基于震相特征的地震成像方法和应用
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摘要
地震震相在地球结构的研究中扮演了重要的角色,从地球圈层一维结构模型的建立到二维和三维结构的层析成像,人们对地球结构的认识得益于对震相的识别和其特征的认识程度。随着观测技术的不断更新、计算能力的提高以及数值方法的发展,地震成像方法自提出至今得到了长足的发展,根据方法我们可以简要的把成像方法分为三大类：(1)射线体波走时和面波频散射线成像；(2)经典波形反演成像,(3)现今流行的数值全波形反演成像。这三类方法的一个区别在于对地震震相特征的利用：射线体波走时和面波频散成像利用的是走时信息；经典波形反演成像利用的了部分相位和振幅信息；数值全波形反演成像则是走时、相位和振幅都可以利用。现今,如何很好利用震相特征来反演地球结构是地震成像的一个重要方向。本文围绕震相特征的利用,基于半解析方法,对井下摆近震记录、Rayleigh面波频散和椭圆率(偏振)、体波和面波多种测量量作了研究并发展了相应的成像方法,同时利用长周期波形对东亚地区的上地幔剪切波速度结构作了分窗波形反演成像。
在观察井下摆地震记录时,我们发现了来自震源的直达波和经过自由地表反射的震相,以及经过沉积盆地基底转换的震相。这些震相因为其产生机理,为研究盆地的三维精细结构提供了重要的天然地震数据。围绕SH分量的直达波和地表反射震相,通过观测数据、理论数值模拟相结合研究发现直达波和地表反射波这两个震相的到时差和波形相对振幅受震源深度的影响非常小,几乎可以忽略,震中距离对两个震相的到时差影响也非常小,这两个震相之间的到时差和波形差异携带了台站上方的速度和衰减信息。研究还表明直达波和其相应的地表反射波在浅部的入射角度很小,近乎垂直入射。我们使用平面近似将SH分量的直达波作为源,通过拟合地表反射波的波形来反演近地表速度和衰减结构。基于理论和实际波形的反演表明我们发展的波形反演方法可以很好地获得近地表的速度和衰减结构,该研究可以为盆地三维结构研究、强地面震动模拟等研究提供重要的资料。
面波的频散携带了丰富的地球结构信息,利用面波频散信息的成像技术无论在区域还是全球地震学结构上都取得了一系列成果。但是由于面波频散仅包含不同频率面波的走时信息,对地球结构能够提供的约束较单一。基于地震记录不同分量上面波相对振幅的面波椭圆率的提取和利用是近年来正逐渐活跃的研究方向。本文基于反射透射系数方法,研发了计算面波频散曲线和椭圆率的程序,并结合模拟退火算法发展了利用面波频散和椭圆率联合反演地球结构的一套工具。正演数值实验告诉我们地震面波频散和面波椭圆率对地下结构具有不同的敏感性,面波相速度频散对面波采样深度范围内的平均速度敏感,而面波椭圆率对速度梯度敏感,两者的结合使用可以帮助降低反演时模型的非唯一性。基于联合反演的测试证明了两者的联合反演能够对地球结构提供更好的约束。
体波接收函数是研究地壳上地幔结构的一种常用的方法之一,它的独特之处在于不同分量上体波波形的反褶积尽可能的去除了震源和远处路径上结构的影响,而提取出对台站下方结构敏感的信息。接收函数波形携带了不同的转换或多次反射震相与直达波之间的相对振幅和相对走时信息,它仅对较大的速度跳变敏感(如Moho等),而对平滑的速度渐变和平均速度不敏感。我们探讨了接收函数,Rayleigh波相速度频散曲线和椭圆率曲线三种数据联合起来反演壳幔结构的可行性,研发了三种数据联合反演的成像工具,通过基于理论数据的反演实验探讨了体波接收函数与两种面波观测数据联合反演的优缺点。研究结果表明体波接收函数和Rayleigh波相速度频散以及椭圆率联合反演具有对地球结构约束很强的优点,在区域壳幔结构成像中将具有很好的应用前景。
东亚地区是一个地震活动频繁、灾害严重的区域,该区域内青藏高原-喜马拉雅碰撞带,西太平洋俯冲带,天山一贝加尔构造带等等一系列活动构造形成了东亚地区复杂的构造格局。本文收集了东亚及其邻区可以公开获得的高质量远震波形数据,利用基于非线性渐进耦合理论(non-linear asymptotic coupling theory:NACT)计算理论地震图和敏感核函数对周期长于60秒的波形进行波形反演成像。获得的三维剪切波速度模型展示了与东亚地区构造格局一致性很好的横向非均一性。模型中稳定块体具有较厚的岩石圈,这些块体如西伯利亚地台、哈萨克斯坦地块、塔里木克拉通、扬子地块、印度板块、青藏高原除去羌塘昆仑的大部分区域,在模型中表现为较强的高速结构。而兴蒙地块、贝加尔断裂带、华北克拉通、华南地块、印支地块、鄂霍次克海一日本海一东海一台湾岛一带,菲律宾板块以及中国南海的岩石圈较薄,在模型中表现为低速结构。新模型表明印度岩石圈俯冲到青藏高原之下,并且在青藏高原下自西向东具有不同的北部边缘,我们同时看到西太平洋俯冲到欧亚板块之下并滞留在地幔过渡带中。大尺度的高速和低速异常之间的边界与区域内构造带具有很好的相关性,譬如,中亚造山带、阿尔泰祁连一秦岭大别造山带。径向各向异性结果显示大洋地幔和深度大于300km的区域Vsh>Vsv,而在部分造山区域Vsv>Vsh。
