用户名: 密码: 验证码:
中国寿险公司偿付能力动态预警及监管研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
寿险公司偿付能力是指寿险公司承担所有到期债务和未来责任的支付能力,偿付能力的高低,直接关系着寿险公司的稳定运营和市场竞争力。然而,寿险公司偿付能力不足问题却屡见不鲜,从世界范围来看,美国、日本、英国、澳大利亚等发达国家均出现过寿险公司偿付能力不足的现象。20世纪90年代末,我国寿险公司偿付能力不足问题就已显现,其中中国人寿、平安人寿、太平洋人寿三大寿险公司遗留的利差损问题成为了寿险业偿付能力不足的主要原因。近年来,寿险公司的偿付能力危机依然频现,平安人寿、泰康人寿、新华人寿、华泰人寿、中意人寿等寿险公司均先后出现过偿付能力充足率下降的局面。总体来看,整个寿险行业的偿付能力状况仍有待于进一步改善。在寿险公司自身存在偿付能力不足和下降问题的同时,保险监管部门对寿险业偿付能力的相关监管工作也存在着一定的缺陷,如偿付能力监管预警机制欠缺、监管评估体系尚不成熟、监管执行体系不完善、监管约束机制不健全、监管信息披露制度不完备等。
     综合寿险公司与保险监管部门两方面问题的考虑,加强寿险公司偿付能力监管体制,特别是寿险公司偿付能力预警机制的建设至关重要。预警机制的建立,既可以为寿险公司偿付能力水平的提升指明方向,也可以为寿险公司偿付能力监管体系的完善奠定坚实的基础。因此,本文的核心内容是构建一套具有动态性的寿险公司偿付能力预警机制:一方面,可以为寿险公司所用,使其能够及时的审视自身存在的偿付能力问题,了解影响其偿付能力变化的主要因素,以制定相应的改善措施,做到提前预警;另一方面,也可以为保险监管部门所用,不仅有利于了解整体寿险业偿付能力变动的原因,制定宏观性的监管政策,也有利于重点加强对偿付能力不足公司的监管,制定微观性的监管政策,并在此基础上配合其他相关体制建设,进一步完善我国寿险公司偿付能力监管体系,提升寿险公司的偿付能力水平。
     本文以寿险公司偿付能力动态预警机制的构建为主线,主要包括四部分内容:理论基础、现状及问题、模型构建、结论与建议。
     研究寿险公司偿付能力动态预警及监管体系,首先应从理论基础入手,本文第二章介绍了需求理论、竞争理论、资产配置理论、风险理论、预警理论、破产理论、市场失灵理论、监管博弈理论、动态一般均衡理论和动态企业理论等相关理论,为全文的分析奠定基础。
     其次,是现状及问题部分,即本文的第三章和第四章。这部分也是寿险公司偿付能力动态预警机制建立的背景。研究寿险公司偿付能力动态预警机制,原因之一在于寿险公司偿付能力时常会面临下降的威胁,进而影响寿险公司的正常运营,而建立动态预警机制,恰恰可以对寿险公司可能出现的这种偿付能力危机起到预警作用。因此,应该首先明确我国寿险业偿付能力为什么会出现下降的局面,以及各家寿险公司是如何解决这一问题的。从历年寿险公司的发展来看,利差损、过快的业务增长、不足的资金注入、不良的产品结构、不合理的投资结构等都会成为制约寿险公司偿付能力提升的障碍,而针对这些问题,各家公司采取了三种最典型的解决措施,即完善融资体系、调整业务结构和拓宽投资渠道。
     研究寿险公司偿付能力动态预警机制,原因之二在于寿险公司偿付能力监管体系的不完善,预警机制作为偿付能力监管体系的重要组成部分,能够引导保险监管部门作出有效的监管决策。基于此,本文对我国寿险公司偿付能力监管的发展历程、现状及存在的问题进行了分析,并借鉴国外偿付能力监管的先进经验,如保险监管信息系统、财务分析和偿付能力跟踪系统、偿付能力额度监管、风险资本要求监管等静态偿付能力监管方式和现金流量测试、动态偿付能力测试、动态财务分析等动态偿付能力监管方式。
     再者,是模型构建部分,包括本文第五章和第六章的相关内容。研究寿险公司偿付能力动态预警机制,最关键的环节是寻找影响寿险公司偿付能力水平的主要因素,本文从内外两个角度出发,对可能影响寿险公司偿付能力水平的各种因素进行了详细的分析。在此基础上,结合国外偿付能力预警机制采用的相关指标,最终选取了一些具有代表性、可衡量的影响因素引入偿付能力预警模型。该模型采用了Logit有序响应模型分析方法,分两个阶段进行建模。结果发现,不同阶段寿险公司偿付能力显著性影响因素不同,即预警指标体系的构成不同。因此,寿险公司偿付能力预警机制是一个动态变化的过程,尤其从长期来看,这种动态性特征更为明显。但这种动态变化也遵循一定的规律,其中也会存在一些较为稳定的因素,因此,就短期来看,寿险公司偿付能力预警指标依然可能包括两个阶段中所共有的显著性影响因素:资产认可率指标、流动比率指标、总资产增长率指标、自留保费增长率指标以及公司发展系数指标。
     最后,是结论与建议部分,即本文的第七章。总结了全文的研究成果,并提出了四点完善寿险公司偿付能力动态预警及监管体系的相关建议。一是建立静态与动态相结合的监管预警体系,包括优化寿险公司偿付能力预警指标、改进寿险公司偿付能力评估方法、规范寿险公司动态偿付能力测试;二是加强会计制度、信息披露制度、寿险精算师制度、现场检查制度、信用评级制度等偿付能力监管的相关制度建设;三是完善寿险公司偿付能力风险管理机制,尤其是全方位的资产负债管理;四是提高寿险公司偿付能力监管能力,包括创新监管理念、改进监管方式、健全监管配套措施等。
The solvency of life insurance companies refers to the payable abilities of allthe maturity debts and future obligations that life insurance companies shouldundertake. The solvency level is directly related to the stable operations and marketcompetitiveness of life insurance companies. However, the insolvency problems oflife insurance companies are not uncommon. From a global perspective, there havebeen the phenomena of insolvency in life insurance companies, such as USA, Japan,Britain, Australia and other developed countries. In China, the insolvency problemshave already emerged in the late1990s, and the remnants loss of interest