菜地生态系统温室气体排放规律与碳收支估算研究
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摘要
蔬菜地复种指数高,以高度集约化种植和氮肥高量投入为特征,是温室气体的重要排放源。本研究以我国东南部集约化管理下具有四种不同轮作方式的菜地生态系统为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法于2009年11月28日～2010年11月26日田间原位监测N2O、CH4与C02气体的排放通量与土壤剖面中三种气体的浓度变化,研究菜地中温室气体排放规律、土壤剖面分布、周转速率及影响因素；在作物季节时间尺度上估算菜地中生态系统净碳收支(NECB)与温室气体强度(GHGI);同时通过盆栽模拟研究方法,探讨生物黑炭对菜地生态系统温室气体的减排效果。大田试验处理设置包括裸地和四种轮作方式；四种轮作方式包括芹菜-空心菜-小白菜-苋菜,菜心-芹菜-空心菜-大青菜,苘蒿-空心菜-大青菜,芹菜-菜心-生菜-大青菜。试验结果如下：
1.菜地生态系统是重要的温室气体排放源。集约化管理下蔬菜地N20排放以高排放通量为特征,苘蒿-空心菜-大青菜、芹菜-空心菜-小白菜-苋菜、菜心-芹菜-空心菜-大青菜、芹菜-菜心-生菜-大青菜与裸地的累积N20排放量分别为237.7kg N ha-1、137.2kgNha-1、100.9kgNha-1、56.4kg N ha-1与29.2kg N ha-1。除了芹菜-菜心-生菜-大青菜轮作外,其他三种蔬菜轮作的累积N20排放量均显著的高于裸地。菜地生态系统对CH4排放无显著影响,裸地、芹菜-空心菜-小白菜-苋菜、菜心-芹菜-空心菜-大青菜、苘蒿-空心菜-大青菜与芹菜-菜心-生菜-大青菜轮作中累积CH4排放量分别为9.0kg Cha-1、13.9kg C ha-1、18.8kg C ha-1、12.1kg C ha-1与16.1kg C ha-1.四种轮作菜地中N20排放系数为1.2%-5.0%,平均为2.6%。总氮肥施用与N20排放之间呈显著的直线相关关系,氮肥用量能解释N20排放变异的35.5%。土壤温度与土壤湿度是影响N20排放的重要环境因子,而土壤硝态氮与铵态氮浓度与N20排放通量间无显著相关关系。为准确估算国家N20收支清单,需要周年动态与多频次的监测N20排放通量。
2.菜地生态系统中土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2的浓度、扩散通量与周转速率呈现较大的剖面层次空间变异性。土壤剖面中N20浓度在0-30cm范围内呈随土壤深度增加而增加的趋势,在30～50cm土层出现增减不一的变化趋势(与15～30cm相比)。30～50cm土层以输出N20为主,0～7cm土层以输入N20为主。0～50cm范围内,CH4浓度呈随土壤深度增加而增加的趋势。30～50cm土层以输出CH4为主,0-15cm土层以输入cH4为主。土壤剖面中c02的浓度呈现上低下高的分布特征。15～50cm以输出C02为主,0～7cm土层以输入C02为主。氮肥施用与翻耕管理均影响着N20的土壤剖面分布,氮肥施用显著增加了土壤剖面中各土层的N20浓度,促进N20扩散通量,加速N20的周转速率,但施用氮肥对C02的土壤剖面分布特征影响不明显。与施肥相比,翻耕措施对C02的浓度分布、扩散通量与周转速率影响更大。与N20与C02相比,肥料施用与耕翻措施对CH4的土壤剖面分布特征与周转速率的影响均不明显。
3.在作物季节时间尺度上,四种蔬菜轮作菜地的NECB与土壤有机碳变化量(δSOC)均表现为固碳效应。四种蔬菜轮作的6SOC为0.01～0.40t C ha-1。施用有机肥是增加菜地中碳库的重要措施。不同蔬菜轮作间与同一轮作中不同蔬菜间的综合温室效应(GWP)、净温室效应(net GWP)、GHGI以及计入农田管理与化学品投入碳排放的相应指标mGWP、net mGWP与mGHGI均表现出相似的变化趋势。四种蔬菜轮作的mGWP、net GWP与net mGWP分别为36～131Mg CO2eq. ha-1,26～109Mg CO2eq. ha-1,35～129Mg CO2eq. ha-1; GHGI与mGHGI的变化范围分别为0.17～0.42kgCO2equiv. kg-1veg与0.22～0.49kg CO2equiv. kg-1veg.。N2O排放引起的GWP主导了mGWP、net GWP、net mGWP、GHGI与mGHGI的变化。提高氮肥利用效率与采取合理的菜地管理是减缓菜地综合温室效应的重要措施。
4.2011年3月3日～6月11日采集菜地土壤进行户外盆栽菜心和苋菜2季蔬菜的试验,研究施用生物黑炭对菜地温室气体的减排效果。试验设置8个处理,包括CK,不施肥,种植蔬菜和7个等氮量(400kg N ha-1)的处理,分别为Urea(施用尿素)、UM1(尿素与有机肥组合1)、UM2(尿素与有机肥组合2)、UB1(尿素与黑炭水平1)、UB2(尿素与黑炭水平2)、UM1B(尿素与有机肥组合1同时施用黑炭)、UM2B(尿素与有机肥组合2同时施用黑炭)。试验结果表明,与尿素相比,处理UB1、UB2、UMlB与UM2B显著降低N20排放量达77%～86%,UM1与UM2对N20排放的影响无显著不同。黑炭添加或有机肥施用对CH4排放无显著影响。UMlB与UM2B处理中蔬菜总产量分别比尿素、UM1/UM2与UB1/UB2勺产量平均高32%、48%与28%。添加黑炭处理的N20-N排放系数为0.4%～0.7%,而无添加黑炭处理为2.5%～3.2%。最佳黑炭施用量为30Mg ha-1,施用黑炭能在不降低蔬菜产量的基础上显著减少N20排放。
因此,菜地生态系统温室气体排放与碳收支估算值得深入研究；同时如何减缓菜地生态系统综合温室效应和温室气体强度都是有益的探索。
Vegetable field is characterized by high harvest index, intensively plantated with high nitrogen fertilizer input, thus being an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. The study was performed in an intensive managed vegetable production region with four typical leafy vegetable rotations in southeast China from28December in2009to26December in2010. The main objectives were to simultaneously measure N2O, CH4and CO2fluxes and soil profile N2O, CH4and CO2concentrations, turnover rate and influence factors, to estimate