].中国公共卫生,2006,22(1)：24-25.
[65]朱晓芳,汪清,章强强,等.念珠菌性外阴阴道炎患者身体不同部位白念珠菌基因 型研究[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2003,36(8)：446-448.
[66]刘惜时,张惜阴.念珠菌性外阴、阴道炎的预防[J].实用妇产科杂志,2000,16(4)：179-181.
[67]Hellberg D, Zdolsek B, Nilsson S. et al. Sexual behavior Of women with re-peated episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Eur J Epidemiol,1995,11(5):575-579.
[68]陈雪蓉,肖敦振.白念珠菌毒力因子的研究进展[J].中国妇幼保健,2007,32(22)：4631-4633.
[69]Hoyer LL. The ALS gene family of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol,2001,9: 176-180.
[70]Schaller M, Korting HC, Borelli C et al. Candida albicans-Secreted Aspartic Proteinases Modify the Epithelial Cytokine Response in an In Vitro Model of Vaginal Cmdidiasis. Infect Immun,2005,73:2758-2765.
[71]Channoum MA. Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal pathogenesis Clin Microbiol Rev,2000,13(1):122-143.
[72]Zheng X, Wang Y. Hgcl.a novel hypha-specific G1 cyclin-related protein regulates Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis. EMBO J,2004,23(8):1845.
[73]Blankenship JR, Heitman J. Calcineurin is required for Candida albicans to survive calcium stress in serum. Infect Immun,2005,73(9):5767.
[74]Fu Y, Ibrahim AS, Sheppard DC et al. Candida albicans Alslp:an adhesin that is a downstream effector of the EFG1 filamentation pathway. Mol Microbiol,2002, 44:61-72.
[75]Tsuchimori N, Sharkey LL, Fonzi WA et al.Reduced virulence of HWP1-deficient mutants of Candida albicans and their interactions with host cells. Infect Immun,2000,68:1997-2002.
[76]Hube B, N ik JR. Extracellular hydrolases In:Calderone RA, ed. Candida and candidasis. Washington, DC:American Society for Microblology Press,2002:107-122.
[77]Hube B, Naglik J.Candida albicans protelnase:resolving the mystery of a gene family. Microbiology,2001,147:1997-2005.
[78]Channoum MA. Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal patho-genesis Clin Microbiol Rev,2000,13(1):122-143.[79]金艳,张宏.白色念珠菌磷脂酶的研究进展[J].国外医学(皮肤性病学分册),2002,28(1)：40-42.
[80]Bensen ES, Filler SG, Berman J, et al.A forkhead transcription factor is important for true hyphal as well as yeast morphgenesis in Candida albicans[J]. Eukaryot Cell,2002,1 (5):787-798.
[81]中华妇产科学分会感染性疾病协作组.外阴阴道念珠菌病诊治规范(草案)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2004,39(6)：430.
[82]丛璞香,樊尚荣.外阴阴道念珠菌病的分类真菌学和治疗进展[J].国外医学妇幼保健分册,2005,16(4)：235-237.
[83]杨冬秀,冯丽华.外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病研究的现状[J].中国妇幼保健,2008,23(11)：1587-1589.
[84]Group of Infectious Disease, Society of Obstetrics and Gyneeology, Chinese Medical Association. The norm in diagnosis and treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis(draft)[J]. Chinese Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics,2004,39 (6):430-431.Chinese
[85]Sobol JD, Ngiriesy PB, Brown W. Tinidazole therapy for metronidazole-reshistant,triehononisis, Clin Infect Dis,2003,33:1341-1346.
[86]Houang T S, Chu K C, Koehler A P et al. Chromagarcandida for gentital specimens in the diagnostielaboratory. Journal of Clinical Pathology,2004, 50 (7)":563.
[87]Okun N, Gronan KA, Hannah ME. Antibiotics forbacterial vaginalis in pre-gnancy:systematic review. ObstetGynecol,2005,105:857-868.
[88]CDC. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guideline 2002[J]. MMWR,2002, 51:RR6.
[89]DANESHMEND T K. Systemic absorption of micronazole from the vagma[J]. Antimicrob Chemotherapy,2003,18:507-511.