spreadbecomes the main reason for the insolvency of life insurance industry, especially inChina Life Insurance, PingAn Life Insurance and Pacific Life Insurance. Recently,the solvency crisis of life insurance companies is still frequent, and the solvencyadequacy ratio has declined, such as PingAn Life Insurance, TaiKang Life Insurance,XinHua Life Insurance, HuaTai Life Insurance, ZhongYi Life Insurance, etc. Overall,the solvency of the entire life insurance industry should be further improved. Whilefacing with the situations of insolvency and decline, the insurance regulatorydepartments also exist certain defects to supervise the solvency, including lack ofsolvency early warning mechanism, immature of regulatory evaluation system,imperfection of regulatory execution system and regulatory constraints mechanism,incomplete of regulatory information disclosure system.
     Taking account of two aspects about the life insurance companies and theinsurance regulatory departments, strengthening the solvency regulatory system,especially the early warning mechanism is essential. The establishment of earlywarning mechanism can not only point to the direction of improving the level ofsolvency, but also lay a solid foundation for perfecting the solvency regulatorysystem. Therefore, the core content of this paper is to build a dynamic solvency earlywarning mechanism of life insurance companies. On one hand, it can be used by lifeinsurance companies to examine their own solvency problems timely, and understand the main factors that affect their solvency changes in order to developappropriate improvement measures and achieve early warning; On the other hand, itcan also be used by insurance regulatory departments, not only to understand thereasons for solvency change of the overall life insurance industry, and formulate themacro-regulatory policies, but also to strengthen the regulatory to the insolvencycompanies, and formulate the micro-regulatory policies. On this base, it also needsto further improve solvency regulatory system of life insurance companies with otherrelated institution-building to enhance the solvency level of life insurance companiesin China.
     As a main line to build the solvency dynamic early warning mechanism of lifeinsurance companies is, this paper is divided into four parts: theoretical basis, currentsituation and problems, model building, conclusions and recommendations.
     Researching on the solvency dynamic early warning and regulatory system oflife insurance companies, the first to be considered is the theoretical foundation. Thesecond chapter, which lays the foundation for the analysis of the full text presentsdemand theory, competition theory, asset allocation theory, risk theory, early warningtheory, bankruptcy theory, market failure theory, regulatory of game theory, dynamicgeneral equilibrium theory and dynamic enterprise theory.
