滇东北地区铅锌矿床成矿作用与成矿规律
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摘要
以沉积岩为容矿围岩的铅锌矿床种类繁多,储量巨大,成因复杂。详细研究这类矿床的特征和成因,不仅有助于加深了解这类矿床的成矿作用,丰富铅锌矿床成矿理论,而且有助于揭示区域矿床成矿规律,为成矿预测和区域找矿提供科学依据。
滇东北铅锌矿区是我国著名的川滇黔铅锌成矿带的重要组成部分,区内已发现大量以沉积岩为容矿围岩的铅锌(银)矿床。本文系统收集了前人的研究资料,详细论述了区内5个典型铅锌矿床的矿区地质、矿床地质和矿床地球化学特征,并在此基础上提出了区域铅锌矿类型划分方案,分析了控矿因素和成矿作用。通过这些工作,论文取得了以下主要成果和认识。
(1)根据赋矿层位的不同,滇东北地区以沉积岩为容矿围岩的铅锌矿床可以划分为三类。第一类为赋存于震旦系上统灯影组-寒武系下统渔户村组中的铅锌矿床(代表性矿床如巧家县茂租铅锌矿床、永善县金沙厂铅锌矿床和会泽县五星厂铅锌矿床等)以及赋存于石炭系下统摆佐组中的铅锌矿床(代表性矿床如会泽县麒麟厂铅锌矿床和会泽县矿山厂铅锌矿床等)。第二类为赋存于泥盆系上统宰格组中的铅锌矿床(代表性矿床如彝良县毛坪铅锌矿床)。该类矿床受断裂控制十分明显,有的矿体直接产在断裂带中(如鲁甸县乐马厂铅锌矿床等)。第三类为赋存于二叠系下统茅口组碳酸盐中的铅锌矿床(代表性矿床如罗平县富乐厂铅锌矿床和会泽县大海铅锌矿床等)。各类矿床具有不同的赋矿地层岩性组合、控矿构造、岩相古地理以及矿石类型、矿物组合和结构构造。
(2)滇东北地区的铅锌矿床明显受地层层位控制,主要的赋矿层位有震旦系上统、寒武系中-下统、泥盆系中-上统、石炭系中-下统及二叠系下统。从空间上来看,从茂租到毛坪和会泽再到富乐厂(即从NW向SE),滇东北地区铅锌矿床的赋矿层位逐渐变新(即从Zbdn到D_3zg、C_1b和C_2w再到P1m),岩性组合由复杂到简单(即从白云岩、灰岩、硅质白云岩、含磷硅质白云岩和硅质岩到白云岩、灰岩、硅质灰岩和硅质白云岩再到白云岩)。
(3)寒武系中、下统及下伏地层是主要矿源层,为成矿提供了大量成矿物质,而奥陶系下统-二叠系下统及峨眉山玄武岩层是次要矿源层,可能为成矿提供了部分成矿物质,为次要矿源层。
(4)滇东北地区铅锌矿床的形成主要受北西向的断陷盆地和同生断裂控制,而北东向断裂不仅对产于盖层中的铅锌矿床进行改造作用,同时还为热液矿床(点)、矿化点的形成提供了热动力条件。
(5)成矿流体来源复杂,包括深源岩浆水、基底变质岩系中的变质水和大气降水,但主要来源于大气降水。成矿流体性质为浅成中-低温、中-高盐度、中偏弱酸性的Na~+-Ca~(2+)-Cl~-- SO_4~(2-)型热水溶液。
(6)通过矿床地质特征、形成条件、成矿时代、控矿因素和成矿机制研究,将滇东北地区以沉积岩为容矿围岩的铅锌矿床按成矿作用划分为海底热水沉积-叠加改造型、热液型(可进一步分为非断裂带热液和断裂带热液亚型)和热水沉积型等三类铅锌矿床,对应于按赋矿地层划分的三类铅锌矿床。这三类铅锌矿床分别是由海底热水沉积-叠加改造成矿作用、热液成矿作用和热水沉积成矿作用形成的。其中第一类型矿床数量多、规模大、品位高,是该区主要的矿床类型,而热液型中的断裂带热液亚型铅锌矿床在本区属于首次发现。
The sedimentary rock-hosted lead-zinc deposit is more in type, huge in reserve, and complicated in origin. To study its characteristics and origin will contribute not only to better understanding of the mineralization so as to enrich the metallogenic theory, but also to revealing of the regional metallogenic pattern to provide scientific evidence for metallogenic prediction and regional exploitation.