[90]Frerieh. The frequence of Candida infections in pregnancy and their treatment with clotrimazole. Currmed Res Opin,2005,25(9):640.
[91]Riter W, patzschke K, Krause U et al. Pharmacokinetic Fundamentals Of Vaginal. Treatment with clotiimazole. Chemother,2002,28(1):37.
[92]章伟红,颜艳,刘喜连.乳酸菌阴道胶囊治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎30例报告[J].实用临床医学,2008,9(1)：73-75.
[93]刘正印,王爱霞.抗真曲药物的研究进展[J].中国抗生素杂志,2006,31(1)：69-71.
[94]廖万清,顾菊林.真菌耐药的现状与对策[J].药学服务与研究,2006,6(3)：161-164.
[95]PERFECT J R. Antifungal resistance:the clinical front[J]. Oncology (Wil-liston Park),2004,18(14 Suppl 13):15-22.
[96]Qiu WY, Yao YF, Zhu YF, et al.Fungal spectrum identified by a new slide culture and in vitro drug susceptibility using E-test in fungal keratitis[J]. Curr Eye Res,2005,30(12):1113.
[97]刘维达.抗真菌治疗：希望与挑战[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2005,38(8)：467-469.
[98]张文平,王小丽,黄真,等.柠檬醛体外诱导白念珠菌耐药的实验研究[J].时珍国医国药,2007,18(2)：303-305.
[99]谢小梅,张文平,傅颖嫒,等.柠檬醛与柠檬醛抗曲霉菌作用机制的研究[J].中草药,2004,35(4)：430.
[100]张文平,刘志春,刘建新,等.微量法测定柠檬醛、柠檬醛体外抗深部真菌活性[J].赣南医学院学报,2004,24(4)：364.
[101]陆慧君,贺文琦,邓旭明,等.白色念珠菌体外人工诱导耐药模型的建立[J].吉林大学学报(医学版),2006,32(3)：527-529.
[102]王彦,黄海,李健峰,等.真菌耐药的研究进展[J].药学服务与研究,2009,9(3)：166-170.
[103]孙德好,祝绍隆.白念珠菌耐药机制的研究进展[J].药学服务与研究,2009,9(3)：171-174.
[104]赵民,周曾同,张卫东.头颈部放化疗后口腔假丝酵母菌耐药性分析及抗真菌中药筛选[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2006,24(4)：131-134.
[105]汪长中,程惠娟,官妍,等.穿心莲内酯体外抗白念珠菌生物膜作用的初步研究[J].中国真菌学杂志,2008,3(3)：34-137.
[106]C. Jayampath Seneviratne, Ricky WKW, Lakshman PS. Potent anti-microbial activity of traditional Chinese medicine herbs against Candida species[J]. Mycoses,2008,51(1):30-34.
[107]Hoffman BR, Delas Alas H, Blanco K, et al. Screening of anti-bacterial and antifungal activities of ten medicinal plants from Ghana[J]. Pharmaceutical Biology,2004,42(1):13-17.
[108]万东华,黄宝建,周训胜,等.五种中药对甲癣常见致病菌的抑菌实验研究[J].中医药学刊,2004,22(4)：657-658.
[109]Avato P, Tursil E, Vitali C, et al.Allyl sulfide constituents of garlic volatile.oil as antimicrobial agents [J]. Phytomedicine,2000,7(3):239.
[110]颜鸣,郭涛,张美侠,等.大扶康、大蒜素、大蒜油注射液对深部真菌的抑杀作用[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2000,17(3)：214.
[111]吴建华,温海,梁小博,等.用流式细胞术研究中药对白念珠菌的抗菌作用[J].中国中西医结合皮肤性病学杂志,2003,2(3)：141-144.
[112]Tsao SM, Yin MC. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of four diallyl sulphides occurring naturally in garlic and Chinese leek oils[J]. J Med Microbiol,2001, 50(7):646.
[113]杨国晶,朱慧明,洪英杰,等.复方苦槿霜抗真菌作用的实验研究[J].激光杂志,2004,25(5)：94-96.