     Secondly, the third and fourth chapters present the current situation andproblems, and this part is the background that the solvency early warningmechanism of life insurance companies establishes. One of the reasons to researchon the solvency early warning mechanism of life insurance companies is that thesolvency of life insurance companies often face the threat of falling, and affect thenormal operation of the life insurance companies, and early warning mechanism cangive an early warning to the solvency crisis of life insurance companies. Therefore, itshould first clear that why the solvency of life insurance industry has declined, aswell as how to solve this problem in China. From the development of the lifeinsurance companies over these years, loss of interest spread, too fast businessgrowth, shortage of funds injections, adverse product structure, and irrationalinvestment structure have been the restricting elements to improve the solvency oflife insurance companies. However, to solve these problems, each company tends to take three typical measures: improving the financing system, restructuring businessand broadening investment channels.
     The other reason to research on the solvency early warning mechanism of lifeinsurance companies is that it can help to perfect the solvency regulatory system. Asan important part of the solvency regulatory system, early warning mechanism canguide the insurance regulatory departments to make effective regulatory decisions.Based on this, this paper analyzes the development process, the current situation andexisted problems of solvency regulatory of life insurance companies in China, anddraws some advanted lessons from foreign solvency regulatory system, whichinclude static solvency regulatory approaches, such as insurance regulatoryinformation system, financial analysis and solvency tracking system, statutorysolvency margin, risk based capital, etc, and dynamic solvency regulatoryapproaches, such as cash flow testing, dynamic solvency testing, dynamic financialanalysis, etc.
     Furthermore, the fifth and sixth chapters present model building. Researchingon the solvency early warning mechanism of life insurance companies, the mostcritical part is to find the main factors which affect the solvency levels of lifeinsurance companies. Starting from both internal and external aspects, the paper hasanalyzed a variety of factors that may affect the solvency level of life insurancecompanies. Based on this, combined with the relevant foreign solvency earlywarning mechanism, it ultimately selects some representative, measurable factors inthe solvency early warning model. It uses the ordered response model with twophases. The result shows that the influence factors of the solvency are different indifferent phases, which means that the indicators composition of the early warningsystem is different. Therefore, the solvency early warning system of life insurancecompanies is a dynamic process, and the feature of dynamic is more obvious,especially in long term. But the dynamic process is also following certain rules, andthere are some relatively stable factors. In short term, the indicators composition ofthe early warning system will still include the factors which significantly affect thesolvency in two phases: the assets recognition rate indicator, liquidity ratio indicator,total assets growth rate indicator, retained premium growth rate indicator and company development coefficient indicator.