The knowledge of the earth structure from1D earth to2D or3D, benefits a lot from studies of the seismic phase that can shed light on the earth interior. Significant progresses have been made for seismic tomography, thanks to the technique of observation, computer resources and numerical methods. The methods of tomography may be classified into three categories, ray theory based on traveltime tomography of body waves and surface wave dispersion curve, semi-analytical method based classical waveform tomography, and the numerical simulation based waveform tomography. One of the differences of these methods is how the seismic phases are employed in the imaging process. Traveltimes of body waves are used in the ray theory traveltime tomography, the classical waveform tomography trys to fit mainly the phase and part of the amplitude of seismic phases, while the fully numerical simulation based tomography can make use of the traveltime, phase and amplitude of the seismic phase or even every wiggle of the seismic waveforms. Nowadays it becomes an important research direction to find a suitable way of making use of characteristics of the seismic phase for the purpose of imaging the earth interior. Here we developed imaging methods using the borehole seismic records, Rayleigh wave dispersion and ellipticity curves, and body wave receiver function, we also use the long period waveform tomographic method to image the upper mantle structure of East Asia.
We observed the direct phase and its surface reflected phase, also the S-P wave converted from the basement of sediment on the near field borehole seismic records. These phases can help to image the detailed structure of the sediment. The observation and forward modeling of SH component direct phase S1and its surface reflected phase S2shows that these two phases have very small incident angles, and they are less affected by the epicentral distance and focal depth, their relative amplitude and traveltime are sensitive to the structure above the borehole. Based on plane wave approximation, we take the S1and source time function to simulate the waveform of the S2phase, and invert for the Vs structure and Qs above the receiver. The theoretical inversion tests and application to the real data shows that our inversion method is able to obtain fine layered Vs velocity and Qs factor of the near surface structure which are useful data for the studies of strong ground motion and estimating seismic hazards.