the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) and greenhouse gases intensity (GHGI) on crop seasonal scale. In addition, the effect of biochar on greenhouse gas mitigations was also probed into through a pot experiment. The four consecutive rotations were established as follows:Celery-Tung choy-Baby bok choy-Amaranth (C-T-Bb-A), Choy sum-Celery-Tung choy-Bok choy (Cs-C-T-Bc), Garland chrysanthemum-Tung choy-Bok choy (G-T-Bc), Celery-Choy sum-Lettuce-Bok choy (C-Cs-L-Bc). The results were presented as follows:
1. Vegetable field ecosystem is an important source of greenhouse gases emissions. N2O emissions from intensively managed vegetable fields were characterized by high fluxes that varied with cropping systems. Annual cumulative N2O emissions were237.7kg N ha-1from the G-T-Bc,137.2kg N ha-1from the C-T-Bb-A,100.9kg N ha-1from the Cs-C-T-Bc,56.4kg N ha-1from the C-Cs-L-Bc and29.2kg N ha-1from the bare fallow, respectively. Except for the C-Cs-L-Bc rotation, the cumulative N2O emissions from the rotation fields were significantly higher than that from the bare fallow. Vegetable field had no significant effect on CH4emissions. Annual cumulative CH4emissions were9.0kg C ha-1,13.9kg C ha-1,18.8kg C ha-1,12.1kg C ha-1and16.1kg C ha-1from the bare fallow, C-T-Bb-A, Cs-C-T-Bc, G-TBc and C-Cs-L-Bc, respectively. The annual N2O emission factor ranged from1.2%to5.0%, averaging with2.6%. N2O emissions were significantly linear correlated with total N input rates, and total N fertilizer application rate explained35.5%of annual N2O emissions. Soil temperature and soil moisture were crucial environment factors affecting N2O emissions, and soil NO3--N and NH4+-N had no significant correlations with N2O fluxes. Frequent year-round monitoring of N2O fluxes is essential for better constraint of the national N2O budget.
2. Soil profile N2O, CH4and CO2concentration, diffusion fluxes and turnover rate showed greater spatial variability among profile layers in vegetable ecosystem. N2O concentration increased with soil depth in0-30cm profile, but its concentration showed increase or decrease in30-50cm profile and presented disaccord compared with15-30cm. N2O of30-50cm profile primly output, and0-7cm primly input. CH4concentrations increased with soil depth in0-50cm profile. CH4of30-50cm profile primly output, and0-15cm primly input. Lower CO2concentration in below soil profile and higher in upper soil profile. CO2of15-50cm profile primly output, and0-7cm primly input. N application and tillage managements all affected N2O profile distributions. N application significantly increased N2O concentrations in each soil profile, promoted N2O diffusion fluxes and accelerated N2O turnover rate, but those had no obvious effect on CO2soil profile distributions. In contrast with N fertilizer applications, the effect of tillage on CO2concentration, diffusion fluxes and turnover rate were greater. The effect of N application and tillage managements on CH4soil distributions and turnover rate were not obvious compared with that on N2O and CO2.
