道路参数监测预警系统中的数据传输技术研究
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摘要
道路灾害通常是指在自然和人为条件下，道路以及其附属结构的功能性丧失，从而导致道路结构无法发挥原有的功能，影响公路的正常运营。季节冰冻区道路灾害主要包括路基沉降引起的灾害、道路边坡滑坡灾害、冰雪灾害及桥梁病害等。随着科学技术的进步和发展，对于相关的影响参数进行实时监测并且进行实时的状态评估和发布具有重要的安全意义。本文的目的就是对于监测的道路参数数据进行实时的状态评估并且将得到的预报预警监测数据进行及时传送。
道路参数监测预警系统在减少道路灾害损失、保护道路行驶人员人身安全方面起着重要作用。这一工作具有数据量大、数据结构不统一、传输速度要求高、实时性要求高、预警结果计算量大等特点，一般需要具有网络带宽高、计算速度快以及存储效率高的硬件系统支持，属于土木监测仪器、地质环境监测、现代通信技术、计算机网络技术和自动化技术等多学科交叉结合的应用性高新技术领域。
我国大部分地区自然环境复杂，气象条件多变，台风、冰雪、地震等自然灾害频发，各种各样的地质灾害对居民日常生活以及国民经济产生了不利的影响。对于季冻区道路大范围灾害还没有形成快速、有效的动态监测成套技术。当冻土路段、软基路段和山区高边坡路段道路运营后，如何快速、高精度、大范围监测复杂地区的道路路基沉降、变形，边坡滑坡以及动态监测道路积雪、结冰灾害成为保障道路安全运行的关键问题。目前，虽然在一些领域已经采用了一些对策，但由于监测范围大、危险点确定困难，没有实时监测和灾害分析，难以形成预警预报网络平台。在一些地区已经采用传感器和其他装置进行远距离监测，但在准确性及反应速度方面非常欠缺。因此，对道路灾害监测和预警的能力急需加强。
现有的道路监测预警系统只能针对特定类型的道路灾害进行监测预警并且监测的参数类型固定，都采用基于IPv4协议的服务器/客户端模式构建，随着监测对象增多为所有监测点分配IPv4地址会越来越困难。为此本文依托863国家高技术研究发展计划项目《季节冰冻区大范围道路灾害参数监测与辨识预警系统研究》（2009AA11Z104），针对道路参数监测预警系统数据传输过程中的数据获取方法、数据传输发布方法、数据接收存储方法以及系统架构进行研究，主要开展了以下几个方面的工作：
1、道路参数监测数据的获取。道路参数监测数据的类型和数据量是直接关系到数据传输技术的重要因素，也是预警计算模型的关键元素。目前参数信息来源主要包括气象资料、地质资料、设计资料、交通信息资料和现场监测数据。而有效的监测技术是准确获取大范围道路灾害参数的基本手段，为此本文研究了道路边坡稳定性参数监测数据的获取方法、路基变形与整体稳定性参数监测数据的获取方法、路面冰雪监测参数数据的获取方法和桥梁静动力参数监测数据的获取方法。
2、道路参数监测数据发布传输技术研究。道路参数监测数据的发布传输是整个预警系统当中必不可少的重要环节。为此本文提出一种基于IPv6对等网络的道路参数监测预警数据传输方法，该方法网络层支持IPv6协议，应用层使用P2P对等网络。为解决P2P网络带宽消耗高的问题，使用小世界模型网络拓扑算法，快速建立对等网络，使用多中心节点代替服务器，网络中各节点是对等的，这样可以降低了中心服务器的性能依赖，保证预警数据的快速传输和预警的实时性。
3、道路参数监测数据接收存储技术研究。道路参数监测数据的存储类型直接决定了预警系统的可扩展性。现有道路灾害监测预警系统无法扩展的原因是其数据存储格式固定并且其数据解析计算功能是基于此固定数据格式的。为解决道路灾害监测预警系统的监测指标和监测类型不能扩展的问题，本文提出一种基于半结构化数据的道路灾害监测预警数据存储方法，该方法使用半结构化数据模型存储监测预警数据，可在满足极少约束（或无约束）情况下动态改变自身结构，因此其格式可自由扩展。
4、道路参数监测预警系统的构建。本文根据季节冰冻区的道路实际情况，开发了大范围灾害预报预警系统。该系统从使用功能上来说，分为评价系统和发布系统；从内容上来说，可划分为道路边坡状态预警子模块、道路路基状态预警子模块、道路冰雪状态预警子模块以及桥梁状态预警子模块。该预报预警系统的运行过程为：首先接收到监测数据进而启动相应的灾害评价子模块，依据评判标准对灾害进行定量评价，将评价结果通过发布平台发布。
The road disasters usually refers to the loss of functionality of the road and itssubsidiary structure under natural and man-made conditions, leading to the road structurecan not play the original function, affecting the normal operation of the highway. Accordingto the actual situation of large range road disasters in seasonal frozen area, the road safetycan reflect by the slope stability, the subgrade stability, the bridge safety and the ice(snow)on the road. With the development of science and technology, real-time monitoringparameters and real-time assessment has important safety significance. The purpose of thisarticle is to estimate the road parameters monitoring and early-warning system and reaserchon the data transmission process.