Surface wave dispersion can help to image the earth interior on both regional and global scales. However dispersion curve only contains the traveltime of surface waves at different periods, and its constrain on the velocity structure is thus limited. The measuring and inversion of Rayleigh wave ellipticity or particle motion start to become popular. We here developed a tool to simulate and invert the surface wave dispersion curve and ellipticity, based on the fast generalized R/T coefficient method. The forward modeling of a series of crustal model indicates that dispersion and ellipticity curves have different sensitivity to the earth structure, dispersion curve can constrain the average velocity very well, while the ellipticity curve is sensitive to the velocity gradient. The joint inversion of these two types of data has been proved to be able to provide us better constrains on the earth structure, however the deeper part such as Moho interface is not well resolved.
Body wave receiver function is a popular technique for studying structure of crust and upper mantle. The receiver function is measured from the deconvolution of vertical component body wave from horizontal components which results in a time series that is sensitive to the structure beneath the receiver. Seismic phases on receiver functions are direct P wave and other conversions and reverberations from interfaces in the crust and upper mantle, thus the receiver function is only sensitive to the relatively large velocity jumps, such as Moho et al., while not sensitive to smooth gradients and average velocity. We developed a new tool for jointly inverting the body wave receiver function, Rayleigh wave dispersion and ellipticity. Theoretical inversion tests shows that the joint inversion of body wave and surface wave data can constrains the absolute velocity better, and deep structure such as Moho can be well resolved.
East Asia is a seismically active region featuring active tectonic belts, such as the Himalaya collision zone, western Pacific subduction zones and the Tianshan-Baikal tectonic belt. In this study we collected high quality regional and teleseismic waveform data that can be publicly available in this region to image the3D mantle structure using long period waveform (>60sec) inversion method based on non-linear asymptotic coupling theory. The3D velocity model shows strong lateral heterogeneities in the target region, which correlates well with the surface geology in East Asia. The stable blocks in target region have relatively thick lithosphere, such as Siberia platform, Kazakhstan block, Tarim block, Yangtze craton, Indian plate, most area of Tibet except for Chiangtang and Kunlun, are all shown as high velocity anomalies. While lower velocity anomalies are found in Xing-Meng block, Baikal rift, North China craton, South China block, Indo-China block, Sea of Okhotsk—Japan Sea—East China Sea—Taiwan Island, Philippine plate and South China Sea. Our new model suggests that Indian plate has subducted with different north reach from the west to east beneath the Tibetan Plateau, and the Pacific plate has subducted down to the depth of transition zone and stagnates in the transition zone in East China. The dominant fast and slow velocity boundaries in the study region are well correlated with tectonic belts, such as the central Asian orogenic belt and Alty/Qilian-Qinling/Dabie orogenic belt. Our radially anisotropic model shows Vsh> Vsv in oceanic regions and at larger depths(>300km), and Vsv> Vsh in some orogenic zones.