3. NECB and δSOC from the four vegetable rotation fields all showed carbon sequestration at crop seasonal time scale. The δSOC from four vegetable rotations ranged from0.01t C ha-1to0.40t C ha-1. Application manure into vegetable field was important for increasing soil carbon stock. GWP, net GWP, GHGI and corresponding indexes of mGWP, net mGWP and mGHGI considering carbon emissions induced from field management and chemical material input all showed nearly consistent changes among the rotations and among the vegetables within each rotation. The global warming potential ranged from36～131Mg CO2eq. ha-1for mGWP,26～109Mg CO2eq. ha-1for net GWP and35～129Mg CO2eq. ha-1for net mGWP. Greenhouse gases intensity ranged from0.17～0.42kg CO2equiv. kg-1veg. for GHGI and0.22～0.49kg CO2equiv. kg-1veg. for mGHGI. The mGWP, net GWP, net mGWP, GHGI and mGHGI were dominated by the GWP resulting from N2O emissions. Increasing fertilizer use efficiency and adoption of best practices are effective measures for decreasing global warming potential in vegetable field management.
4. A outside pot experiment with planting choy sum and amaranth was performed to estimate the effect of maize straw biochar application on greenhouse gas mitigations. Eight treatments included control (CK) with planting vegetable without fertilizer application and seven equal N rate treatments (400kg N ha-1) which were Urea(400kg N ha-1), UM1(combination urea with manure1), UM2(combination urea with manure2), UB1(combination urea with biochar1), UB2(combination urea with biochar2), UM1B (combination urea with manure1and biochar addition) and UM2B (combination urea with manure2and biochar addition). The results showed that UB1, UB2, UM1B and UM2B significantly decreased N2O emission by77%to86%, while the UM1and UM2did not show significant N2O emission difference in comparison with Urea. Biochar amendment or manure application had no significant effect on CH4emissions. On average, UM1B and UM2B significantly enhanced vegetable production by32%,48%and28%as compared to Urea, average UM1/UM2and average UB1/UB2, respectively. N2O-N emission factors with biochar application were0.4%-0.7%, while those without biochar being2.5%～3.2%. The most effective combination was biochar at30Mg ha-1. Biochar application can significantly reduce N2O emissions while maintaining vegetable production.
Therfore, it is desired for further study on GHGs emissions and carbon budget from vegetable field ecosystems. It is also crucial for further studies on net GWP and GHGI from vegetable ecosystems.
1.菜地生态系统是重要的温室气体排放源。集约化管理下蔬菜地N20排放以高排放通量为特征,苘蒿-空心菜-大青菜、芹菜-空心菜-小白菜-苋菜、菜心-芹菜-空心菜-大青菜、芹菜-菜心-生菜-大青菜与裸地的累积N20排放量分别为237.7kg N ha-1、137.2kgNha-1、100.9kgNha-1、56.4kg N ha-1与29.2kg N ha-1。除了芹菜-菜心-生菜-大青菜轮作外,其他三种蔬菜轮作的累积N20排放量均显著的高于裸地。菜地生态系统对CH4排放无显著影响,裸地、芹菜-空心菜-小白菜-苋菜、菜心-芹菜-空心菜-大青菜、苘蒿-空心菜-大青菜与芹菜-菜心-生菜-大青菜轮作中累积CH4排放量分别为9.0kg Cha-1、13.9kg C ha-1、18.8kg C ha-1、12.1kg C ha-1与16.1kg C ha-1.四种轮作菜地中N20排放系数为1.2%-5.0%,平均为2.6%。总氮肥施用与N20排放之间呈显著的直线相关关系,氮肥用量能解释N20排放变异的35.5%。土壤温度与土壤湿度是影响N20排放的重要环境因子,而土壤硝态氮与铵态氮浓度与N20排放通量间无显著相关关系。为准确估算国家N20收支清单,需要周年动态与多频次的监测N20排放通量。
2.菜地生态系统中土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2的浓度、扩散通量与周转速率呈现较大的剖面层次空间变异性。土壤剖面中N20浓度在0-30cm范围内呈随土壤深度增加而增加的趋势,在30～50cm土层出现增减不一的变化趋势(与15～30cm相比)。30～50cm土层以输出N20为主,0～7cm土层以输入N20为主。0～50cm范围内,CH4浓度呈随土壤深度增加而增加的趋势。30～50cm土层以输出CH4为主,0-15cm土层以输入cH4为主。土壤剖面中c02的浓度呈现上低下高的分布特征。15～50cm以输出C02为主,0～7cm土层以输入C02为主。氮肥施用与翻耕管理均影响着N20的土壤剖面分布,氮肥施用显著增加了土壤剖面中各土层的N20浓度,促进N20扩散通量,加速N20的周转速率,但施用氮肥对C02的土壤剖面分布特征影响不明显。与施肥相比,翻耕措施对C02的浓度分布、扩散通量与周转速率影响更大。与N20与C02相比,肥料施用与耕翻措施对CH4的土壤剖面分布特征与周转速率的影响均不明显。
