车辆碰撞事故中头部生物力学响应和损伤机理分析
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摘要
头部损伤是汽车交通事故中最为常见的伤害类型之一,而且头部损伤是造成重伤或者死亡的主要致伤形式。由于头部创伤导致的治疗、赔偿和死亡带来了大量的社会和经济问题。以英国为例,1997年大约40%的头部损伤是由于交通事故导致的。在我国,随着经济发展和国内汽车市场的升温,汽车保有量急剧增加,我国的道路交通事故发生率一直居高不下,而其中头部损伤在交通伤害中占了较高的比例(约为22.5~41%)。因此,在我国开展针对头部损伤的形式、损伤机理、耐受限度和防护方法的研究具有重要的现实意义。本文主要进行基于真实人体解剖学结构的头部建模和验证工作;将开发的头部有限元模型用于典型行人碰撞事故重建和损伤分析研究工作;并提出相关降低头部损伤的防护措施。
人体头部具有极为复杂的解剖学结构,同时包含了人体中枢神经系统最重要的器官,对头部进行研究的手段受到极大的限制。在过去的几十年中,研究人员在头部损伤机理的研究领域提出了很多种假说,但是真正意义上能够完整揭示致伤机制的理论仍然有待完善。本文在前人研究的基础上,对头部载荷条件、损伤机理等研究成果进行了总结,同时对有限元方法在人体头部损伤研究领域的应用进行了回顾。以显式有限元分析软件LS-DYNA和多刚体动力学分析软件MADYMO为主要的研究工具,进行了头部损伤研究工作。建立了基于真实人体解剖学结构的三维头部有限元模型,这一有限元模型被命名为人体头部模型(Human Body Model-head,HBM-head)。模型描述了主要的颅脑解剖学结构,包括头皮、颅骨、硬脑膜、脑脊液、软脑膜、大脑、小脑、脑室、脑干、脑镰和脑幕等等。整个模型由66 624个节点,49 607个实体单元和11 514个壳单元组成,头部模型质量为4.4 kg。脑组织的材料特性来自于国内外文献资料。
基于国外不同时期经典的尸体实验的数据对HBM头部模型进行了验证,比较了Nahum(1976年)和Trosseille(1992年)的实验与仿真分析中的头部动力学响应参数以及颅内压力;同时再现了碰撞过程冲击-对冲伤害模式的压力梯度分布情况,并计算了颅内应力应变分布。另外,通过Hardy实验验证分析了模型模拟颅脑相对运动的能力。同时根据国外颅骨冲击实验数据,对头部骨折的力学特性进行了验证分析。结果表明,仿真分析与实验的结果吻合较好,模型具有较高的生物逼真度,可以用于颅脑损伤的颅内应力应变分布、颅内压力等相关参数研究,以及头部骨折伤害研究。
汽车碰撞事故中,行人、骑自行车人等易受伤害的道路使用者非常容易受到严重和致命伤害,而且头部损伤在这类事故中占了相当高的比例。本文基于德国汉诺威医科大学提供的行人交通事故的数据,使用多刚体动力学人体模型和HBM头部模型进行了三例典型事故的分析和重建工作。建立并完善了由道路交通事故调查数据—事故重建—损伤分析的研究方法,准确的重现了事故中人体的动力学响应过程;同时根据事故损伤分析得到的各种损伤评估指标,与事故中受害者的伤情报告进行对比。结果表明,模型具有一定的损伤预测能力,计算得到的各种损伤评价指标对于损伤类型和严重程度具有较好的对比性。
由于行人—风挡玻璃碰撞是行人安全中的一个研究热点,本文基于事故案例进行了头部—风挡玻璃碰撞的骨折损伤研究。在建立事故对应的车体模型的基础上,通过模拟事故中行人头部与车体前风挡玻璃等相关结构的碰撞过程,得到不同条件下人体头部颅骨的受力情况和骨折损伤情况,分析结果与事故中的伤情报告具有很好的一致性。
通过采用HBM头部模型和行人头锤模型对汽车风挡玻璃不同区域进行碰撞分析,给出相应的损伤风险分布趋势图;在此基础上,提出双L型气囊的防护结构及设计尺寸;通过多刚体动力学仿真分析,研究了这一气囊在行人碰撞中的防护能力。结果表明,L型气囊能够显著降低行人—风挡玻璃碰撞中车体对行人头部的碰撞强度,降低头部骨折伤害的风险;同时能够对人体头颈部和肩部起到缓冲的作用效果,降低头部由于旋转运动造成的伤害,因此该气囊对头部损伤具有良好的防护效果。
中国汽车行业发展迅速,道路交通事故和头部交通伤的防治工作日益成为值得关注的焦点问题。本研究通过建立人体头部模型,开展事故重建和损伤分析工作,了解交通伤作用机理并据此开展防护措施的研究,对我国汽车安全行业的发展和交通伤防治具有重大的现实意义。
Head injuries are often sustained in traffic accidents and head traumas are most likely to result in severe injury and death. Medical treatment, compensation, and deaths related to head injuries lead to significant social costs. In 1997, approximately 40 percent of head injuries occurred in traffic accident in U.K. In China, economic development and rapid increases in the number of vehicles have resulted in an increased accident rate, with head injuries making up a significant proportion of injuries suffered in traffic accidents (about 22.5~41%). Therefore, it is vital to conduct research about types of head injuries, injury mechanisms, injury tolerance, and protective measures in China. This study focused on the modeling and validation of a finite element head model based on real human anatomical structures; the resulting model was subsequently used in the reconstruction of a typical pedestrian accident and the analysis of head injury. Finally, a protective measure for head injury was suggested.
The human head has an extremely complex structure that includes the most vital organ of the central nervous system, yet methods for studying the human head and brain are quite limited. During the past several decades, many hypotheses have been presented, but an entire systemic theory to explain the head injury mechanism remains lacking. The current work first reviewed previous studies of head mechanical loads and injury mechanisms as well as the application of the finite element method. A study of head injury using software based on the explicit finite element method and multi-body dynamics method