Road parameters monitoring and early-warning system plays an important role inreducing road disaster losses and protecting the personal safety on roads. Road parametersmonitoring and early-warning system has the following features: huge amounts ofmonitoring data, real-time demanding, non-uniform data structure, a large number ofcalculations, is the application of interdisciplinary combination of high-tech fields includingcivil monitoring instruments, geological environmental monitoring, automation technology,modern communications technology and computer network technology etc.
In most parts of our country, the natural environment is complex and the weathercondition is changeable. Typhoons, snow, earthquakes and other natural disasters occurfrequently. A variety of geological disasters had a negative impact on the daily lives ofresidents as well as the national economy. A wide range of seasonal frozen area road disasterhas not yet formed a set of fast, efficient, real-time monitoring technology. Monitoringsubgrade settlement, slope landslides, and the ice(snow) on large-scale road fastly,high-precision has become the key issues to protect the safe operation of the road afterfrozen sections, soft-road, mountain high slope sections put into use. Some countermeasureshave been adopted in some areas, but due to the difficulties of monitoring dangerous point inthe large range area and no real-time monitoring and disaster analysis, it is difficult to formthe warning forecast network platform. Sensors and other devices for remote monitoringhave been applied in some areas, but most of them lack accuracy and speed. Therefore, roadhazard monitoring and warning capacity should be strengthened.
The traditional road parameters monitoring and early-warning system has the followingdisadvantages: first, monitoring type of disaster is fixed, so that unable to meet the demandfor rapid development path disasters scalability and security assessment scalability. Second,the amount of the road disaster monitoring data is huge, so that the server load is serious andcan’t guarantee the real-time nature of the system. Third, the system is generally based onIPv4protocol, and allocating IPv4addresses to all monitoring points will becomeincreasingly difficult. To solve these problems, the paper relies on the National HighTechnology Research and Development Program ("863"Program) of China named "Theresearch of wide range season frozen road disasters parameter monitoring and identificationof warning system "(2009AA11Z104), and mainly includes the following aspects:
1. Road parameter monitoring data acquisition. Monitoring data type and the dataamount is directly related to the important factors for data transmission technology, but alsothe key elements of the warning calculation model. The current monitoring data sourcesinclude meteorological data, geological data, design data, traffic information and on-sitemonitoring data. Because of effective monitoring technology is the basic means of access toa wide range of road hazard parameters accurately, this paper studies the road slope stabilityparameter monitoring data acquisition method, subgrade deformation and the overallstability of parameter monitoring data acquisition method, pavement snow and icemonitoring parameter data acquisition methods and bridges static and dynamic parametersmonitoring data acquisition method.
2. The road parameters monitoring data released transmission technology. The roadparameters monitoring data released transmission is the essential part in the entire earlywarning system. In this paper, we used the small world theory to build an IPv6p2pnetwork structure, which supports IPv6protocol in the network layer and supports P2Pnetwork in the application layer. In order to solve the problem of high bandwidthconsumption, the P2P network using the small-world model topology algorithm to quicklyestablish a P2P network, and using multi-center node instead of the server, so that each nodeis a peer-to-peer which can reduce the server load to ensure the fast data transmission andreal-time warning.
3. The road parameter monitoring data receiving storage technology. The roadparameter monitoring data receiving storage type directly determines the scalability of theearly warning system. Existing roads disaster monitoring and warning system can not beextended because the fixed format of the data storage and its data analysis calculation function is based on a fixed data format. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposed anew method of monitoring and early-warning information storage based on semi-structureddata, which achieved the storage of monitoring data by using semi-structured data so that canhandle any type of road disasters and all types of monitoring data. Semi-structured data candynamic changes in its structure under the minimal constraints (or unconstrained). Thereforethe data format can be extended freely.