     Finally, the seventh chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations. Itsummarizes the research results of the full text and raises four recommendations toperfect the solvency early warning and regulatory system of life insurancecompanies. Firstly, to establish the static and dynamic system of early warning andregulatory, which includes optimizing the solvency early warning indicators,improving the solvency assessment methods, and regulating dynamic solvencytesting; Secondly, to strengthen the construction of the solvency regulatory, such asaccounting system, information disclosure system, life insurance actuary system,on-site inspection system, and credit rating system. Thirdly, to improve themechanism of the solvency risk management, especially improve the asset andliability management. Fourthly, to enhance the abilities of solvency regulatory, suchas regulatory concepts, regulatory approaches, regulatory support measures, and soon.
引文
①叶朝辉.寿险公司偿付能力风险分析与管理[M],2006.pp8-9。
    ②刘骏.世界各国应对保险公司破产之策[N].中国保险报,2010/8/25。
    ①叶朝辉.寿险公司偿付能力风险分析与管理[M],2006.p3。
    ①赵卫星,王志强.全球保险业发展与风险管理[J].证券市场导报,2004(1)。
    ②高盛.中国保险业——成长前景、创造价值的关键在改革高盛[R].2003。
    ①Korhonen P., Koskinen L., Voutilainen R A.Financial Alliance Compromise between Executives andSupervisory Authorities[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2006,175(2):pp1300-1310。
    [1]陈迪红,周丽娟.动态偿付能力测试在保险公司偿付能力监管中的应用[J].中国保险管理干部学院学报,2002(3):27~28
    [2]陈洪涛.保险公司偿付能力监管预警指标体系研究[J].北京统计,2001(7):38~39
    [3]陈琼.寿险公司资产结构问题初探[J].保险职业学院学报,2005(1):26~28
    [4]陈婉.风险资本在我国寿险公司监管中的应用[J].保险职业学院学报,2008(12):16~21
    [5]陈文辉.中国寿险业的发展与监管[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2002
    [6]陈志国.寿险公司整合性风险管理研究[M].四川:西南财经政法大学出版社,2008
    [7]崔滨洲.流动性与资本双重约束的商业银行资产负债优化研究:[博士学位论文].湖南:华中科技大学,2004
    [8]戴娟.我国寿险企业偿付能力财务预警指标体系设计研究[J].商业文化,2005(2):25~27
    [9]戴稳胜.中国保险业资产负债建模分析[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2004
    [10]邓大松.保险经营与管理[M].北京:中国金融出版社,1999
    [11]丁修平.我国寿险企业偿付能力财务预警指标体系设计研究[J].商业文化,2008(2):25~27
    [12]杜美,庞欣.我国寿险公司偿付能力研究[J].北方经济,2009(9):46~48
    [13]房海滨.保险公司资产负债管理问题研究[博士学位论文].天津:天津大学,2006
    [14]封进.中国寿险经营的风险研究[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002
    [15]封进.中国寿险偿付能力变动的实证分析[J].预测,2003(l):50~53
    [16]傅安平.寿险公司偿付能力监管[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004
    [17]高侯平.保险公司偿付能力影响因素研究[J].山西财经大学学报,2008(4):120~121
    [18]高盛.中国保险业——成长前景、创造价值的关键在改革[R].2003
    [19]郭敏华.信用评级[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
    [20]韩俊霞,高俊山.中国寿险公司偿付能力状况的评价[J].商业研究,2007(1):186~190
    [21]胡坤.中国保险业的规模扩张与偿付能力约束[博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2003
    [22]胡颖.美国保险业偿付能力研究的评价及借鉴[J].现代管理科学,2007(2):31~37
    [23]黄春兰,彭荣.因子分析在我国寿险市场研究中的应用[J].数理统计与管理,2007(1):47~52
    [24]江生忠.中国保险业发展报告[R].天津:南开大学出版社,2003
    [25]金秀.资产负债管理多阶段模型及应用研究[博士学位论文].天津:东北大学,2006
    [26]赖志杰.关于建立和完善我国保险业风险预警综合体系的设想和方案[J].上海保险,2004(3):9~13
    [27]李峰,姜利琴.关于建立和完善我国保险业风险预警综合体系的设想和方案[J].上海保险,2004(3):9~13
    [28]李健伦.保险监管中的法定偿付能力度量问题研究[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学技术大学,2006
    [29]李开斌.产险公司偿付能力预警机制指标体系[J].上海保险,1998(8):13~16
    [30]李克穆.保险业信息披露研究[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2007
    [31]李玲.我国非寿险公司财务风险预警模型研究[J].保险研究,2008(12):63~68
    [32]李薇.中国寿险业经营风险研究[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2010
    [33]李晓林,李肖傧.保险公司信用评级与寿险产品评价体系研究[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2004
    [34]李秀芳.中国寿险业资产负债管理研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002
