透过率起伏相关频谱法水中污染物颗粒检测技术
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摘要
近年来，无论是太湖的蓝藻，还是饮用水杂质超标，都引起人们对水处理问题的密切关注。现有的多参数水质检测仪可同时测量pH值、ORP（氧化还原电位）、TDS（溶解性总固体量）、溶解氧、温度、电导率、盐度等参数，但均未提及水中颗粒物的粒径和颗粒浓度的测量，而颗粒粒径和颗粒浓度是水质检测领域十分重要的参数。在水污染处理过程中，一个很重要的环节就是要对水污染物颗粒进行实时、在线检测，为水处理提供相应的参数。目前，国内外的水质检测方法和手段有很多，但主要依靠取样方式，实时、在线检测手段还很少。
透过率起伏相关频谱法是一种新的光学颗粒测量方法，可同时测量颗粒粒径分布和浓度。因其光学测量装置简单、操作方便，可实现对水中污染物颗粒的实时、在线检测。本文中将一束激光经分光器分成两束光后照射水中颗粒系统，当水中存在污染物颗粒时，透射光由于颗粒的散射和吸收产生衰减并呈现脉动（起伏）特征。通过对两束光的透过率起伏信号的互相关处理，获得透过率起伏互相关频谱，由此得到颗粒系统的流速，以该流速作为已知参量应用到任何一束光的透过率起伏信号的自相关处理中，再利用反演算法可得到水中低浓度、微米级小颗粒的粒径和浓度的信息。本文共分六章对透过率起伏相关频谱法测量水中污染物颗粒技术进行详尽阐述：
第一章主要对颗粒测量技术作了背景介绍，并对水中颗粒物做了简单介绍，还着重介绍了透过率起伏相关频谱法的发展过程及意义。
第二章讲述了透过率起伏相关频谱法的一些基本概念和基础知识，为后文对透过率起伏相关频谱法的测量原理打下基础。
第三章讨论了透过率起伏互相关频谱法和透过率起伏自相关频谱法的特点，给出数学模型、简单的理论推导和理论计算曲线，并提出本文采用的测量原理。当光束直径为20微米时，测量范围大于1微米，正好满足对水中污染物颗粒的测量要求。
以第三章理论计算为基础，在第四章中给出模拟计算结果。首先研究了单层颗粒系统，颗粒之间不存在相互交叠，只考虑层结构效应；然后通过纯颗粒交叠和不同层数的模拟计算数据进行分析比较，此时颗粒浓度很低、层数很大，层结构效应被剔除，仅颗粒交叠效应存在；最后，对三维颗粒系统（即层结构效应和颗粒交叠效应同时存在的情况）进行模拟计算。
第五章给出了水中污染物颗粒的测量结果。对实验装置设计做了简要介绍，根据测量原理，以水中加入的豆奶粉为例，得到透过率起伏互相关频谱曲线，从而得到颗粒系统的流速。该流速可在第六章反演计算中作为已知参量。最后，对水中加入的豆奶粉、藕粉和三种不同粒径珍珠粉的透过率起伏信号做自相关处理，得到透过率起伏自相关频谱特征函数曲线。
第六章介绍了几种常用的反演算法，针对本课题的特点，采用改进的Chahine循环方法反演计算得到颗粒的粒径分布和浓度信息。本文对低浓度的微米级颗粒的实验数据进行反演、比较，从而得到合理的测量结果。
In recent years, whether cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake or drinking excessiveimpurities are causing people to play close attentions to water treatment. Theexisting multi-parameter water detectors can simultaneously measure pH, ORP(redox potential), TDS (the contents of total dissolved solids), dissolved oxygen,temperature, conductivity, salinity and so on, but don’t involve the measurementsof particle size and particle concentration, which are both the very importantparameters in the field of water quality inspection. In the process of the waterpollution treatment, an important part is the real-time and on-line measurement forthe water pollutant particles, which will provide corresponding parameters forwater treatment. Up to now, there are many methods of the water qualityinspection in the domestic and international literature, in which the samplingmethod are utilized mainly and the real-time and online detection methods areused rarely.
The transmission fluctuation spectrometry with correlation is a new opticalmethod developed in recent years, in which both the particle size distribution andparticle concentration can be measured simultaneously. Due to the simple opticalsetup, the transmission fluctuation spectrometry with correlation can be used asreal-time, online technique for measuring the pollutant particles in water. Twobeams of light produced by a laser through optical beam splitter irradiate thepollutant particles in water. Due to the absorption and the scattering of thepollutant particles in water, the transmitted lights produce attenuations and showfluctuating characteristics. The transmission fluctuation spectrum may be obtainedwith correlation techniques. One of correlation techniques is the spatialcorrelation (transmission fluctuation spectrometry with spatial correlation,TFS-SC), in which two parallel beams with a separation between each other areemployed and the expectancy of the transmission product (ETP) is measured as afunction of the beam separation, which includes the information on the flowvelocity. This velocity is regarded as known parameter in the transmissionfluctuation spectrometry with temporal correlation or auto-correlation (shortlyTFS-TC or TFS-AC). The particle size distributions and concentrations are extracted from the experimental data with the modified Chahine iterations. Sixparts will be given for the transmission fluctuation spectrometry with thecorrelation.
