循环流化床提升管气固两相流动力学研究
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摘要
循环流化床提升管气固两相流体系具有复杂的动力学行为。提升管中宏观尺度上的气固两相分布特征及微观尺度上的颗粒并聚等行为一直是提升管气固两相流动力学研究的重要课题，对揭示气固两相复杂流动现象的内在机制、建立可靠的动力学预测模型以及提升管反应器的放大设计具有重要意义。
本文以较宽操作条件范围内河沙和FCC两种颗粒分别在两套内径同为100mm，均采用喷管型气体分布器，高度分别为10.5m和15.1m的循环流化床实验装置上的系统实验数据为基础，详细对比分析了提升管内的轴向压力梯度分布和多个高度截面上的局部颗粒浓度分布及速度分布，深入研究了颗粒物性和提升管几何结构对循环流化床提升管内气固两相流动力学的影响规律，并进一步探讨了提升管内局部流动结构与整体流动结构的内在关系，从不同角度深层次地揭示了气固两相的流动结构。
提升管高度对气固两相流轴向压力梯度分布的影响非常显著——在相同操作条件下，当提升管高度增加时，整个床层的颗粒浓度都随之降低，从而使得固体颗粒在提升管中的轴向分布更加均匀。鉴于以往多数基于单一提升管高度的实验结论或经验关联式都没能考虑提升管高度的影响，因此，建立气固两相流动力学模型和放大设计提升管反应器时尤其应当考虑提升管高度的影响。
当采用粗重颗粒(河沙)操作时，在一定操作条件下，颗粒在分布器效应消失后会出现不同程度的减速。当操作气速较低(U_g＜5.5m/s)时，由于颗粒的减速，河沙在提升管内轴、径向分布的不均匀程度比FCC要严重得多；但在操作气速较高(U_g＞8.0m/s)时，粗重颗粒在径向的分布则比FCC颗粒更为均匀。
基于对提升管内气固两相流各参数的系统测试和分析，发现在具有相同修正固气比G_s~(1.2)/G_g~(2.0)的操作条件下，提升管内的气固两相流具有非常相似的宏观和微观动力学特征，这对新建模型参数，更确切地概括和表征提升管内的气固
两相流动行为具有重要参考价值。
参照单相流体在圆管中的流动，在定量分析提升管内气固悬浮物与管壁间
摩擦的基础上，并考虑气固物性、提升管几何参数和操作参数的影响，建立了
充分发展段气固两相与管壁间摩擦压力降的预测模型。实验结果表明，模型预
测值与实验值吻合良好，这对于通过压差法获取实际浓度、提升管反应器的模
拟和设计都具有重要的实用价值。
考虑气固悬浮物与管壁间摩擦、提升管高度及颗粒物性影响，提出了充分
发展段颗粒浓度预测关联式。该式定量反映了操作参数、提升管高径比、颗粒
物性、气固悬浮物与管壁间摩擦对充分发展段颗粒浓度的影响关系，解释了部
分文献关联式在预测稀相段颗粒浓度时相互差异较大的原因，为循环流化床反
应器的应用设计提供了新的实验关联式。
局部颗粒浓度、颗粒速度和通量在无因次半径刀天二0.8附近与相应的截面
平均值达到相等，由此提出以矛艰=0.8为核心区无因次半径，其特点是与颗粒
种类、操作气速、颗粒循环速率和床层轴向位置基本无关。这为进一步建立和
完善气固两相环核流动结构模型提供了新的思路和实验例证。
大量数据的分析表明，边壁区内的气固流动对操作条件、颗粒物性变化的
敏感程度显著大于核心区，边壁区内的气固两相流行为是提升管内总体流动随
颗粒物性、操作条件和轴向位置产生变化的控制因素。因此进一步研究边壁区
的流动行为对理解和描述整个提升管中的气固两相流动结构有重要意义。
基于局部瞬时颗粒浓度的时间序列，深入研究了絮状物特性在提升管轴、
径向的分布规律以及操作参数对絮状物特性及其分布的影响，揭示出提升管内
气固两相流局部流动结构与整体流动结构之间存在的内在关系:颗粒浓度和速
度在提升管轴、径向的整体不均匀分布是絮状物大小、形状、运动速度、内部
颗粒浓度、存在时间及出现频率等瞬态特性参数在提升管轴、径向上不均匀分
布的时均反映，气固两相流沿轴向逐渐加速直至充分发展的过程实际上是絮状
物形态沿轴向逐渐发展变化过程的表现，气固两相流在径向的环核流动结构是
絮状物在核心区和边壁区运动特性不同的表现，即提升管内整体流动结构与局
部流动结构之间是宏观与微观、现象与本质的关系。
The gas-solid two-phase flow in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers presents very complicated hydrodynamic aspects. Although numerous research efforts have led to significant advances in the understanding of hydrodynamics from the macro-distributions of gas-solid flow structure to the micro-behaviors of particle clustering, further studies are still needed in order to make clear the inherent mechanisms of various phenomena exhibiting in gas-solid two-phase flow so that more reliable models and scale-up methods of CFB reactors can be developed.