was then carried out, ultimately developing a new 3D finite element head model based on the anatomical structure of a real human body. This model was named the Human Body Model-head (or HBM-head). The main structures of the head include the scalp, skull, dura, cerebral spinal fluid, pia mater, cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, falx, and tentorium. The entire model consisted of 66,624 nodes, 49,607 solid elements, and 11,514 shell elements and weighed 4.4 kilograms. The material properties of the brain tissue were defined based on the literature.
Various classical cadaver experiments were simulated to validate the HBM-head model. The head dynamical parameters and intracranial pressures of simulation were compared with the test results of Nahum (1976) and Trosseille (1992). The pressure gradient distribution of coup and contercoup injury was presented, and the intracranial stress and strain were calculated. In addition, using the Hardy test, the capability of simulating the skull-brain relative motion was validated with the setting. The mechanical properties of skull fracture were validated using foreign skull impact experiments. The results of these simulations fit well with those of previous tests, suggesting that this model has good biofidelity and can be used in the parameter study of intracranial stress and pressure of brain injury and skull fracture.
Vulnerable road users—namely, pedestrians and bicyclers—often suffer severe and fatal injuries in car collisions. Head injuries are a high proportion of such traffic accidents. In this study, three typical pedestrian accidents were analyzed and reconstructed using the multi-body pedestrian model and HBM-head FE model, incorporating data from the Accident Research Unit of the Medical University in Hanover, Germany. The method of accident investigation, reconstruction, and injury analysis was presented, discussed, and improved upon. Pedestrians’dynamic responses were reconstructed, and the injury criterion indices calculated from these reconstructions were compared with diagnosis reports, demonstrating that this model has the capability to predict injuries while the calculated injury indices indicate a good ability to predict corresponding injury types and severity.
Moreover, pedestrian-windshield impact is a popular study topic in pedestrian safety. A study focused on skull fractures in pedestrian-windshield collisions was implemented based on accident cases. The corresponding vehicle models were established, and the head-windshield impact processes of the accidents were reconstructed. The human skull’s contact force and injury condition were simulated in various conditions. The results fit well with the diagnosis reports.
The HBM-head model and pedestrian headform model were used to impact different areas of the car windshield. An injury risk distribution figure was presented. The design of a double-side L-shape airbag for pedestrian protection was suggested based on the results of this study, and a multi-body dynamic analysis was carried out to evaluate the protective capability of this airbag. The results indicated that this L-shape airbag can significantly reduce the head impact force in pedestrian-windshield impact as well as the injury risk of skull fractures; it also serves as a cushion to the human head, neck, and shoulders, reducing head injury related to head rotation. Thus, such an airbag is an effective protection device for head injury.