In the first part of this thesis, the background of particle measurements, theparticle in water, and the development of the transmission fluctuationspectrometry are introduced.In the second part, concepts and knowledges on the transmission fluctuationspectrometry with correlation are introduced, which are the basis of the latterdepictions.
The third to sixth chapters are the core parts of this thesis. In the third chapter, onthe basis of the transmission fluctuation spectrometry with spatial correlation, thefeatures of TFS-SC and TFS-AC, the theoretical model, the theoretical derivationand the theoretical calculation curves are given. And the measurement principle ofthe transmission fluctuation spectrometry with correlation is presented. As thebeam diameter is20μm, the particle size is more than1μm, just meeting therequirement for measuring the pollutant particles in water.On the basis of the third chapter, the numerical simulatuins on transmissionfluctuation spectrometry with correlation are given in the fourth chapter. Firstly,the monolayer particle system is discussed. The numerical simulation on themonolayer is performed only with the monolayer structure and without theparticle overlapping. Alternatively, this may be simulated either by assuming alarge number of layers, each layer containing very few particles only, or byassuming a single, dense monolayer containing non-interacting particles, wherebyparticles are allowed to interpenetrate with each other. The dense monolayercontaining N non-interacting particles is equivalent to a3-dimensional particlesuspension containing N layers, each layer containing one particle only. At the last,the numerical simulatuins of3-dimensional particle system is given (i.e. theparticle overlapping and the monolayer structure exsit simultaneously).
The fifth chapter presents the measurment results of the pollution particles inwater. The experimental device design is introduced briefly and the samples arethe soybean milk powders, the lotus root powders and three kinds of pearlpowders dispersed in water. The flow velocity of the particle system is obtainedby the transmission fluctuation spectrometry with spatial correlation, which will be taken as a known parameter in the TFS-AC. Finally, the transition functioncurves based on the soybean milk powder, the lotus root powder and the pearlpowders in water are obtained.
In the sixth chapter, inversion algorithms are introduced. Considering thecharacteristics of this subject, the particle size distributions and concentrations areextracted with the modified Chahine iterations from the experimental data.Reasonable results are obtained for particles in the range of microns and at lowconcentrations.
透过率起伏相关频谱法是一种新的光学颗粒测量方法，可同时测量颗粒粒径分布和浓度。因其光学测量装置简单、操作方便，可实现对水中污染物颗粒的实时、在线检测。本文中将一束激光经分光器分成两束光后照射水中颗粒系统，当水中存在污染物颗粒时，透射光由于颗粒的散射和吸收产生衰减并呈现脉动（起伏）特征。通过对两束光的透过率起伏信号的互相关处理，获得透过率起伏互相关频谱，由此得到颗粒系统的流速，以该流速作为已知参量应用到任何一束光的透过率起伏信号的自相关处理中，再利用反演算法可得到水中低浓度、微米级小颗粒的粒径和浓度的信息。本文共分六章对透过率起伏相关频谱法测量水中污染物颗粒技术进行详尽阐述：
第一章主要对颗粒测量技术作了背景介绍，并对水中颗粒物做了简单介绍，还着重介绍了透过率起伏相关频谱法的发展过程及意义。
第二章讲述了透过率起伏相关频谱法的一些基本概念和基础知识，为后文对透过率起伏相关频谱法的测量原理打下基础。
第三章讨论了透过率起伏互相关频谱法和透过率起伏自相关频谱法的特点，给出数学模型、简单的理论推导和理论计算曲线，并提出本文采用的测量原理。当光束直径为20微米时，测量范围大于1微米，正好满足对水中污染物颗粒的测量要求。
以第三章理论计算为基础，在第四章中给出模拟计算结果。首先研究了单层颗粒系统，颗粒之间不存在相互交叠，只考虑层结构效应；然后通过纯颗粒交叠和不同层数的模拟计算数据进行分析比较，此时颗粒浓度很低、层数很大，层结构效应被剔除，仅颗粒交叠效应存在；最后，对三维颗粒系统（即层结构效应和颗粒交叠效应同时存在的情况）进行模拟计算。
第五章给出了水中污染物颗粒的测量结果。对实验装置设计做了简要介绍，根据测量原理，以水中加入的豆奶粉为例，得到透过率起伏互相关频谱曲线，从而得到颗粒系统的流速。该流速可在第六章反演计算中作为已知参量。最后，对水中加入的豆奶粉、藕粉和三种不同粒径珍珠粉的透过率起伏信号做自相关处理，得到透过率起伏自相关频谱特征函数曲线。
第六章介绍了几种常用的反演算法，针对本课题的特点，采用改进的Chahine循环方法反演计算得到颗粒的粒径分布和浓度信息。本文对低浓度的微米级颗粒的实验数据进行反演、比较，从而得到合理的测量结果。
In recent years, whether cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake or drinking excessiveimpurities are causing people to play close attentions to water treatment. Theexisting multi-parameter water detectors can simultaneously measure pH, ORP(redox potential), TDS (the contents of total dissolved solids), dissolved oxygen,temperature, conductivity, salinity and so on, but don’t involve the measurementsof particle size and particle concentration, which are both the very importantparameters in the field of water quality inspection. In the process of the waterpollution treatment, an important part is the real-time and on-line measurement forthe water pollutant particles, which will provide corresponding parameters forwater treatment. Up to now, there are many methods of the water qualityinspection in the domestic and international literature, in which the samplingmethod are utilized mainly and the real-time and online detection methods areused rarely.