    [35]李秀芳.从中国寿险业的资产负债管理谈监管环境的改善[J].南开经济研究,2002(4):35~37
    [36]李秀芳.我国寿险业利率风险分析及其防范[J].南开经济研究,2004(1):57~61
    [37]林宝清,施建祥.论西方保险监管模式变革与我国保险监管模式选择[J].金融研究,2003(6):35~38
    [38]刘畅.因子分析法在我国寿险公司偿付能力监测中的应用[J].统计与决策,2005(8):58~61
    [39]刘连生.保险公司预警指标体系的建立与偿付能力指标的量化[J].现代财经,2001(12):15~17
    [40]刘璐.基于因子分析法的寿险公司非现场监管研究[J].保险研究,2009(9):72~77
    [41]刘建伟,张正堂.过程导向的可持续竞争优势因果关系链分析[J].中国管理科学,2003(4):86~91
    [42]刘骏.世界各国应对保险公司破产之策[N].中国保险报,2010/8/25
    [43]刘仁伍.金融机构破产的法律问题[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007
    [44]刘蓉.寿险公司资产负债管理技术的应用研究——动态资产负债管理的视角[J].当代经济科学,2005(11):64~69
    [45]刘蓉,佟德庆.寿险公司风险控制与管理——动态资产负债管理的视角[J].山西财经大学学报,2005(6):104~107
    [46]罗朝晖.现阶段中国保险公司偿付能力风险研究[J].上海保险,2003(1):8~9
    [47]吕长江,周县华,杨家树.保险公司偿付能力恶化预测研究[J].财经研究,2006(10):151~153
    [48]马明哲.繁荣与危机——论中国保险体系改革与发展[M].北京:香港华光报业有限公司,1998
    [49]裴光.中国保险业监管研究[M].北京:中国金融出版社,1999
    [50]彭玉龙,赵宇龙,朱红军.会计在保险公司偿付能力额度监管中的作用[J].保险研究,2006(9):42~45
    [51]任韬.保险监管博弈分析与经济动态模拟[M].北京:首都经济贸易出版社,2009
    [52]尚颖,李浩然,贾士彬.我国财险公司偿付能力预警机制研究——基于有序响应模型的实证分析[J].浙江金融,2011(10):62~65
    [53]尚颖,贾士彬.中国寿险产品结构调整的影响因素分析——基于公司微观层面的实证分析[J].保险研究,2012(2):13~20
    [54]尚颖,张连增,段白鸽.以利润最大化为评价指标的寿险业务结构调整浅析.现代财经,2011(9):28~35
    [55]沈仁义,胡佼佼.我国产险公司偿付能力预警研究[J].黑龙江对外经贸,2008(10):133~134
    [56]施建祥,李姗姗.我国非寿险公司偿付能力监管指标的有效性分析[J].江西财经大学学报,2007(5):32~36
    [57]粟芳.中国非寿险保险公司偿付能力研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2002
    [58]粟芳.美国对保险公司偿付力的监管[J].外国经济与管理,2000(22):44~48
    [59]粟芳.我国保险公司偿付能力监管指标体系的设计[J].上海金融,2000(3):61~63
    [60]粟芳,俞自由.非寿险偿付能力影响因素的实证分析[J].财经研究,2001(7):23~27
    [61]孙祁祥.中国保险市场热点问题评析2007-2008[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008
    [62]孙祁祥,郑伟.欧盟保险偿付能力监管标准Ⅱ及对中国的启示[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2008
    [63]孙蓉,彭雪梅,胡秋明等.中国保险业风险管理战略研究——基于金融混业经营的视角[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2006
    [64]唐健.美国寿险业的监督管理及其借鉴[J].金融研究,1998(4):72~73
    [65]万峰.寿险公司经营与管理[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2002
    [66]王福新.中国寿险业偿付能力风险评价[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2004
    [67]王海燕.保险企业资产负债管理[J].北京:经济科学出版社,2004
    [68]王倩,齐玮.新兴市场环境下我国寿险公司真实偿付能力的实证研究[J].海南金融,2007(12):58~61
    [69]王庆仁,高春涛.资产配置理论——基于寿险投资的分析与应用[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2009
    [70]王文英.保险企业偿付能力预警系统分析[J].中国保险管理干部学院学报,2001(1):14~15
    [71]王晓军.国外寿险偿付能力监管体系及其对中国的启示[J].统计与决策,2006(5):111~113
    [72]魏巧琴.保险公司经营管理[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2007
    [73]魏巧琴.发达国家偿付能力的动态监管及其借鉴[J].上海保险,2002(11):46~47
    [74]吴定富.保险公司偿付能力额度及监管指标管理[N].中国保险报,2003/03/24
    [75]吴晓辉.中国非寿险公司偿付能力管理研究[M].四川:西南财经政法大学出版社,2010
    [76]吴跃平.中国寿险资金运用风险研究[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2006
    [77]肖文.中国保险业的创新与监管[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005
    [78]行瑞.寿险公司偿付能力的综合评价[J].保险职业学院学报,2007(3):20~23
    [79]徐爱荣.建立寿险公司偿付能力监测预警指标体系[J].上海保险,1999(4):6、9
    [80]徐国祥,李宇海,王博.我国保险公司经营状况综合评价研究[J].统计研究,2008(4):76~79
    [81]薛峥.寿险公司偿付能力财务监管探析[J].中国总会计师,2008(7):66~67
    [82]阎建军,范凤山,赵树亭.关于动态财务分析在寿险公司中的运用[J].会计研究,2003(6):89~92
    [83]杨金边,谢利人.保险公司偿付能力评价、预警——基于BP神经网络的分析[J].保险职业学院学报,2009(2):31~36
    [84]杨艳,陈迪红.保险资本及其在我国寿险偿付能力监管中应用的探讨[J].中国保险管理干部学院学报,2003(5):37~39
    [85]叶朝晖.寿险公司偿付能力风险分析与管理[M].江苏:南京大学出版社,2006
    [86]叶朝晖.美国寿险公司偿付能力研究及启示[J].保险研究,2004(2):43~45
    [87]袁卫,饶富瑞,彭非.中国保险监管与精算实务[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003
    [88]赵宇龙,瞿玲.我国保险公司偿付能力监管指标预警能力的实证研究[J].精算通讯,2005(2):23~25
    [89]占梦雅.我国保险偿付能力监管指标体系的实证检验[J].上海金融,2005(11):39~41
    [90]詹肇岚.我国寿险公司偿付能力管理研究[J].保险研究,2008(7):50~53