This work conducted systematic experiments and studies on the radial distributions of local solids concentration and particle velocities as well as the axial distributions of pressure gradients. The experiments were carried out using FCC and sand and under wide operation conditions. Two CFB riser ser-ups used in the experiment have the same diameter of 100mm, but different heights of 15.1m and 10.5m, respectively. Based on the measured data, the effects of particle properties and geometric structure on hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow in risers and the inherent relationship between local and overall flow structure were intensively investigated.
Significant effects of riser height on the distribution of axial pressure gradients were found. Under the same operating condition, the concentrations in whole riser decrease with increasing the height of column, and consequently leading to more uniform distribution of particles in risers. This suggests the effects of riser height must be taken into account when developing of the gas-solid two-phase flow hydrodynamic model and the scale-up method of
the CFB reactors, because the most of past experimental conclusions and correlations were based on single height of riser and did not consider the influences of riser height.
Under certain operating conditions, sand particles (belonging to group B of Geldart's classification) will decelerate to some degree after the effect of gas distributor disappears. Under low gas velocity conditions (?g<5.5m/s), the axial and radial distributions of FCC are much more uniform than those of sand; while under high gas velocity conditions (?>8.0m/s), the axial and radial distributions of sand, however, are much more uniform than those of FCC.
Based upon the systematical experimental data obtained in this study and from other literatures, it is found that under the operating conditions with the same modified solids-to-air flow ratio Gs'2/G^? the gas-solid two-phase flows in risers show a very similar macro distribution and micro behaviors. This gives way to develop new model parameters so that the behaviors of gas-solid two-phase flows in CDB riser reactors can be described more exactly.
By referring to the flow of fluid in circular pipe, the pressure drop due to the friction between the gas-solid suspension and the wall was quantitatively analyzed, and a model was proposed to predict the pressure drop of gas-solid flow in fully developed section of risers. This model includes particle and gas properties, riser structure parameters, and operating parameters and is in good agreement with the experimental data.
Taken into account of the effect of riser height, particle properties, and the friction between the gas-solid suspension and the wall on the solids holdups, a correlation was proposed to predict the solids holdup in fully developed region of CFB risers. The correlation explains the differences among the predicated values of other authors and delineates more clearly the variations of solids holdup in fully developed region with operation parameters, ratio of height to diameter of riser, particle properties, the friction between the gas-solid suspension and the wall.
Local solids concentrations, particle velocities, and solids fluxes reach the corresponding
cross-sectional average values always at r/R ~ 0.8, and consequently the dimensionless radius of the core region can be defined at r/R=0.8. Preliminary studies show that this dimensionless radius is independent of particle pro
本文以较宽操作条件范围内河沙和FCC两种颗粒分别在两套内径同为100mm，均采用喷管型气体分布器，高度分别为10.5m和15.1m的循环流化床实验装置上的系统实验数据为基础，详细对比分析了提升管内的轴向压力梯度分布和多个高度截面上的局部颗粒浓度分布及速度分布，深入研究了颗粒物性和提升管几何结构对循环流化床提升管内气固两相流动力学的影响规律，并进一步探讨了提升管内局部流动结构与整体流动结构的内在关系，从不同角度深层次地揭示了气固两相的流动结构。
提升管高度对气固两相流轴向压力梯度分布的影响非常显著——在相同操作条件下，当提升管高度增加时，整个床层的颗粒浓度都随之降低，从而使得固体颗粒在提升管中的轴向分布更加均匀。鉴于以往多数基于单一提升管高度的实验结论或经验关联式都没能考虑提升管高度的影响，因此，建立气固两相流动力学模型和放大设计提升管反应器时尤其应当考虑提升管高度的影响。
当采用粗重颗粒(河沙)操作时，在一定操作条件下，颗粒在分布器效应消失后会出现不同程度的减速。当操作气速较低(U_g＜5.5m/s)时，由于颗粒的减速，河沙在提升管内轴、径向分布的不均匀程度比FCC要严重得多；但在操作气速较高(U_g＞8.0m/s)时，粗重颗粒在径向的分布则比FCC颗粒更为均匀。
基于对提升管内气固两相流各参数的系统测试和分析，发现在具有相同修正固气比G_s~(1.2)/G_g~(2.0)的操作条件下，提升管内的气固两相流具有非常相似的宏观和微观动力学特征，这对新建模型参数，更确切地概括和表征提升管内的气固
两相流动行为具有重要参考价值。
参照单相流体在圆管中的流动，在定量分析提升管内气固悬浮物与管壁间
摩擦的基础上，并考虑气固物性、提升管几何参数和操作参数的影响，建立了
充分发展段气固两相与管壁间摩擦压力降的预测模型。实验结果表明，模型预
测值与实验值吻合良好，这对于通过压差法获取实际浓度、提升管反应器的模
拟和设计都具有重要的实用价值。
考虑气固悬浮物与管壁间摩擦、提升管高度及颗粒物性影响，提出了充分
发展段颗粒浓度预测关联式。该式定量反映了操作参数、提升管高径比、颗粒
物性、气固悬浮物与管壁间摩擦对充分发展段颗粒浓度的影响关系，解释了部
分文献关联式在预测稀相段颗粒浓度时相互差异较大的原因，为循环流化床反
应器的应用设计提供了新的实验关联式。
局部颗粒浓度、颗粒速度和通量在无因次半径刀天二0.8附近与相应的截面
平均值达到相等，由此提出以矛艰=0.8为核心区无因次半径，其特点是与颗粒
种类、操作气速、颗粒循环速率和床层轴向位置基本无关。这为进一步建立和