在观察井下摆地震记录时,我们发现了来自震源的直达波和经过自由地表反射的震相,以及经过沉积盆地基底转换的震相。这些震相因为其产生机理,为研究盆地的三维精细结构提供了重要的天然地震数据。围绕SH分量的直达波和地表反射震相,通过观测数据、理论数值模拟相结合研究发现直达波和地表反射波这两个震相的到时差和波形相对振幅受震源深度的影响非常小,几乎可以忽略,震中距离对两个震相的到时差影响也非常小,这两个震相之间的到时差和波形差异携带了台站上方的速度和衰减信息。研究还表明直达波和其相应的地表反射波在浅部的入射角度很小,近乎垂直入射。我们使用平面近似将SH分量的直达波作为源,通过拟合地表反射波的波形来反演近地表速度和衰减结构。基于理论和实际波形的反演表明我们发展的波形反演方法可以很好地获得近地表的速度和衰减结构,该研究可以为盆地三维结构研究、强地面震动模拟等研究提供重要的资料。
面波的频散携带了丰富的地球结构信息,利用面波频散信息的成像技术无论在区域还是全球地震学结构上都取得了一系列成果。但是由于面波频散仅包含不同频率面波的走时信息,对地球结构能够提供的约束较单一。基于地震记录不同分量上面波相对振幅的面波椭圆率的提取和利用是近年来正逐渐活跃的研究方向。本文基于反射透射系数方法,研发了计算面波频散曲线和椭圆率的程序,并结合模拟退火算法发展了利用面波频散和椭圆率联合反演地球结构的一套工具。正演数值实验告诉我们地震面波频散和面波椭圆率对地下结构具有不同的敏感性,面波相速度频散对面波采样深度范围内的平均速度敏感,而面波椭圆率对速度梯度敏感,两者的结合使用可以帮助降低反演时模型的非唯一性。基于联合反演的测试证明了两者的联合反演能够对地球结构提供更好的约束。
体波接收函数是研究地壳上地幔结构的一种常用的方法之一,它的独特之处在于不同分量上体波波形的反褶积尽可能的去除了震源和远处路径上结构的影响,而提取出对台站下方结构敏感的信息。接收函数波形携带了不同的转换或多次反射震相与直达波之间的相对振幅和相对走时信息,它仅对较大的速度跳变敏感(如Moho等),而对平滑的速度渐变和平均速度不敏感。我们探讨了接收函数,Rayleigh波相速度频散曲线和椭圆率曲线三种数据联合起来反演壳幔结构的可行性,研发了三种数据联合反演的成像工具,通过基于理论数据的反演实验探讨了体波接收函数与两种面波观测数据联合反演的优缺点。研究结果表明体波接收函数和Rayleigh波相速度频散以及椭圆率联合反演具有对地球结构约束很强的优点,在区域壳幔结构成像中将具有很好的应用前景。
东亚地区是一个地震活动频繁、灾害严重的区域,该区域内青藏高原-喜马拉雅碰撞带,西太平洋俯冲带,天山一贝加尔构造带等等一系列活动构造形成了东亚地区复杂的构造格局。本文收集了东亚及其邻区可以公开获得的高质量远震波形数据,利用基于非线性渐进耦合理论(non-linear asymptotic coupling theory:NACT)计算理论地震图和敏感核函数对周期长于60秒的波形进行波形反演成像。获得的三维剪切波速度模型展示了与东亚地区构造格局一致性很好的横向非均一性。模型中稳定块体具有较厚的岩石圈,这些块体如西伯利亚地台、哈萨克斯坦地块、塔里木克拉通、扬子地块、印度板块、青藏高原除去羌塘昆仑的大部分区域,在模型中表现为较强的高速结构。而兴蒙地块、贝加尔断裂带、华北克拉通、华南地块、印支地块、鄂霍次克海一日本海一东海一台湾岛一带,菲律宾板块以及中国南海的岩石圈较薄,在模型中表现为低速结构。新模型表明印度岩石圈俯冲到青藏高原之下,并且在青藏高原下自西向东具有不同的北部边缘,我们同时看到西太平洋俯冲到欧亚板块之下并滞留在地幔过渡带中。大尺度的高速和低速异常之间的边界与区域内构造带具有很好的相关性,譬如,中亚造山带、阿尔泰祁连一秦岭大别造山带。径向各向异性结果显示大洋地幔和深度大于300km的区域Vsh>Vsv,而在部分造山区域Vsv>Vsh。
The knowledge of the earth structure from1D earth to2D or3D, benefits a lot from studies of the seismic phase that can shed light on the earth interior. Significant progresses have been made for seismic tomography, thanks to the technique of observation, computer resources and numerical methods. The methods of tomography may be classified into three categories, ray theory based on traveltime tomography of body waves and surface wave dispersion curve, semi-analytical method based classical waveform tomography, and the numerical simulation based waveform tomography. One of the differences of these methods is how the seismic phases are employed in the imaging process. Traveltimes of body waves are used in the ray theory traveltime tomography, the classical waveform tomography trys to fit mainly the phase and part of the amplitude of seismic phases, while the fully numerical simulation based tomography can make use of the traveltime, phase and amplitude of the seismic phase or even every wiggle of the seismic waveforms. Nowadays it becomes an important research direction to find a suitable way of making use of characteristics of the seismic phase for the purpose of imaging the earth interior. Here we developed imaging methods using the borehole seismic records, Rayleigh wave dispersion and ellipticity curves, and body wave receiver function, we also use the long period waveform tomographic method to image the upper mantle structure of East Asia.