4. Road parameters monitoring and early-warning system. According to the actualsituation of large range road disasters in seasonal frozen area, we developed a large rangeroad parameters monitoring and early-warning system. The system consists of four parts,which are slope monitoring system, subgrade monitoring system, bridge monitoring systemand ice(snow) monitoring system. The system can be divided into the evaluation system andrelease system from the use of functions. The running of the early warning system: First ofall, receive monitoring data; and then start the appropriate hazard assessment module,quantitative evaluation based on the criteria of disaster; finally, the evaluation resultspublished by publishing platform.
道路参数监测预警系统在减少道路灾害损失、保护道路行驶人员人身安全方面起着重要作用。这一工作具有数据量大、数据结构不统一、传输速度要求高、实时性要求高、预警结果计算量大等特点，一般需要具有网络带宽高、计算速度快以及存储效率高的硬件系统支持，属于土木监测仪器、地质环境监测、现代通信技术、计算机网络技术和自动化技术等多学科交叉结合的应用性高新技术领域。
我国大部分地区自然环境复杂，气象条件多变，台风、冰雪、地震等自然灾害频发，各种各样的地质灾害对居民日常生活以及国民经济产生了不利的影响。对于季冻区道路大范围灾害还没有形成快速、有效的动态监测成套技术。当冻土路段、软基路段和山区高边坡路段道路运营后，如何快速、高精度、大范围监测复杂地区的道路路基沉降、变形，边坡滑坡以及动态监测道路积雪、结冰灾害成为保障道路安全运行的关键问题。目前，虽然在一些领域已经采用了一些对策，但由于监测范围大、危险点确定困难，没有实时监测和灾害分析，难以形成预警预报网络平台。在一些地区已经采用传感器和其他装置进行远距离监测，但在准确性及反应速度方面非常欠缺。因此，对道路灾害监测和预警的能力急需加强。
现有的道路监测预警系统只能针对特定类型的道路灾害进行监测预警并且监测的参数类型固定，都采用基于IPv4协议的服务器/客户端模式构建，随着监测对象增多为所有监测点分配IPv4地址会越来越困难。为此本文依托863国家高技术研究发展计划项目《季节冰冻区大范围道路灾害参数监测与辨识预警系统研究》（2009AA11Z104），针对道路参数监测预警系统数据传输过程中的数据获取方法、数据传输发布方法、数据接收存储方法以及系统架构进行研究，主要开展了以下几个方面的工作：
1、道路参数监测数据的获取。道路参数监测数据的类型和数据量是直接关系到数据传输技术的重要因素，也是预警计算模型的关键元素。目前参数信息来源主要包括气象资料、地质资料、设计资料、交通信息资料和现场监测数据。而有效的监测技术是准确获取大范围道路灾害参数的基本手段，为此本文研究了道路边坡稳定性参数监测数据的获取方法、路基变形与整体稳定性参数监测数据的获取方法、路面冰雪监测参数数据的获取方法和桥梁静动力参数监测数据的获取方法。
2、道路参数监测数据发布传输技术研究。道路参数监测数据的发布传输是整个预警系统当中必不可少的重要环节。为此本文提出一种基于IPv6对等网络的道路参数监测预警数据传输方法，该方法网络层支持IPv6协议，应用层使用P2P对等网络。为解决P2P网络带宽消耗高的问题，使用小世界模型网络拓扑算法，快速建立对等网络，使用多中心节点代替服务器，网络中各节点是对等的，这样可以降低了中心服务器的性能依赖，保证预警数据的快速传输和预警的实时性。
3、道路参数监测数据接收存储技术研究。道路参数监测数据的存储类型直接决定了预警系统的可扩展性。现有道路灾害监测预警系统无法扩展的原因是其数据存储格式固定并且其数据解析计算功能是基于此固定数据格式的。为解决道路灾害监测预警系统的监测指标和监测类型不能扩展的问题，本文提出一种基于半结构化数据的道路灾害监测预警数据存储方法，该方法使用半结构化数据模型存储监测预警数据，可在满足极少约束（或无约束）情况下动态改变自身结构，因此其格式可自由扩展。
4、道路参数监测预警系统的构建。本文根据季节冰冻区的道路实际情况，开发了大范围灾害预报预警系统。该系统从使用功能上来说，分为评价系统和发布系统；从内容上来说，可划分为道路边坡状态预警子模块、道路路基状态预警子模块、道路冰雪状态预警子模块以及桥梁状态预警子模块。该预报预警系统的运行过程为：首先接收到监测数据进而启动相应的灾害评价子模块，依据评判标准对灾害进行定量评价，将评价结果通过发布平台发布。
The road disasters usually refers to the loss of functionality of the road and itssubsidiary structure under natural and man-made conditions, leading to the road structurecan not play the original function, affecting the normal operation of the highway. Accordingto the actual situation of large range road disasters in seasonal frozen area, the road safetycan reflect by the slope stability, the subgrade stability, the bridge safety and the ice(snow)on the road. With the development of science and technology, real-time monitoringparameters and real-time assessment has important safety significance. The purpose of thisarticle is to estimate the road parameters monitoring and early-warning system and reaserchon the data transmission process.