    [91]赵卫星,王志强.全球保险业发展与风险管理[J].证券市场导报,2004(1):16~20
    [92]张洪涛.做大做强中国保险业整体实力与核心竞争能力[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
    [93]张连增.再保险对破产概率的影响[J].数量经济技术经济研究,1999(6):59~62
    [94]张连增.避免破产的再保费用与投资基金的防护[J].南开大学学报(自然科学版),2000(1):76~80
    [95]张连增.精算学中的随机过程[M].天津:高等教育出版社,2006
    [96]张伟,邱长溶.财产保险公司偿付能力实证分析[J].江西财经大学学报,2004(4):16~18
    [97]张维迎.企业理论与中国企业改革[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1999
    [98]张勇.资本结构对寿险公司偿付能力的影响[J].中国保险管理干部学院学报,2003(2):25~28
    [99]张勇.寿险公司偿付能力监管有效性研究[博士学位论文].天津:南开大学,2009
    [100]张玉英.欧美偿付能力管理制度及其对我国的启示[J].对外经贸大学学报,2003(5):46~49
    [101]周伏平.我国保险业对资信评估业的供求分析[J].当代财经,2000(7):50~52
    [102]周晶晗,赵桂芹.我国产险公司财务恶化预警研究——基于Logistic模型[J].经济科学,2007(3):113~123
    [103]中央财经大学“中国寿险公司竞争力评价研究”课题组.中国寿险公司竞争力评价研究[N].中国保险报,2011/08/18
    [104]朱波,吴晓辉,张爱武.我国财产保险公司偿付能力影响因素的实证分析[J].保险研究,2008(5):33~37
    [105]朱铭来,尚颖.商业健康保险需求理论与实证研究综述[J].中国卫生政策研究,2011(11):58~64
    [106]朱忠明,张淑艳.金融风险管理学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
    [107]克拉克著.财富的分配[M].海南:南海出版公司,2007
    [108]林达尔著.货币和资本理论的研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,1963
    [109]缪达尔著,钟淦恩译.货币均衡论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982
    [110]密尔著.政治经济学原理及其在社会哲学上的若干应用[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991
    [111]彭罗斯著,赵晓译.企业成长理论[M].上海:上海人民大学出版社,2007
    [112]希克斯.价值与资本:经济理论的若干基本原则之探究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2010
    [113]熊彼特著.经济发展理论——对于利润、资本、信贷、利息和经济周期的考察[M].北京:商务印书馆,1990
    [114] Altman E. I..Financial Ratios, Discriminate Analysis and the Prediction of CorporateBankruptcy[J].Journal of Finance,1968(9):589~609
    [115] Altman E. I..The Strategic Dynamics of the Insurance Industry:Asset/LiabilityManagement Issues[M].New York:Salomon Center,1996
    [116] Altman E., Haldeman R. and Narayanan P..ZETA Analysis: A New Model to IdentifyBankruptcy Risk of Corporations[J].Journal of Banking&Finance,1997(6):29~54
    [117] Ambrose J. M. and Carroll A. M..Using Best’s Ratings in Life Insurer InsolvencyPrediction[J].Journal of Risk and Insurance,1994,61:317~327
    [118] Ambrose J. M. and Seward J. A..Best’s Ratings Financial Ratios and Prior Probabilitiesin Insolvency Prediction[J].Journal of Risk and Insurance,1988,55:229~244
    [119] Arrow.The Welfare Economics of Medical Care[J].American Economic Review,1963,53(5):941~973
    [120] Baranoff Etti G. and Thomas W. Sager.The Relations among Asset Risk,Produnct Riskand Capital in the Life Insurance Industry[J].Journal of Banking&Finance,2003,26:1181~1197
    [121] Baranoff Etti G., Thomas W. Sager and Robert C. Witt.Industry Segmentation andPredictor Motifs for Solvency Analysis of the Life/Health Insurance Industry[J].Journal ofRisk and Insurance,1999(1):99~123
    [122] BarNiv R. and Hershbarger R..Classifying Financial Distress in the Life InsuranceIndustry[J].Journal of Risk and Insurance,1990,57:110~136
    [123] Beaver W. H..Financial Ratios as Predictors of Failure[J].Journal of AccountingResearch Supplement,1966(4):71~111
    [124] Brockett P. L., Cooper W. W., Golden L. L. and Pitaktong U..A Neural Network Methodfor Obtaining an Early Warning of Insurance Insolvency[J].Journal of Risk and Insurance,1994(63):402~424
    [125] Cummins J. David, Grace M. F. and Phillips R. D..Regulatory Solvency prediction inProperty-Liability Insurance: Risk-Based Capital, Audit Ratio and Cash FlowSimulation[J].Journal of risk and Insurance,1999,66(3):511~527