3.在作物季节时间尺度上,四种蔬菜轮作菜地的NECB与土壤有机碳变化量(δSOC)均表现为固碳效应。四种蔬菜轮作的6SOC为0.01～0.40t C ha-1。施用有机肥是增加菜地中碳库的重要措施。不同蔬菜轮作间与同一轮作中不同蔬菜间的综合温室效应(GWP)、净温室效应(net GWP)、GHGI以及计入农田管理与化学品投入碳排放的相应指标mGWP、net mGWP与mGHGI均表现出相似的变化趋势。四种蔬菜轮作的mGWP、net GWP与net mGWP分别为36～131Mg CO2eq. ha-1,26～109Mg CO2eq. ha-1,35～129Mg CO2eq. ha-1; GHGI与mGHGI的变化范围分别为0.17～0.42kgCO2equiv. kg-1veg与0.22～0.49kg CO2equiv. kg-1veg.。N2O排放引起的GWP主导了mGWP、net GWP、net mGWP、GHGI与mGHGI的变化。提高氮肥利用效率与采取合理的菜地管理是减缓菜地综合温室效应的重要措施。
4.2011年3月3日～6月11日采集菜地土壤进行户外盆栽菜心和苋菜2季蔬菜的试验,研究施用生物黑炭对菜地温室气体的减排效果。试验设置8个处理,包括CK,不施肥,种植蔬菜和7个等氮量(400kg N ha-1)的处理,分别为Urea(施用尿素)、UM1(尿素与有机肥组合1)、UM2(尿素与有机肥组合2)、UB1(尿素与黑炭水平1)、UB2(尿素与黑炭水平2)、UM1B(尿素与有机肥组合1同时施用黑炭)、UM2B(尿素与有机肥组合2同时施用黑炭)。试验结果表明,与尿素相比,处理UB1、UB2、UMlB与UM2B显著降低N20排放量达77%～86%,UM1与UM2对N20排放的影响无显著不同。黑炭添加或有机肥施用对CH4排放无显著影响。UMlB与UM2B处理中蔬菜总产量分别比尿素、UM1/UM2与UB1/UB2勺产量平均高32%、48%与28%。添加黑炭处理的N20-N排放系数为0.4%～0.7%,而无添加黑炭处理为2.5%～3.2%。最佳黑炭施用量为30Mg ha-1,施用黑炭能在不降低蔬菜产量的基础上显著减少N20排放。
因此,菜地生态系统温室气体排放与碳收支估算值得深入研究；同时如何减缓菜地生态系统综合温室效应和温室气体强度都是有益的探索。
Vegetable field is characterized by high harvest index, intensively plantated with high nitrogen fertilizer input, thus being an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. The study was performed in an intensive managed vegetable production region with four typical leafy vegetable rotations in southeast China from28December in2009to26December in2010. The main objectives were to simultaneously measure N2O, CH4and CO2fluxes and soil profile N2O, CH4and CO2concentrations, turnover rate and influence factors, to estimate the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) and greenhouse gases intensity (GHGI) on crop seasonal scale. In addition, the effect of biochar on greenhouse gas mitigations was also probed into through a pot experiment. The four consecutive rotations were established as follows:Celery-Tung choy-Baby bok choy-Amaranth (C-T-Bb-A), Choy sum-Celery-Tung choy-Bok choy (Cs-C-T-Bc), Garland chrysanthemum-Tung choy-Bok choy (G-T-Bc), Celery-Choy sum-Lettuce-Bok choy (C-Cs-L-Bc). The results were presented as follows:
1. Vegetable field ecosystem is an important source of greenhouse gases emissions. N2O emissions from intensively managed vegetable fields were characterized by high fluxes that varied with cropping systems. Annual cumulative N2O emissions were237.7kg N ha-1from the G-T-Bc,137.2kg N ha-1from the C-T-Bb-A,100.9kg N ha-1from the Cs-C-T-Bc,56.4kg N ha-1from the C-Cs-L-Bc and29.2kg N ha-1from the bare fallow, respectively. Except for the C-Cs-L-Bc rotation, the cumulative N2O emissions from the rotation fields were significantly higher than that from the bare fallow. Vegetable field had no significant effect on CH4emissions. Annual cumulative CH4emissions were9.0kg C ha-1,13.9kg C ha-1,18.8kg C ha-1,12.1kg C ha-1and16.1kg C ha-1from the bare fallow, C-T-Bb-A, Cs-C-T-Bc, G-TBc and C-Cs-L-Bc, respectively. The annual N2O emission factor ranged from1.2%to5.0%, averaging with2.6%. N2O emissions were significantly linear correlated with total N input rates, and total N fertilizer application rate explained35.5%of annual N2O emissions. Soil temperature and soil moisture were crucial environment factors affecting N2O emissions, and soil NO3--N and NH4+-N had no significant correlations with N2O fluxes. Frequent year-round monitoring of N2O fluxes is essential for better constraint of the national N2O budget.