完善气固两相环核流动结构模型提供了新的思路和实验例证。
大量数据的分析表明，边壁区内的气固流动对操作条件、颗粒物性变化的
敏感程度显著大于核心区，边壁区内的气固两相流行为是提升管内总体流动随
颗粒物性、操作条件和轴向位置产生变化的控制因素。因此进一步研究边壁区
的流动行为对理解和描述整个提升管中的气固两相流动结构有重要意义。
基于局部瞬时颗粒浓度的时间序列，深入研究了絮状物特性在提升管轴、
径向的分布规律以及操作参数对絮状物特性及其分布的影响，揭示出提升管内
气固两相流局部流动结构与整体流动结构之间存在的内在关系:颗粒浓度和速
度在提升管轴、径向的整体不均匀分布是絮状物大小、形状、运动速度、内部
颗粒浓度、存在时间及出现频率等瞬态特性参数在提升管轴、径向上不均匀分
布的时均反映，气固两相流沿轴向逐渐加速直至充分发展的过程实际上是絮状
物形态沿轴向逐渐发展变化过程的表现，气固两相流在径向的环核流动结构是
絮状物在核心区和边壁区运动特性不同的表现，即提升管内整体流动结构与局
部流动结构之间是宏观与微观、现象与本质的关系。
The gas-solid two-phase flow in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers presents very complicated hydrodynamic aspects. Although numerous research efforts have led to significant advances in the understanding of hydrodynamics from the macro-distributions of gas-solid flow structure to the micro-behaviors of particle clustering, further studies are still needed in order to make clear the inherent mechanisms of various phenomena exhibiting in gas-solid two-phase flow so that more reliable models and scale-up methods of CFB reactors can be developed.
This work conducted systematic experiments and studies on the radial distributions of local solids concentration and particle velocities as well as the axial distributions of pressure gradients. The experiments were carried out using FCC and sand and under wide operation conditions. Two CFB riser ser-ups used in the experiment have the same diameter of 100mm, but different heights of 15.1m and 10.5m, respectively. Based on the measured data, the effects of particle properties and geometric structure on hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow in risers and the inherent relationship between local and overall flow structure were intensively investigated.
Significant effects of riser height on the distribution of axial pressure gradients were found. Under the same operating condition, the concentrations in whole riser decrease with increasing the height of column, and consequently leading to more uniform distribution of particles in risers. This suggests the effects of riser height must be taken into account when developing of the gas-solid two-phase flow hydrodynamic model and the scale-up method of
the CFB reactors, because the most of past experimental conclusions and correlations were based on single height of riser and did not consider the influences of riser height.
Under certain operating conditions, sand particles (belonging to group B of Geldart's classification) will decelerate to some degree after the effect of gas distributor disappears. Under low gas velocity conditions (?g<5.5m/s), the axial and radial distributions of FCC are much more uniform than those of sand; while under high gas velocity conditions (?>8.0m/s), the axial and radial distributions of sand, however, are much more uniform than those of FCC.
Based upon the systematical experimental data obtained in this study and from other literatures, it is found that under the operating conditions with the same modified solids-to-air flow ratio Gs'2/G^? the gas-solid two-phase flows in risers show a very similar macro distribution and micro behaviors. This gives way to develop new model parameters so that the behaviors of gas-solid two-phase flows in CDB riser reactors can be described more exactly.
By referring to the flow of fluid in circular pipe, the pressure drop due to the friction between the gas-solid suspension and the wall was quantitatively analyzed, and a model was proposed to predict the pressure drop of gas-solid flow in fully developed section of risers. This model includes particle and gas properties, riser structure parameters, and operating parameters and is in good agreement with the experimental data.
Taken into account of the effect of riser height, particle properties, and the friction between the gas-solid suspension and the wall on the solids holdups, a correlation was proposed to predict the solids holdup in fully developed region of CFB risers. The correlation explains the differences among the predicated values of other authors and delineates more clearly the variations of solids holdup in fully developed region with operation parameters, ratio of height to diameter of riser, particle properties, the friction between the gas-solid suspension and the wall.
Local solids concentrations, particle velocities, and solids fluxes reach the corresponding
cross-sectional average values always at r/R ~ 0.8, and consequently the dimensionless radius of the core region can be defined at r/R=0.8. Preliminary studies show that this dimensionless radius is independent of particle pro
引文
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