We observed the direct phase and its surface reflected phase, also the S-P wave converted from the basement of sediment on the near field borehole seismic records. These phases can help to image the detailed structure of the sediment. The observation and forward modeling of SH component direct phase S1and its surface reflected phase S2shows that these two phases have very small incident angles, and they are less affected by the epicentral distance and focal depth, their relative amplitude and traveltime are sensitive to the structure above the borehole. Based on plane wave approximation, we take the S1and source time function to simulate the waveform of the S2phase, and invert for the Vs structure and Qs above the receiver. The theoretical inversion tests and application to the real data shows that our inversion method is able to obtain fine layered Vs velocity and Qs factor of the near surface structure which are useful data for the studies of strong ground motion and estimating seismic hazards.
Surface wave dispersion can help to image the earth interior on both regional and global scales. However dispersion curve only contains the traveltime of surface waves at different periods, and its constrain on the velocity structure is thus limited. The measuring and inversion of Rayleigh wave ellipticity or particle motion start to become popular. We here developed a tool to simulate and invert the surface wave dispersion curve and ellipticity, based on the fast generalized R/T coefficient method. The forward modeling of a series of crustal model indicates that dispersion and ellipticity curves have different sensitivity to the earth structure, dispersion curve can constrain the average velocity very well, while the ellipticity curve is sensitive to the velocity gradient. The joint inversion of these two types of data has been proved to be able to provide us better constrains on the earth structure, however the deeper part such as Moho interface is not well resolved.
Body wave receiver function is a popular technique for studying structure of crust and upper mantle. The receiver function is measured from the deconvolution of vertical component body wave from horizontal components which results in a time series that is sensitive to the structure beneath the receiver. Seismic phases on receiver functions are direct P wave and other conversions and reverberations from interfaces in the crust and upper mantle, thus the receiver function is only sensitive to the relatively large velocity jumps, such as Moho et al., while not sensitive to smooth gradients and average velocity. We developed a new tool for jointly inverting the body wave receiver function, Rayleigh wave dispersion and ellipticity. Theoretical inversion tests shows that the joint inversion of body wave and surface wave data can constrains the absolute velocity better, and deep structure such as Moho can be well resolved.
East Asia is a seismically active region featuring active tectonic belts, such as the Himalaya collision zone, western Pacific subduction zones and the Tianshan-Baikal tectonic belt. In this study we collected high quality regional and teleseismic waveform data that can be publicly available in this region to image the3D mantle structure using long period waveform (>60sec) inversion method based on non-linear asymptotic coupling theory. The3D velocity model shows strong lateral heterogeneities in the target region, which correlates well with the surface geology in East Asia. The stable blocks in target region have relatively thick lithosphere, such as Siberia platform, Kazakhstan block, Tarim block, Yangtze craton, Indian plate, most area of Tibet except for Chiangtang and Kunlun, are all shown as high velocity anomalies. While lower velocity anomalies are found in Xing-Meng block, Baikal rift, North China craton, South China block, Indo-China block, Sea of Okhotsk—Japan Sea—East China Sea—Taiwan Island, Philippine plate and South China Sea. Our new model suggests that Indian plate has subducted with different north reach from the west to east beneath the Tibetan Plateau, and the Pacific plate has subducted down to the depth of transition zone and stagnates in the transition zone in East China. The dominant fast and slow velocity boundaries in the study region are well correlated with tectonic belts, such as the central Asian orogenic belt and Alty/Qilian-Qinling/Dabie orogenic belt. Our radially anisotropic model shows Vsh> Vsv in oceanic regions and at larger depths(>300km), and Vsv> Vsh in some orogenic zones.
引文
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