A large quantity of sedimentary rock-hosted lead-zinc deposits occur in Northeast Yunnan, constituting an important part of the noted lead-zinc metallogenic belt in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou, China. Numerous previous data have been systematically collected, and a detailed study has been carried out on five typical lead-zinc deposits in this region. On the basis of the data and study, the orefield geological and ore deposit geological and geochemical characteristics have been ascertained, leading to propose a classification of the lead-zinc deposits in the region and laying basis for analysis of the ore-controlling factors and mineralization.
The following are major achievements obtained in this dissertation.
1. The lead-zinc deposits in Northeast Yunnan can be divided into three types based on their host stratohorizon. The first type is hosted in the Dengying Formation of the Upper Sinian to the Yuhucun Formation of the Lower Cambrian (such as lead-zinc deposits located at Maozu in Qiaojia County, Jinshachang in Yongshan County, and Wuxingchang in Huize County, etc.), as well as in the Baizuo Formation of the Lower Carboniferous (such as lead-zinc deposits at Qilinchang and Kuangshanchang in Huize County, etc.).The second type is distributed in the Zaige Formation of the Upper Devonian (such as Maoping deposit in Yiliang County). The deposits of this type are obviously controlled by faults, and some orebodies occur directly in the fault zone (such as Lemachang deposit in Ludian County). The third type occurs in the Maokou Formation of the Lower Permian (such as deposits at Fulechang in Luoping and Dahai in Huize County, etc.). These types of deposits have different lithological assemblages of host strata, ore-controlling structures, lithofacies paleogeography, as well as ore characteristics including type, mineral and texture and structure.
2. The lead and zinc deposits in Northeast Yunnan are obviously controlled by the stratohorizons of the strata. The major stratohorizons-hosted include Upper Sinian, Middle to Lower Cambrian, Middle to Upper Devonian, Middle to Lower Carboniferous and Lower Permian. In space, the stratohorizons of the lead and zinc deposits in the region vary from Zbdn at Maozu through D_3zg, C_1b and C_2w at Maoping and Huize to P1m at Fulechang, tending to gradually become newer from NW to SE. Correspondingly, the lithological assemblages of the stratohorizons change from dolomite, limestone, siliceous dolomite, phosphor-bearing siliceous dolomite and silicolite at Maozu through dolomite, limestone, siliceous limestone and siliceous dolomite at Huize to dolomite at Fulechang, indicating a trend from complicated to simple.
3. The Middle to Lower Cambrian and underlying strata are a major source bed, providing much material for mineralization, while the Lower Ordovician to the Lower Permian as well as Emeishan Basalt horizon are a second source bed, possibly providing a part of ore-forming materials.
4. The formation process of the lead and zinc deposits in the northeast region of Yunnan is mainly controlled by NW fault basins and contemporaneous faults. In contrast, the NE faults not only give modification to lead and zinc deposits in the overburden, but also provide thermo-motive conditions for the formation of hydrothermal deposits and spots.
5. The ore-forming fluid is complex in source, derived mainly from meteoric water, and some from deep-source magmatic water and metamorphic water in metamorphic series of basement. This fluid is Na~+-Ca~(2+)-Cl~--SO_4~(2-)type hydrothermal solution with moderate to low temperature, high to moderate salinity, and moderate to low acidity.
6. The study on the geological characteristics, ore-forming conditions, ore-controlling factors and mineralization mechanisms supports classification of the sedimentary rock-hosted lead and zinc deposits in Northeast Yunnan into three types based on mineralization, corresponding to classification of them into the three types based on host stratohorizon. These three types are submarine hot-water deposit-superposition and reformation, hot-water deposit, and hydrothermal types (including non-fault-zone and fault-zone hydrothermal sub-types). Among them, the first type of deposit with large quantity, large scale and high grade is the major one in this region, and the fault-zone hydrothermal sub-type is the one discovered for the first time in this region.