China’s rapid development in the automotive industry means the prevention of traffic accidents and injuries involving the head are an important problem that requires more attention. The current study developed a human body head model, carried out accident reconstruction and injury analysis to understand traffic injury mechanisms, which provided background knowledge for studies of protective measurements. As such, this work has important practical meaning to the development of vehicle safety and the prevention of traffic injuries.
人体头部具有极为复杂的解剖学结构,同时包含了人体中枢神经系统最重要的器官,对头部进行研究的手段受到极大的限制。在过去的几十年中,研究人员在头部损伤机理的研究领域提出了很多种假说,但是真正意义上能够完整揭示致伤机制的理论仍然有待完善。本文在前人研究的基础上,对头部载荷条件、损伤机理等研究成果进行了总结,同时对有限元方法在人体头部损伤研究领域的应用进行了回顾。以显式有限元分析软件LS-DYNA和多刚体动力学分析软件MADYMO为主要的研究工具,进行了头部损伤研究工作。建立了基于真实人体解剖学结构的三维头部有限元模型,这一有限元模型被命名为人体头部模型(Human Body Model-head,HBM-head)。模型描述了主要的颅脑解剖学结构,包括头皮、颅骨、硬脑膜、脑脊液、软脑膜、大脑、小脑、脑室、脑干、脑镰和脑幕等等。整个模型由66 624个节点,49 607个实体单元和11 514个壳单元组成,头部模型质量为4.4 kg。脑组织的材料特性来自于国内外文献资料。
基于国外不同时期经典的尸体实验的数据对HBM头部模型进行了验证,比较了Nahum(1976年)和Trosseille(1992年)的实验与仿真分析中的头部动力学响应参数以及颅内压力;同时再现了碰撞过程冲击-对冲伤害模式的压力梯度分布情况,并计算了颅内应力应变分布。另外,通过Hardy实验验证分析了模型模拟颅脑相对运动的能力。同时根据国外颅骨冲击实验数据,对头部骨折的力学特性进行了验证分析。结果表明,仿真分析与实验的结果吻合较好,模型具有较高的生物逼真度,可以用于颅脑损伤的颅内应力应变分布、颅内压力等相关参数研究,以及头部骨折伤害研究。
汽车碰撞事故中,行人、骑自行车人等易受伤害的道路使用者非常容易受到严重和致命伤害,而且头部损伤在这类事故中占了相当高的比例。本文基于德国汉诺威医科大学提供的行人交通事故的数据,使用多刚体动力学人体模型和HBM头部模型进行了三例典型事故的分析和重建工作。建立并完善了由道路交通事故调查数据—事故重建—损伤分析的研究方法,准确的重现了事故中人体的动力学响应过程;同时根据事故损伤分析得到的各种损伤评估指标,与事故中受害者的伤情报告进行对比。结果表明,模型具有一定的损伤预测能力,计算得到的各种损伤评价指标对于损伤类型和严重程度具有较好的对比性。
由于行人—风挡玻璃碰撞是行人安全中的一个研究热点,本文基于事故案例进行了头部—风挡玻璃碰撞的骨折损伤研究。在建立事故对应的车体模型的基础上,通过模拟事故中行人头部与车体前风挡玻璃等相关结构的碰撞过程,得到不同条件下人体头部颅骨的受力情况和骨折损伤情况,分析结果与事故中的伤情报告具有很好的一致性。
通过采用HBM头部模型和行人头锤模型对汽车风挡玻璃不同区域进行碰撞分析,给出相应的损伤风险分布趋势图;在此基础上,提出双L型气囊的防护结构及设计尺寸;通过多刚体动力学仿真分析,研究了这一气囊在行人碰撞中的防护能力。结果表明,L型气囊能够显著降低行人—风挡玻璃碰撞中车体对行人头部的碰撞强度,降低头部骨折伤害的风险;同时能够对人体头颈部和肩部起到缓冲的作用效果,降低头部由于旋转运动造成的伤害,因此该气囊对头部损伤具有良好的防护效果。
中国汽车行业发展迅速,道路交通事故和头部交通伤的防治工作日益成为值得关注的焦点问题。本研究通过建立人体头部模型,开展事故重建和损伤分析工作,了解交通伤作用机理并据此开展防护措施的研究,对我国汽车安全行业的发展和交通伤防治具有重大的现实意义。
Head injuries are often sustained in traffic accidents and head traumas are most likely to result in severe injury and death. Medical treatment, compensation, and deaths related to head injuries lead to significant social costs. In 1997, approximately 40 percent of head injuries occurred in traffic accident in U.K. In China, economic development and rapid increases in the number of vehicles have resulted in an increased accident rate, with head injuries making up a significant proportion of injuries suffered in traffic accidents (about 22.5~41%). Therefore, it is vital to conduct research about types of head injuries, injury mechanisms, injury tolerance, and protective measures in China. This study focused on the modeling and validation of a finite element head model based on real human anatomical structures; the resulting model was subsequently used in the reconstruction of a typical pedestrian accident and the analysis of head injury. Finally, a protective measure for head injury was suggested.