The transmission fluctuation spectrometry with correlation is a new opticalmethod developed in recent years, in which both the particle size distribution andparticle concentration can be measured simultaneously. Due to the simple opticalsetup, the transmission fluctuation spectrometry with correlation can be used asreal-time, online technique for measuring the pollutant particles in water. Twobeams of light produced by a laser through optical beam splitter irradiate thepollutant particles in water. Due to the absorption and the scattering of thepollutant particles in water, the transmitted lights produce attenuations and showfluctuating characteristics. The transmission fluctuation spectrum may be obtainedwith correlation techniques. One of correlation techniques is the spatialcorrelation (transmission fluctuation spectrometry with spatial correlation,TFS-SC), in which two parallel beams with a separation between each other areemployed and the expectancy of the transmission product (ETP) is measured as afunction of the beam separation, which includes the information on the flowvelocity. This velocity is regarded as known parameter in the transmissionfluctuation spectrometry with temporal correlation or auto-correlation (shortlyTFS-TC or TFS-AC). The particle size distributions and concentrations are extracted from the experimental data with the modified Chahine iterations. Sixparts will be given for the transmission fluctuation spectrometry with thecorrelation.
In the first part of this thesis, the background of particle measurements, theparticle in water, and the development of the transmission fluctuationspectrometry are introduced.In the second part, concepts and knowledges on the transmission fluctuationspectrometry with correlation are introduced, which are the basis of the latterdepictions.
The third to sixth chapters are the core parts of this thesis. In the third chapter, onthe basis of the transmission fluctuation spectrometry with spatial correlation, thefeatures of TFS-SC and TFS-AC, the theoretical model, the theoretical derivationand the theoretical calculation curves are given. And the measurement principle ofthe transmission fluctuation spectrometry with correlation is presented. As thebeam diameter is20μm, the particle size is more than1μm, just meeting therequirement for measuring the pollutant particles in water.On the basis of the third chapter, the numerical simulatuins on transmissionfluctuation spectrometry with correlation are given in the fourth chapter. Firstly,the monolayer particle system is discussed. The numerical simulation on themonolayer is performed only with the monolayer structure and without theparticle overlapping. Alternatively, this may be simulated either by assuming alarge number of layers, each layer containing very few particles only, or byassuming a single, dense monolayer containing non-interacting particles, wherebyparticles are allowed to interpenetrate with each other. The dense monolayercontaining N non-interacting particles is equivalent to a3-dimensional particlesuspension containing N layers, each layer containing one particle only. At the last,the numerical simulatuins of3-dimensional particle system is given (i.e. theparticle overlapping and the monolayer structure exsit simultaneously).
The fifth chapter presents the measurment results of the pollution particles inwater. The experimental device design is introduced briefly and the samples arethe soybean milk powders, the lotus root powders and three kinds of pearlpowders dispersed in water. The flow velocity of the particle system is obtainedby the transmission fluctuation spectrometry with spatial correlation, which will be taken as a known parameter in the TFS-AC. Finally, the transition functioncurves based on the soybean milk powder, the lotus root powder and the pearlpowders in water are obtained.
In the sixth chapter, inversion algorithms are introduced. Considering thecharacteristics of this subject, the particle size distributions and concentrations areextracted with the modified Chahine iterations from the experimental data.Reasonable results are obtained for particles in the range of microns and at lowconcentrations.
引文
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