滇东北铅锌矿区是我国著名的川滇黔铅锌成矿带的重要组成部分,区内已发现大量以沉积岩为容矿围岩的铅锌(银)矿床。本文系统收集了前人的研究资料,详细论述了区内5个典型铅锌矿床的矿区地质、矿床地质和矿床地球化学特征,并在此基础上提出了区域铅锌矿类型划分方案,分析了控矿因素和成矿作用。通过这些工作,论文取得了以下主要成果和认识。
(1)根据赋矿层位的不同,滇东北地区以沉积岩为容矿围岩的铅锌矿床可以划分为三类。第一类为赋存于震旦系上统灯影组-寒武系下统渔户村组中的铅锌矿床(代表性矿床如巧家县茂租铅锌矿床、永善县金沙厂铅锌矿床和会泽县五星厂铅锌矿床等)以及赋存于石炭系下统摆佐组中的铅锌矿床(代表性矿床如会泽县麒麟厂铅锌矿床和会泽县矿山厂铅锌矿床等)。第二类为赋存于泥盆系上统宰格组中的铅锌矿床(代表性矿床如彝良县毛坪铅锌矿床)。该类矿床受断裂控制十分明显,有的矿体直接产在断裂带中(如鲁甸县乐马厂铅锌矿床等)。第三类为赋存于二叠系下统茅口组碳酸盐中的铅锌矿床(代表性矿床如罗平县富乐厂铅锌矿床和会泽县大海铅锌矿床等)。各类矿床具有不同的赋矿地层岩性组合、控矿构造、岩相古地理以及矿石类型、矿物组合和结构构造。
(2)滇东北地区的铅锌矿床明显受地层层位控制,主要的赋矿层位有震旦系上统、寒武系中-下统、泥盆系中-上统、石炭系中-下统及二叠系下统。从空间上来看,从茂租到毛坪和会泽再到富乐厂(即从NW向SE),滇东北地区铅锌矿床的赋矿层位逐渐变新(即从Zbdn到D_3zg、C_1b和C_2w再到P1m),岩性组合由复杂到简单(即从白云岩、灰岩、硅质白云岩、含磷硅质白云岩和硅质岩到白云岩、灰岩、硅质灰岩和硅质白云岩再到白云岩)。
(3)寒武系中、下统及下伏地层是主要矿源层,为成矿提供了大量成矿物质,而奥陶系下统-二叠系下统及峨眉山玄武岩层是次要矿源层,可能为成矿提供了部分成矿物质,为次要矿源层。
(4)滇东北地区铅锌矿床的形成主要受北西向的断陷盆地和同生断裂控制,而北东向断裂不仅对产于盖层中的铅锌矿床进行改造作用,同时还为热液矿床(点)、矿化点的形成提供了热动力条件。
(5)成矿流体来源复杂,包括深源岩浆水、基底变质岩系中的变质水和大气降水,但主要来源于大气降水。成矿流体性质为浅成中-低温、中-高盐度、中偏弱酸性的Na~+-Ca~(2+)-Cl~-- SO_4~(2-)型热水溶液。
(6)通过矿床地质特征、形成条件、成矿时代、控矿因素和成矿机制研究,将滇东北地区以沉积岩为容矿围岩的铅锌矿床按成矿作用划分为海底热水沉积-叠加改造型、热液型(可进一步分为非断裂带热液和断裂带热液亚型)和热水沉积型等三类铅锌矿床,对应于按赋矿地层划分的三类铅锌矿床。这三类铅锌矿床分别是由海底热水沉积-叠加改造成矿作用、热液成矿作用和热水沉积成矿作用形成的。其中第一类型矿床数量多、规模大、品位高,是该区主要的矿床类型,而热液型中的断裂带热液亚型铅锌矿床在本区属于首次发现。
The sedimentary rock-hosted lead-zinc deposit is more in type, huge in reserve, and complicated in origin. To study its characteristics and origin will contribute not only to better understanding of the mineralization so as to enrich the metallogenic theory, but also to revealing of the regional metallogenic pattern to provide scientific evidence for metallogenic prediction and regional exploitation.