[114]梁君儿,黎小斌,何成群.香荷药条治疗白念珠菌性阴道炎的实验研究[J].实用医学杂志,2000,16(12)：983-984.
[115]刘庆彤,毕云,刘明,等.真菌ⅠⅡⅢ号合剂治疗念珠菌性口腔炎、肺念珠菌病及念珠菌性肠炎临床与实验研究[J].中医杂志,2001,42(2)：98-100.
[116]范瑞强.中药香莲复方外用治疗股癣及外念珠菌病的实验和临床研究[J].广州中医学院学报,1991,8(2)：170.
[117]何盛琪,章国来,莫莉莉,等.中药复方香莲外洗液的实验研究[J].辽宁中医杂志,1994,21(12)：277.
[118]范瑞强,李丽芸,梁君儿,等.复方香莲外洗液和外用霜治疗外阴阴道念珠菌病临床观察.中国皮肤性病杂志,1996,10(1)：42.
[119]范瑞强.中药香莲复方外用治疗足癣和外阴念珠菌病的实验和临床研究[J].广州中医学院学报,1991,2：170.
[120]蒋革新,李雅青,张广清.香莲外洗液在1r2y治高血压脑出血患者泌尿系感染方面的效果观察[J].现代中医药,2009,29(4)：25-26.
[121]叶应妩,王毓三.全国临床检验操作规程[M].第3版.南京：东南大学出版社,2006：618.
[122]田晓娜,100例妊娠期外阴阴道假丝酵母菌对妊娠结果影响分析[J].中国实用医药,2009,4(1)：96-97.
[123]黄玉玲,妊娠期念珠菌性外阴阴道炎对妊娠结果的影响黄[J].淮海医药,2009,27(2)：142-143.
[124]乐杰.妇产科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004,第6版：259-260.
[125]李明海,谈清明.抗真菌药物的1临床应用现状[J].人民军医,2007,500(1)：32-34.
[126]徐宏彬,李玲.伊曲康唑与氟康唑口服治疗念珠菌性阴道炎成本-效果分析[J].中国医院药学杂志,2008,28(24)：2140-2141.
[127]黄云昆,夏星,李婷,等.临床标本中酵母样真菌的分离及耐药性现状分析[J].中华医学检验杂志,2003,26：566.
[128]栗芳,王清涛,杜小玲,等.医院内深部真菌感染的临床分布和药敏结果[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2006,16(4)：45-47.
[129]凌秀凤,童华.外阴阴道念珠菌感染研究进展[J].国外医学妇幼保健分册,2003,14(3)：153-154.
[130]樊笑霞,吴飞,仲人前.念珠菌性阴道炎实验诊断方法评价[J].中国真菌学杂志,2009,4(2)：102-103.
[131]李丽瑾,张莉,郑芳芳,等.阴道分泌物霉菌检测方法的比较[J].中华中西医学杂志,2004,2(4)：71.
[132]卢解红,伍兆民,张莉,叶玑.阴道念珠菌病的菌种构成及其体外抗真菌药物敏感性检测分析[J].岭南皮肤性病科杂志,2007,14(2)：85-87.
[133]范瑞强,鲁长明.中药香莲复方抗真菌作用的研究[J].实用医学杂志,1995,11(1)：67-68.
[2]Klaus Wolff, Richard Allen Johnson, Dick Suurmond et al. Fitzpatrick临床皮肤病学彩色图谱[M].邵长庚,译.北京：人民卫生出版社,2008,第1版：654-665.
[3]樊翌明,张信江.皮肤性病学[M].北京：科学出版社,2007,第1版：58-61.
[4]张学军.皮肤性病学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2008,第7版：86-89.
[5]赵辨.临床皮肤病学[M].南京：江苏科学技术出版社,2001,第3版：429-431.
[6]司徒仪.中西医结合妇产科学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,第1版：210-212.
[7]印利华.茯苓猪苓汤治疗复发性生殖器念珠菌病30例[J].皮肤病与性病,2004,26(1)：57.
[8]侯雁.完带汤加味配合西药规范治疗脾虚肝郁型复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病临床观察[J].北京中医药,2009,28(3)：216-218.