The human head has an extremely complex structure that includes the most vital organ of the central nervous system, yet methods for studying the human head and brain are quite limited. During the past several decades, many hypotheses have been presented, but an entire systemic theory to explain the head injury mechanism remains lacking. The current work first reviewed previous studies of head mechanical loads and injury mechanisms as well as the application of the finite element method. A study of head injury using software based on the explicit finite element method and multi-body dynamics method was then carried out, ultimately developing a new 3D finite element head model based on the anatomical structure of a real human body. This model was named the Human Body Model-head (or HBM-head). The main structures of the head include the scalp, skull, dura, cerebral spinal fluid, pia mater, cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, falx, and tentorium. The entire model consisted of 66,624 nodes, 49,607 solid elements, and 11,514 shell elements and weighed 4.4 kilograms. The material properties of the brain tissue were defined based on the literature.
Various classical cadaver experiments were simulated to validate the HBM-head model. The head dynamical parameters and intracranial pressures of simulation were compared with the test results of Nahum (1976) and Trosseille (1992). The pressure gradient distribution of coup and contercoup injury was presented, and the intracranial stress and strain were calculated. In addition, using the Hardy test, the capability of simulating the skull-brain relative motion was validated with the setting. The mechanical properties of skull fracture were validated using foreign skull impact experiments. The results of these simulations fit well with those of previous tests, suggesting that this model has good biofidelity and can be used in the parameter study of intracranial stress and pressure of brain injury and skull fracture.
Vulnerable road users—namely, pedestrians and bicyclers—often suffer severe and fatal injuries in car collisions. Head injuries are a high proportion of such traffic accidents. In this study, three typical pedestrian accidents were analyzed and reconstructed using the multi-body pedestrian model and HBM-head FE model, incorporating data from the Accident Research Unit of the Medical University in Hanover, Germany. The method of accident investigation, reconstruction, and injury analysis was presented, discussed, and improved upon. Pedestrians’dynamic responses were reconstructed, and the injury criterion indices calculated from these reconstructions were compared with diagnosis reports, demonstrating that this model has the capability to predict injuries while the calculated injury indices indicate a good ability to predict corresponding injury types and severity.
Moreover, pedestrian-windshield impact is a popular study topic in pedestrian safety. A study focused on skull fractures in pedestrian-windshield collisions was implemented based on accident cases. The corresponding vehicle models were established, and the head-windshield impact processes of the accidents were reconstructed. The human skull’s contact force and injury condition were simulated in various conditions. The results fit well with the diagnosis reports.
The HBM-head model and pedestrian headform model were used to impact different areas of the car windshield. An injury risk distribution figure was presented. The design of a double-side L-shape airbag for pedestrian protection was suggested based on the results of this study, and a multi-body dynamic analysis was carried out to evaluate the protective capability of this airbag. The results indicated that this L-shape airbag can significantly reduce the head impact force in pedestrian-windshield impact as well as the injury risk of skull fractures; it also serves as a cushion to the human head, neck, and shoulders, reducing head injury related to head rotation. Thus, such an airbag is an effective protection device for head injury.
China’s rapid development in the automotive industry means the prevention of traffic accidents and injuries involving the head are an important problem that requires more attention. The current study developed a human body head model, carried out accident reconstruction and injury analysis to understand traffic injury mechanisms, which provided background knowledge for studies of protective measurements. As such, this work has important practical meaning to the development of vehicle safety and the prevention of traffic injuries.
引文
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