A large quantity of sedimentary rock-hosted lead-zinc deposits occur in Northeast Yunnan, constituting an important part of the noted lead-zinc metallogenic belt in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou, China. Numerous previous data have been systematically collected, and a detailed study has been carried out on five typical lead-zinc deposits in this region. On the basis of the data and study, the orefield geological and ore deposit geological and geochemical characteristics have been ascertained, leading to propose a classification of the lead-zinc deposits in the region and laying basis for analysis of the ore-controlling factors and mineralization.
The following are major achievements obtained in this dissertation.
1. The lead-zinc deposits in Northeast Yunnan can be divided into three types based on their host stratohorizon. The first type is hosted in the Dengying Formation of the Upper Sinian to the Yuhucun Formation of the Lower Cambrian (such as lead-zinc deposits located at Maozu in Qiaojia County, Jinshachang in Yongshan County, and Wuxingchang in Huize County, etc.), as well as in the Baizuo Formation of the Lower Carboniferous (such as lead-zinc deposits at Qilinchang and Kuangshanchang in Huize County, etc.).The second type is distributed in the Zaige Formation of the Upper Devonian (such as Maoping deposit in Yiliang County). The deposits of this type are obviously controlled by faults, and some orebodies occur directly in the fault zone (such as Lemachang deposit in Ludian County). The third type occurs in the Maokou Formation of the Lower Permian (such as deposits at Fulechang in Luoping and Dahai in Huize County, etc.). These types of deposits have different lithological assemblages of host strata, ore-controlling structures, lithofacies paleogeography, as well as ore characteristics including type, mineral and texture and structure.
2. The lead and zinc deposits in Northeast Yunnan are obviously controlled by the stratohorizons of the strata. The major stratohorizons-hosted include Upper Sinian, Middle to Lower Cambrian, Middle to Upper Devonian, Middle to Lower Carboniferous and Lower Permian. In space, the stratohorizons of the lead and zinc deposits in the region vary from Zbdn at Maozu through D_3zg, C_1b and C_2w at Maoping and Huize to P1m at Fulechang, tending to gradually become newer from NW to SE. Correspondingly, the lithological assemblages of the stratohorizons change from dolomite, limestone, siliceous dolomite, phosphor-bearing siliceous dolomite and silicolite at Maozu through dolomite, limestone, siliceous limestone and siliceous dolomite at Huize to dolomite at Fulechang, indicating a trend from complicated to simple.
3. The Middle to Lower Cambrian and underlying strata are a major source bed, providing much material for mineralization, while the Lower Ordovician to the Lower Permian as well as Emeishan Basalt horizon are a second source bed, possibly providing a part of ore-forming materials.
4. The formation process of the lead and zinc deposits in the northeast region of Yunnan is mainly controlled by NW fault basins and contemporaneous faults. In contrast, the NE faults not only give modification to lead and zinc deposits in the overburden, but also provide thermo-motive conditions for the formation of hydrothermal deposits and spots.
5. The ore-forming fluid is complex in source, derived mainly from meteoric water, and some from deep-source magmatic water and metamorphic water in metamorphic series of basement. This fluid is Na~+-Ca~(2+)-Cl~--SO_4~(2-)type hydrothermal solution with moderate to low temperature, high to moderate salinity, and moderate to low acidity.
6. The study on the geological characteristics, ore-forming conditions, ore-controlling factors and mineralization mechanisms supports classification of the sedimentary rock-hosted lead and zinc deposits in Northeast Yunnan into three types based on mineralization, corresponding to classification of them into the three types based on host stratohorizon. These three types are submarine hot-water deposit-superposition and reformation, hot-water deposit, and hydrothermal types (including non-fault-zone and fault-zone hydrothermal sub-types). Among them, the first type of deposit with large quantity, large scale and high grade is the major one in this region, and the fault-zone hydrothermal sub-type is the one discovered for the first time in this region.
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