[9]樊小玲,龚细生.中药内服外用治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎82例临床观察[J].河北中医,2007,29(3)：214-215.
[10]沈碧琼,陈晨,黄健玲.完带汤配合克霉唑栓外用治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎27例临床观察[J].新中医杂志,2007,39(12)：52-53.
[11]欧阳卫权,钟秀驰,范瑞强.中药“AF—1”内服治疗外生殖器念珠菌病90例疗效观察[J].皮肤病与性病,2005,27(2)：35-37.
[12]王薇华.中药雾化治疗复发性阴道念珠菌病89例[J].实用中医药杂志,2006,22(11)：681.
[13]刘小静.冰硼散配合中药熏洗治疗念珠菌性阴道炎[J].中华现代妇产科学杂志,2005,2(8)：739-740.
[14]刘桂霞.中西医结合治疗念珠菌性阴道炎体会[J].现代保健·医学创新研究,2006,3(8)：69-70.
[15]张凤岭.川椒外用配合祛霉胶囊内服治疗霉菌性阴道炎疗效分析[J].河北中医,2000,22(1)：15-16.
[16]仲峰,张子宝.龙胆泻肝汤在前阴疾病中的应用[J].社区医学杂志,2006,4(5)：56-57.
[17]梁华平.创伤后细胞免疫功能受抑的机理及中药免疫调理作用研究[J].第三军医大学学报,1996,18(4)：352.
[18]邓柏萍.中药熏洗治疗念珠菌性阴62例[J].中国中医急症,2007,16(10)：1204.
[19]田莹.经阴道压力雾化喷洗复方黄柏液治疗念珠菌性阴道炎疗效观察[J].中国中医急症,2005,14(4)：324-325.
[20]刘素涵,谢风云,程安一,等.中药温浴在治疗念珠菌性阴道炎中的作用[J].中医外治杂志,2001,10(2)：24-25.
[21]李鼎九.胡自省.肿瘤热疗学[M].郑州：河南医科大学出版社,1995,第1版：233-239.
[22]郭应禄,葛雯.前列腺热疗及相关疗法[M].北京：学苑出版杜,1998,第1版：43-44.
[23]姜乃明,范剑非,等.药物热喷治疗咽炎咽喉炎97例[J].中华理疗杂志,1992,22(2)：42.
[24]马树良,于丽洋,战继伟.冰硼散配合中药坐浴治疗念珠菌性阴道炎观察[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,2007,28(14)：1679.
[25]毕淑梅,阮凤英,李海燕.中药外治治疗念珠菌性阴道炎100例效果分析[J].中华现代妇产科学杂志,2005,2(7)：634-635.
[26]李建修,陈明富.抗霉胶囊治疗霉菌性阴道炎临床观察[J].湖北中医杂志,1999,21(7)：309.
[27]周莲华.中西医结合治疗外阴阴道念珠菌病的疗效观察[J].实用中西医结合临床,2009,9(4)：32-33.
[28]罗冬梅.外阴阴道念珠菌病的中西医结合治疗探索[J].中国现代实用医学杂志,2006,5(7)：68-69.
[29]陈慧娟,赵晓平,吕连凤.盐酸特比萘芬阴道泡腾片联合中药外洗治疗复发性念珠茵性阴道炎49例[J].辽宁中医杂志,2007,34(8)：1103-1104.
[30]刘丽芬,柴天川.中西医结合治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎61例临床观察[J].江苏中医药,2008,40(9)：42.
[31]张幸花.中西医结合治疗念珠菌阴道炎的临床观察[J].光明中医,2009,24(10)：1955.
[32]张丽,申小静.中西医结合治疗复发性念珠菌阴道炎[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,3(149)：176-177.
[33]张宏,廖万清,郭宁.实用临床真菌病学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,2009,第1版：63-70.
[34]Paul L, Fidel Jr. Immunity in vaginal candidiasis[J]. Current Opinion in Infectious Disease,2005,18:107-111.
[35]Faro S. Differential diagnosis and Management[M]. Vaginitis:Parthenon Publishing,2004:45-65.
[36]Kucukates F, Erturan Z, Susever S, et al. In vitro susceptibility of yeasts isolated from patients in intensive care units to fluconazole and amphotericin B duing a 3-year period. APMIs 2005;113(4):278-283.