Road parameters monitoring and early-warning system plays an important role inreducing road disaster losses and protecting the personal safety on roads. Road parametersmonitoring and early-warning system has the following features: huge amounts ofmonitoring data, real-time demanding, non-uniform data structure, a large number ofcalculations, is the application of interdisciplinary combination of high-tech fields includingcivil monitoring instruments, geological environmental monitoring, automation technology,modern communications technology and computer network technology etc.
In most parts of our country, the natural environment is complex and the weathercondition is changeable. Typhoons, snow, earthquakes and other natural disasters occurfrequently. A variety of geological disasters had a negative impact on the daily lives ofresidents as well as the national economy. A wide range of seasonal frozen area road disasterhas not yet formed a set of fast, efficient, real-time monitoring technology. Monitoringsubgrade settlement, slope landslides, and the ice(snow) on large-scale road fastly,high-precision has become the key issues to protect the safe operation of the road afterfrozen sections, soft-road, mountain high slope sections put into use. Some countermeasureshave been adopted in some areas, but due to the difficulties of monitoring dangerous point inthe large range area and no real-time monitoring and disaster analysis, it is difficult to formthe warning forecast network platform. Sensors and other devices for remote monitoringhave been applied in some areas, but most of them lack accuracy and speed. Therefore, roadhazard monitoring and warning capacity should be strengthened.
The traditional road parameters monitoring and early-warning system has the followingdisadvantages: first, monitoring type of disaster is fixed, so that unable to meet the demandfor rapid development path disasters scalability and security assessment scalability. Second,the amount of the road disaster monitoring data is huge, so that the server load is serious andcan’t guarantee the real-time nature of the system. Third, the system is generally based onIPv4protocol, and allocating IPv4addresses to all monitoring points will becomeincreasingly difficult. To solve these problems, the paper relies on the National HighTechnology Research and Development Program ("863"Program) of China named "Theresearch of wide range season frozen road disasters parameter monitoring and identificationof warning system "(2009AA11Z104), and mainly includes the following aspects:
1. Road parameter monitoring data acquisition. Monitoring data type and the dataamount is directly related to the important factors for data transmission technology, but alsothe key elements of the warning calculation model. The current monitoring data sourcesinclude meteorological data, geological data, design data, traffic information and on-sitemonitoring data. Because of effective monitoring technology is the basic means of access toa wide range of road hazard parameters accurately, this paper studies the road slope stabilityparameter monitoring data acquisition method, subgrade deformation and the overallstability of parameter monitoring data acquisition method, pavement snow and icemonitoring parameter data acquisition methods and bridges static and dynamic parametersmonitoring data acquisition method.
2. The road parameters monitoring data released transmission technology. The roadparameters monitoring data released transmission is the essential part in the entire earlywarning system. In this paper, we used the small world theory to build an IPv6p2pnetwork structure, which supports IPv6protocol in the network layer and supports P2Pnetwork in the application layer. In order to solve the problem of high bandwidthconsumption, the P2P network using the small-world model topology algorithm to quicklyestablish a P2P network, and using multi-center node instead of the server, so that each nodeis a peer-to-peer which can reduce the server load to ensure the fast data transmission andreal-time warning.
3. The road parameter monitoring data receiving storage technology. The roadparameter monitoring data receiving storage type directly determines the scalability of theearly warning system. Existing roads disaster monitoring and warning system can not beextended because the fixed format of the data storage and its data analysis calculation function is based on a fixed data format. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposed anew method of monitoring and early-warning information storage based on semi-structureddata, which achieved the storage of monitoring data by using semi-structured data so that canhandle any type of road disasters and all types of monitoring data. Semi-structured data candynamic changes in its structure under the minimal constraints (or unconstrained). Thereforethe data format can be extended freely.
4. Road parameters monitoring and early-warning system. According to the actualsituation of large range road disasters in seasonal frozen area, we developed a large rangeroad parameters monitoring and early-warning system. The system consists of four parts,which are slope monitoring system, subgrade monitoring system, bridge monitoring systemand ice(snow) monitoring system. The system can be divided into the evaluation system andrelease system from the use of functions. The running of the early warning system: First ofall, receive monitoring data; and then start the appropriate hazard assessment module,quantitative evaluation based on the criteria of disaster; finally, the evaluation resultspublished by publishing platform.
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