    [126] Cummins J. David, Scott E. Harrington and Robert Klein.Insolvency Experience,Risk-Based Capital and Prompt Corrective Action in Property-Liability Insurance[J].Journalof Banking&Finance,1995(3):511~527
    [127] Daykin C. D., Bernstein G. D., Coutts S. M., Devitt E. R. F., Hey G. B., Reynolds D. I. W.and Smith P. D..Assessing the Solvency and Financial Strength of a General InsuranceCompany[J].Journal of the Institute of Actuaries.1987,114:227~325
    [128] Feller W..An introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications[M].New York:Wiley,1971
    [129] Friedman and Savage.The Utility Analysis of Choices involving Risk[J].Journal ofPolitical Economy[J].1948,66(4):279~304
    [130] George S. Day, David J. Reibstein and Robert E. Gunther.Wharton on DynamicCompetitive Strategy [M].Canada:John Wiley Press,1997
    [131] Gerber H. U..An Introduction to Mathematical Risk Theory[M].Huebner S. S.Foundation,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA,1979
    [132] Grace M. F., Harrington S. and Klein R..Risk-Based Capital Standards and InsolvencyRisk: An Empirical Analysis[R].Paper Presented at the American Risk and InsuranceAssociation Annual Meeting,San Francisco,August22,1993
    [133] Grace M. F., Harrington S. and Klein R..A Report Presented to the NAIC’s FinancialAnalysis Reaserch and Development Working Group[R].Kansas City,Mo.:NAIC in Press,1995
    [134] Grace M. F., Harrington S. and Klein R..Risk-Based Capital and Solvency Screening inProperty-Liability Insurance: Hypotheses and Empirical Tests[J].The Journal of Risk andInsurance.1998,65:213~243
    [135] Gary P. Brinson, Brian D. Singer, and Gilbert L. Beebower.Determinants of PortfolioPerformance II: An Update[J].The Financial Analysts Journal,1991,47(3)
    [136] Grandell Jan.Aspects of Risk Theory[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1991
    [137] Hershbarger R. A. and Miller R. K..The NAIC Information System and the Use ofEconomic Indicators in Predicting Insolvency[J].Journal of Insurance Issues and Practices,1986,9(2):21~43
    [138] James M.Carson and Robert E.Hoyt.Identifying Life Insurance Financial Distress:Classification Models and Empirical Evidencein[M].The Financial Dynamics of the InsuranceIndustry.Irwin Professional Publishers,1994
    [139] James S., Trieschmann and George E. Pinches.A Multivariate Model for PredictingFinancially Distressed Property-Liability Insurers[J].The Journal of Risk and Insurance.1974(4):563~577
    [140] Joan Lamm Tennant, Laura Starks and Lynne Stokes.A Cost Effective Approach forRegulating Insurance Company Solvency[M].The Financial Dynamics of the InsuranceIndustry.Irwin Professional Publishers,1994
    [141] Johny Wong.A Comparison of Solvency Requirements and Early Warning Systems forLife Insurance Companies in China with Representative World Practices[J].North AmericanActuarial Journal,2003,6(1):91~111
    [142] Kaufinarm, Gandmer and Klett.Introduction to Dynamic Financial Analysis[J].AstinBulletin.2001,31:213~249
    [143] Kim, Yong-Duck, Dan R. Anderson, Terry L. Amburgey and James C. Hickman.TheUse of Event History Analysis to Examine Insurer Insolvencies[J].Journal of Risk andInsurance,1995,62:94~110
    [144] Korhonen P., Koskinen L. and Voutilainen R A.Financial Alliance Compromise betweenExecutives and Supervisory Authorities[J].European Journal of Operational Research.2006,175(2):1300-1310
    [145] Lau and Amy Hing Ling.A Five-State Financial Distress Predication Model[J].Journalof Accounting Research.1978,25:127~138.