[37]Samra Z, Yardeni M,Peled N, et al.Species distribution and antifungal sus-ceptibility of Candida bloodstream isolates in a tertiary medical center in Israel.Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24(9):592-595.
[38]王瑞礼.医学真菌学实验室检验指南[M].北京：人民卫生出版,2005,第1版：86-95.
[39]Say P, Janet MD, J acyntho,et al. Difficult-to-manage vaginitis recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clinical Obstertrics and Gynecology[J]. Volume, 2005,48(4):753-768.
[40]徐艳,焦嫦亮,郑录清,等.外阴阴道念珠菌病病因研究进展[J].海南医学院学报,2006,12(5)：465-468.
[41]虞丰,周晔,何琳.复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的病原学特点及药敏分析[J].中国现代医学杂志,17(23)：2921-2923.
[42]Lai C C, Tan C K, Huang Y T, et al. Current challenges in the management of invasive fungal infections[J]. J Infect Chemother,2008,14(2):77-85.
[43]杨蓬勃,胡云建.住院患者真菌感染及耐药性分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2007,17(6)：729-731.
[44]路晓钦,黎莉华,周丽,等.白假丝酵母菌感染分布及耐药性分析[J].中国感染控制杂志,2007,6(6)：419-421.
[45]周燕玲,黄宏君,吴白平.肿瘤病人真菌感染及耐药趋势分析[J].实用预防医学,2007,14(3)：900-901.
[46]张广清.女性泌尿生殖道假丝酵母菌感染及耐药性研究[J].检验医学与临床,2008,5(6)：350-351.
[47]汪宏良,邹义春,罗卓跃.216株酵母样真菌MIC结果分析[J].医学新知杂志,2007,17(2)：104-105.
[48]王彦,黄海,李键峰,等。真菌耐药的研究进展[J].药学服务与研究,2009,9(3)：166-167.
[49]白建蓉.念珠菌病发病原因分析[J].现代检验医学杂志,2007,22(1)：107-108.
[50]邓忠良,陈丽丽,蔡艳林,等.念珠菌阴道炎患者的阴道菌群分析[J].美国中华临床医学杂志,2004,6(1)：66-67.
[51]廉翠红,张书岭,王福喜,等.外阴阴道念珠菌病的危险因素分析[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2007,40(2)：98-100.
[52]Irving G, Miller D, Robinson A, et al. Psychological factors associated with recurrent vaginal candidiasis:a preliminary study. Sex Transm Infect,1998, 74(5):334-338.
[53]廖绮曼,陈木开,曾庆祥.复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的危险因素分析和治疗研究[J].岭南皮肤性病科杂志,2005,12(2)：85-87.
[54]Delfina Tavares, Paula Fereira, Mario Arala-Chaves, et al. Increased re-sistance in BALB/c mice to reinfection with Candida albicans is due to immuno-neutralization of a virulence-associated immuno-modulatoryprotein[J]. Micro-biology,2003,149:333-339.
[55]Wozniak KI, Palmer G, Kutner R, et al. Immuno-therapeutic approaches to enhance protective immunity aganist candidia vaginitis[J]. Infect Immun,2005, 73(11):7765-7767.
[56]M M Barousse, B J Van Der Pol, D Fortenberry, et al. Vaginal yeast col-onisation, prevalence of vaginitis, and associated local immunity in ado-lescents [J]. Sex Transm Infect,2004,80:48-53.
[57]Wormley FL Jr, Cutright J, Fidel PL Jr, et al. Multiple experimental designs to evaluate the role of T-cell—mediated immunity against experimental vaginal candida albicans infection[J].Med Mycol,2003,41(5):401-409.
[58]Janet E Leigh, Melissa Barousse, Rolf K, et al. Candida-sepecific systemic cell-mediated"immune reactivities in human immunodeficiency virus—positive persons with mucosal candidiasis[J]. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2001,15:183.
[59]Yun Chang J,Oh YK, Soo Kong H, et al. Prolongedanti-fungal effects of clotrimazole-containing mucoadhesive thermosensitive gels on vaginitis[J]. J Control Release,2002,82:39-50.