2. Soil profile N2O, CH4and CO2concentration, diffusion fluxes and turnover rate showed greater spatial variability among profile layers in vegetable ecosystem. N2O concentration increased with soil depth in0-30cm profile, but its concentration showed increase or decrease in30-50cm profile and presented disaccord compared with15-30cm. N2O of30-50cm profile primly output, and0-7cm primly input. CH4concentrations increased with soil depth in0-50cm profile. CH4of30-50cm profile primly output, and0-15cm primly input. Lower CO2concentration in below soil profile and higher in upper soil profile. CO2of15-50cm profile primly output, and0-7cm primly input. N application and tillage managements all affected N2O profile distributions. N application significantly increased N2O concentrations in each soil profile, promoted N2O diffusion fluxes and accelerated N2O turnover rate, but those had no obvious effect on CO2soil profile distributions. In contrast with N fertilizer applications, the effect of tillage on CO2concentration, diffusion fluxes and turnover rate were greater. The effect of N application and tillage managements on CH4soil distributions and turnover rate were not obvious compared with that on N2O and CO2.
3. NECB and δSOC from the four vegetable rotation fields all showed carbon sequestration at crop seasonal time scale. The δSOC from four vegetable rotations ranged from0.01t C ha-1to0.40t C ha-1. Application manure into vegetable field was important for increasing soil carbon stock. GWP, net GWP, GHGI and corresponding indexes of mGWP, net mGWP and mGHGI considering carbon emissions induced from field management and chemical material input all showed nearly consistent changes among the rotations and among the vegetables within each rotation. The global warming potential ranged from36～131Mg CO2eq. ha-1for mGWP,26～109Mg CO2eq. ha-1for net GWP and35～129Mg CO2eq. ha-1for net mGWP. Greenhouse gases intensity ranged from0.17～0.42kg CO2equiv. kg-1veg. for GHGI and0.22～0.49kg CO2equiv. kg-1veg. for mGHGI. The mGWP, net GWP, net mGWP, GHGI and mGHGI were dominated by the GWP resulting from N2O emissions. Increasing fertilizer use efficiency and adoption of best practices are effective measures for decreasing global warming potential in vegetable field management.
4. A outside pot experiment with planting choy sum and amaranth was performed to estimate the effect of maize straw biochar application on greenhouse gas mitigations. Eight treatments included control (CK) with planting vegetable without fertilizer application and seven equal N rate treatments (400kg N ha-1) which were Urea(400kg N ha-1), UM1(combination urea with manure1), UM2(combination urea with manure2), UB1(combination urea with biochar1), UB2(combination urea with biochar2), UM1B (combination urea with manure1and biochar addition) and UM2B (combination urea with manure2and biochar addition). The results showed that UB1, UB2, UM1B and UM2B significantly decreased N2O emission by77%to86%, while the UM1and UM2did not show significant N2O emission difference in comparison with Urea. Biochar amendment or manure application had no significant effect on CH4emissions. On average, UM1B and UM2B significantly enhanced vegetable production by32%,48%and28%as compared to Urea, average UM1/UM2and average UB1/UB2, respectively. N2O-N emission factors with biochar application were0.4%-0.7%, while those without biochar being2.5%～3.2%. The most effective combination was biochar at30Mg ha-1. Biochar application can significantly reduce N2O emissions while maintaining vegetable production.
Therfore, it is desired for further study on GHGs emissions and carbon budget from vegetable field ecosystems. It is also crucial for further studies on net GWP and GHGI from vegetable ecosystems.
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