    [146] Lee S. H., Urrutia L. L..Analysis and Prediction of Insolvency in the Property-LiabilityInsurance Industry: A Comparison of Logit and Hazard Models[J].Journal of Risk andInsurance.1996,63:121~130
    [147] Mark J. Browne, James M. Carson and Robert E. Hoyt.Economic and Market Predictorsof Insolvencies in the Life/Health Insurance Industry[J]. The Journal of Risk andInsurance.1999(12):643~659
    [148] Martin Graee, Scott E. Harrington and Robert Klein.Risk-Based Capital and SolvencyScreening in Property-Liability Insurance: Hypotheses and Empirical Tests[J].Journal of Riskand Insurance.1998(2):213~243
    [149] Michael E. Porter.Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries andCompetitors[M].华夏出版社,2005
    [150] Michael E. Porter.Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining SuperiorPerformance[M].First Free Press Edition,1985
    [151] Michael E. Porter.The Global Competitiveness Report2001-2002[R].New York:Oxford University Press,2002
    [152] Morris R..Early Warning Indicators of Corporate Failure[M].Ashgate Publishing Ltd.,Hants,1997
    [153] Nyman. The Theory of Demand for Health Insurance[M]. Stanford UniversityPress.2003
    [154] Odom M. D. and Sharda R. A.. A Neural Network Model for BankruptcyPrediction[C].Proceedings of1990International Joint Conference on Neural Networks.SanDiego, CA..1990(2):163~168
    [155] Ohlson J.A.. Financial Ratios and the Probabilitic Prediction of Bankruptcy[J].Journalof Accounting Research.1980(1):109~131
    [156] Patrick L. Brockett.A Comparison of Neural Network, Statistical Methods and VariableChoice for Life Insurers' Financial Distress Prediction[J].Journal of Risk and Insurance.2006(9):397~419
    [157] Pauly. The Economics of Moral Hazard: Comment. American EconomicReview[J].1968,58(3):531~537
    [158] Pauly.A Measure of the Welfare Cost of Health Insurance[J].Health ServicesResearch.1969,4(4):281~292
    [159] Pauly.More on Moral Hazard[J].Journal of Health Economics.1983,2(1):81~86
    [160] Pinches G. E. and Trieschmanm J. S.The Efficiency of Alternative Models for SolvencySurveillance in Insurance Industry[J].Journal of Risk and Insurance.1973,40:327~338
    [161] Pottier S.W.. Life Insurer Financial Distress, Best’s Ratings and FinancialRatios[J].Journal of Risk and Insurance.1998,65:275~288
    [162] Rothschild M. J. and Stiglitz.Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Market: An Essayon the Economics of Imperfect Information[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics.1976,90:629~649
    [163] Richard D’Aveni.Hypercompetition[M].The Free Press,1994
    [164] Richardson G. B..The Organization of Industry[M].Blackwell Publishing,1972
    [165] Santomero A. M..Financial Risk Management by Insurer: An Analysis of theProcess[J].Journal of risk management and insurance.1997,64(2):231~270
    [166] Scott E. Harrington and Gregory R. Niehaus.风险管理与保险[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001
    [167] Sinkey J. F..A Multivariate Statistical Analysis of the Characteristics of ProblemBanks.Journal of Finance.1975,30:21~36
    [168] Stigler G. J..The Theory of Economic Regulation.The Bell Journal of Economics andManagement Science.1997,2(1):3~21
    [169] Terence Lennon.Objective and Expected Impact of Risk Based for Life InsuranceCompanies[M].The Financial Dynamics of the Insurance Industry.IRWIN ProfessionalPublishing,1995
    [170] Trieschmanm J. S. and Pinches G. E..A Multivariate Model for Predicting FinanciallyDistressed Property-Liability lnsurance Companies[J].Journal of Risk and Insurance.1973,40:327~338
    [171] Xiao Y. T. and Guo J. Y..The Compound Binomial Risk Model with Time-CorrelatedClaims Insurance[J].Mathematics and Economics.2007,41(1):124~133
    [172] Yaari and Menahem E..Uncertain Life time, Life Insurance and the Theory of theConsumer[J].Review of Economic Studies.1965,32(2):137~150
    [173] Yuen K. C. and Guo J. Y..Ruin probabilities for Time-Correlated Claims in theCompound Binomial Model[J].Insurance Mathematics&Economics.2001,29:47~57
    [174] Zavgren C. V..Assessing the Vulner Ability to Failure of American Industrial Firms: ALogistic Analysis[J].Journal of Business Finance&Accounting.1985,12(1):19~45

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700