[60]Loh KY, Sivalingam N. Recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Med J Malaysia,2003, 58(5):788-792.
[61]Sobel JD, Chaim W, Leaman D.Recurent vulvovaginal candidiasis associated with long-term tamoxifen treatment in post-menopausal women. Obstet Gynecol, 1996,88(4 Pt 2):704-706.
[62]麦克法丁.JF.医学细菌生化试验.国外医学微生物学分册,1992,4(3)：125.
[63]KAUFFMA CA, VAZQUEZ JA, SOBEL JD, et al. Prospective muhicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. The national institute for allergy and infectious diseases(NIAID) mycoses study goup[J]. Clin infect Dis,2000,30: 14-18.
[64]董晓梅,王声湧,罗新,等.广州市妇女生殖道念珠菌感染危险因素[J].中国公共卫生,2006,22(1)：24-25.
[65]朱晓芳,汪清,章强强,等.念珠菌性外阴阴道炎患者身体不同部位白念珠菌基因 型研究[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2003,36(8)：446-448.
[66]刘惜时,张惜阴.念珠菌性外阴、阴道炎的预防[J].实用妇产科杂志,2000,16(4)：179-181.
[67]Hellberg D, Zdolsek B, Nilsson S. et al. Sexual behavior Of women with re-peated episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Eur J Epidemiol,1995,11(5):575-579.
[68]陈雪蓉,肖敦振.白念珠菌毒力因子的研究进展[J].中国妇幼保健,2007,32(22)：4631-4633.
[69]Hoyer LL. The ALS gene family of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol,2001,9: 176-180.
[70]Schaller M, Korting HC, Borelli C et al. Candida albicans-Secreted Aspartic Proteinases Modify the Epithelial Cytokine Response in an In Vitro Model of Vaginal Cmdidiasis. Infect Immun,2005,73:2758-2765.
[71]Channoum MA. Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal pathogenesis Clin Microbiol Rev,2000,13(1):122-143.
[72]Zheng X, Wang Y. Hgcl.a novel hypha-specific G1 cyclin-related protein regulates Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis. EMBO J,2004,23(8):1845.
[73]Blankenship JR, Heitman J. Calcineurin is required for Candida albicans to survive calcium stress in serum. Infect Immun,2005,73(9):5767.
[74]Fu Y, Ibrahim AS, Sheppard DC et al. Candida albicans Alslp:an adhesin that is a downstream effector of the EFG1 filamentation pathway. Mol Microbiol,2002, 44:61-72.
[75]Tsuchimori N, Sharkey LL, Fonzi WA et al.Reduced virulence of HWP1-deficient mutants of Candida albicans and their interactions with host cells. Infect Immun,2000,68:1997-2002.
[76]Hube B, N ik JR. Extracellular hydrolases In:Calderone RA, ed. Candida and candidasis. Washington, DC:American Society for Microblology Press,2002:107-122.
[77]Hube B, Naglik J.Candida albicans protelnase:resolving the mystery of a gene family. Microbiology,2001,147:1997-2005.
[78]Channoum MA. Potential role of phospholipases in virulence and fungal patho-genesis Clin Microbiol Rev,2000,13(1):122-143.[79]金艳,张宏.白色念珠菌磷脂酶的研究进展[J].国外医学(皮肤性病学分册),2002,28(1)：40-42.
[80]Bensen ES, Filler SG, Berman J, et al.A forkhead transcription factor is important for true hyphal as well as yeast morphgenesis in Candida albicans[J]. Eukaryot Cell,2002,1 (5):787-798.
[81]中华妇产科学分会感染性疾病协作组.外阴阴道念珠菌病诊治规范(草案)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2004,39(6)：430.
[82]丛璞香,樊尚荣.外阴阴道念珠菌病的分类真菌学和治疗进展[J].国外医学妇幼保健分册,2005,16(4)：235-237.
[83]杨冬秀,冯丽华.外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病研究的现状[J].中国妇幼保健,2008,23(11)：1587-1589.
[84]Group of Infectious Disease, Society of Obstetrics and Gyneeology, Chinese Medical Association. The norm in diagnosis and treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis(draft)[J]. Chinese Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics,2004,39 (6):430-431.Chinese
[85]Sobol JD, Ngiriesy PB, Brown W. Tinidazole therapy for metronidazole-reshistant,triehononisis, Clin Infect Dis,2003,33:1341-1346.
[86]Houang T S, Chu K C, Koehler A P et al. Chromagarcandida for gentital specimens in the diagnostielaboratory. Journal of Clinical Pathology,2004, 50 (7)":563.
[87]Okun N, Gronan KA, Hannah ME. Antibiotics forbacterial vaginalis in pre-gnancy:systematic review. ObstetGynecol,2005,105:857-868.
[88]CDC. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guideline 2002[J]. MMWR,2002, 51:RR6.
[89]DANESHMEND T K. Systemic absorption of micronazole from the vagma[J]. Antimicrob Chemotherapy,2003,18:507-511.
[90]Frerieh. The frequence of Candida infections in pregnancy and their treatment with clotrimazole. Currmed Res Opin,2005,25(9):640.
[91]Riter W, patzschke K, Krause U et al. Pharmacokinetic Fundamentals Of Vaginal. Treatment with clotiimazole. Chemother,2002,28(1):37.
[92]章伟红,颜艳,刘喜连.乳酸菌阴道胶囊治疗复发性念珠菌性阴道炎30例报告[J].实用临床医学,2008,9(1)：73-75.
[93]刘正印,王爱霞.抗真曲药物的研究进展[J].中国抗生素杂志,2006,31(1)：69-71.
[94]廖万清,顾菊林.真菌耐药的现状与对策[J].药学服务与研究,2006,6(3)：161-164.
[95]PERFECT J R. Antifungal resistance:the clinical front[J]. Oncology (Wil-liston Park),2004,18(14 Suppl 13):15-22.
[96]Qiu WY, Yao YF, Zhu YF, et al.Fungal spectrum identified by a new slide culture and in vitro drug susceptibility using E-test in fungal keratitis[J]. Curr Eye Res,2005,30(12):1113.
[97]刘维达.抗真菌治疗：希望与挑战[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2005,38(8)：467-469.
[98]张文平,王小丽,黄真,等.柠檬醛体外诱导白念珠菌耐药的实验研究[J].时珍国医国药,2007,18(2)：303-305.
[99]谢小梅,张文平,傅颖嫒,等.柠檬醛与柠檬醛抗曲霉菌作用机制的研究[J].中草药,2004,35(4)：430.
[100]张文平,刘志春,刘建新,等.微量法测定柠檬醛、柠檬醛体外抗深部真菌活性[J].赣南医学院学报,2004,24(4)：364.
[101]陆慧君,贺文琦,邓旭明,等.白色念珠菌体外人工诱导耐药模型的建立[J].吉林大学学报(医学版),2006,32(3)：527-529.
[102]王彦,黄海,李健峰,等.真菌耐药的研究进展[J].药学服务与研究,2009,9(3)：166-170.
[103]孙德好,祝绍隆.白念珠菌耐药机制的研究进展[J].药学服务与研究,2009,9(3)：171-174.
[104]赵民,周曾同,张卫东.头颈部放化疗后口腔假丝酵母菌耐药性分析及抗真菌中药筛选[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2006,24(4)：131-134.
[105]汪长中,程惠娟,官妍,等.穿心莲内酯体外抗白念珠菌生物膜作用的初步研究[J].中国真菌学杂志,2008,3(3)：34-137.
[106]C. Jayampath Seneviratne, Ricky WKW, Lakshman PS. Potent anti-microbial activity of traditional Chinese medicine herbs against Candida species[J]. Mycoses,2008,51(1):30-34.
[107]Hoffman BR, Delas Alas H, Blanco K, et al. Screening of anti-bacterial and antifungal activities of ten medicinal plants from Ghana[J]. Pharmaceutical Biology,2004,42(1):13-17.
[108]万东华,黄宝建,周训胜,等.五种中药对甲癣常见致病菌的抑菌实验研究[J].中医药学刊,2004,22(4)：657-658.
[109]Avato P, Tursil E, Vitali C, et al.Allyl sulfide constituents of garlic volatile.oil as antimicrobial agents [J]. Phytomedicine,2000,7(3):239.
[110]颜鸣,郭涛,张美侠,等.大扶康、大蒜素、大蒜油注射液对深部真菌的抑杀作用[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2000,17(3)：214.
[111]吴建华,温海,梁小博,等.用流式细胞术研究中药对白念珠菌的抗菌作用[J].中国中西医结合皮肤性病学杂志,2003,2(3)：141-144.
[112]Tsao SM, Yin MC. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of four diallyl sulphides occurring naturally in garlic and Chinese leek oils[J]. J Med Microbiol,2001, 50(7):646.
[113]杨国晶,朱慧明,洪英杰,等.复方苦槿霜抗真菌作用的实验研究[J].激光杂志,2004,25(5)：94-96.
[114]梁君儿,黎小斌,何成群.香荷药条治疗白念珠菌性阴道炎的实验研究[J].实用医学杂志,2000,16(12)：983-984.
[115]刘庆彤,毕云,刘明,等.真菌ⅠⅡⅢ号合剂治疗念珠菌性口腔炎、肺念珠菌病及念珠菌性肠炎临床与实验研究[J].中医杂志,2001,42(2)：98-100.
[116]范瑞强.中药香莲复方外用治疗股癣及外念珠菌病的实验和临床研究[J].广州中医学院学报,1991,8(2)：170.
[117]何盛琪,章国来,莫莉莉,等.中药复方香莲外洗液的实验研究[J].辽宁中医杂志,1994,21(12)：277.
[118]范瑞强,李丽芸,梁君儿,等.复方香莲外洗液和外用霜治疗外阴阴道念珠菌病临床观察.中国皮肤性病杂志,1996,10(1)：42.
[119]范瑞强.中药香莲复方外用治疗足癣和外阴念珠菌病的实验和临床研究[J].广州中医学院学报,1991,2：170.
[120]蒋革新,李雅青,张广清.香莲外洗液在1r2y治高血压脑出血患者泌尿系感染方面的效果观察[J].现代中医药,2009,29(4)：25-26.
[121]叶应妩,王毓三.全国临床检验操作规程[M].第3版.南京：东南大学出版社,2006：618.
[122]田晓娜,100例妊娠期外阴阴道假丝酵母菌对妊娠结果影响分析[J].中国实用医药,2009,4(1)：96-97.
[123]黄玉玲,妊娠期念珠菌性外阴阴道炎对妊娠结果的影响黄[J].淮海医药,2009,27(2)：142-143.
[124]乐杰.妇产科学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004,第6版：259-260.
[125]李明海,谈清明.抗真菌药物的1临床应用现状[J].人民军医,2007,500(1)：32-34.
[126]徐宏彬,李玲.伊曲康唑与氟康唑口服治疗念珠菌性阴道炎成本-效果分析[J].中国医院药学杂志,2008,28(24)：2140-2141.
[127]黄云昆,夏星,李婷,等.临床标本中酵母样真菌的分离及耐药性现状分析[J].中华医学检验杂志,2003,26：566.
[128]栗芳,王清涛,杜小玲,等.医院内深部真菌感染的临床分布和药敏结果[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2006,16(4)：45-47.
[129]凌秀凤,童华.外阴阴道念珠菌感染研究进展[J].国外医学妇幼保健分册,2003,14(3)：153-154.
[130]樊笑霞,吴飞,仲人前.念珠菌性阴道炎实验诊断方法评价[J].中国真菌学杂志,2009,4(2)：102-103.
[131]李丽瑾,张莉,郑芳芳,等.阴道分泌物霉菌检测方法的比较[J].中华中西医学杂志,2004,2(4)：71.
[132]卢解红,伍兆民,张莉,叶玑.阴道念珠菌病的菌种构成及其体外抗真菌药物敏感性检测分析[J].岭南皮肤性病科杂志,2007,14(2)：85-87.
[133]范瑞强,鲁长明.中药香莲复方抗真菌作用的研究[J].实用医学杂志,1995,11(1)：67-68.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |