基于关键链的项目优化调度问题研究
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摘要
关键链法是一种新的项目调度技术，近年已经成为项目管理理论研究和实践的热点。关键链项目管理方法综合考虑资源约束和项目实际运作时的不确定性，致力于实现项目的整体优化，充分体现了系统工程的管理思想。但在技术手段、资源约束和不确定性多种因素的制约下，手工制作关键链项目的执行计划是非常困难的。而目前关于关键链项目优化调度的研究还非常少。本文面向大规模项目管理的应用需求，研究关键链项目调度问题的优化模型和求解算法，为关键链项目管理方法在复杂项目环境下的应用提供了一种切实有效的实现途径。
首先对关键链项目管理方法的研究现状进行了总结，阐述了关键链项目调度问题的基本原理和主要方法。本文应用一种简化的缓冲区设置机制，提出了以项目时间最短为优化目标的单模式关键链项目调度问题模型。然后在此基础上，面向更为复杂的项目场景和现代运营管理多目标优化的需求，提出了一种多模式资源约束关键链项目调度问题模型。
关键链项目调度问题继承了资源约束项目调度问题的一切特点，因此是一种NP-hard问题，对于大规模实际问题，其求解非常困难。本文针对单模式关键链项目调度问题模型，利用活动优先级规则设计出启发式算法以查找关键链，并通过大量数值实验对不同优先级规则在关键链项目调度中的性能进行了比较。
相对于单模式问题而言，多模式关键链项目调度问题的求解更加困难。本文综合考虑模式优先级规则和活动优先级规则，提出了一种基于优先级规则的两阶段启发式算法。针对多模式关键链项目调度问题的特点，设计了求解该问题的遗传算法。对于本文中涉及的所有算法，均通过项目调度标准问题库（PSPLIB）的项目实例进行了仿真测试，实验结果表明算法计算效率满足实际应用需求。
现代项目管理本质上是一种多目标优化问题。目前的关键链项目调度问题研究，虽考虑了资源约束和不确定性因素，但仍然仅仅关注时间优化。本文建立了一种基于关键链项目管理方法的离散时间/成本项目调度问题的多目标优化模型。并针对问题的特点，设计了一种求解该问题的差分进化算法，对编码方式进行了设计，对进化模式进行了改进。通过计算试验，验证了算法的有效性。
为提高关键链方法在实际项目管理中的可操作性，本文在理论研究的基础上，运用面向对象方法对关键链项目调度系统进行了系统分析和设计，并面向数据集成的需要，对系统的异构数据交换等关键问题进行了深入研究。最后对系统进行了开发实现。
As a new project scheduling technology, critical chain method has been aresearch focus in project management theory and practice. The critical chainproject management aims to the project global optimization and realizes thethought of system engineering management by considering resource constraintsand uncertainties. However, due to many factors, such as current technical means,resource constraints and uncertainties, it is very difficult to make the criticalchain project plan in manual way. There has not been a mature method togenerate a critical chain project plan in automatic way so far. For the purpose ofapplying critical chain method in the large-scale projects, this paper studies theoptimization models and their solutions for the critical chain project schedule.This work provides several practical and effective approaches for the applicationof critical chain method in complex project environments.
Firstly, the paper summarizes the research status of critical chain projectmanagement, and describes related theories and technologies. Then, a singlemodel critical chain project scheduling problem is presented to minimize theproject duration, in which a simplified mechanism of critical chain method isused. After that, aiming to more complicated project requirements andmultiple-objective optimization, a multiple mode critical chain proj ectscheduling problem is described and formulated.
Critical chain project scheduling problem inherits all the features ofresource constrained project scheduling problems, and thus it is also a NP hardproblem, which is difficult to be solved for the large-scale real-life project. Inthis paper, a heuristic algorithm based on activity priority rules is designed tosearch the critical chain for the single mode critical chain project schedulingproblem, and the performances of different priority rules used i n the criticalchain project scheduling problem is investigated.
Compared with the single mode one, the multi-mode critical chain projectscheduling problem is more difficult to be solved. By combining mode priorityrules and activity priority rules, a two-stage heuristic algorithm based on priorityrules is studied. Moreover, according to the characteristics of the multi-mode critical chain project scheduling problem, an improved genetic algorithm forsolving the problem is developed. All these algorithms are tested on the standardinstances in PSPLIB, and the computation results show that these algorithms areeffective enough to meet the practical application requirement.
Project management is a multi-objective problem in nature. Although theresource constraints and uncertainties are considered in the current research ofcritical chain project scheduling, minimizing project duration is still the uniqueobject so far. In this paper, a discrete time/cost trade-off problem based oncritical chain is put forward and formulated. Subsequently, the differentialevolution algorithm for solving the problem is designed, in which the encodingscheme and evolution mode is improved according to the characteristics of theproblem. The performance of algorithm is verified by computation experiments.
To facilate the implement of the CCM on the project management practice,the system analyze and design of the critical chain project scheduling system isgiven by using Object-oriented method on the funndation of previous theoryresearches. Due to the requirement of data integration, the heterogeneous dataexchange method of the critical chain project scheduling system is investigated.Finally, the the critical chain project scheduling system is realized andimplemented.
首先对关键链项目管理方法的研究现状进行了总结，阐述了关键链项目调度问题的基本原理和主要方法。本文应用一种简化的缓冲区设置机制，提出了以项目时间最短为优化目标的单模式关键链项目调度问题模型。然后在此基础上，面向更为复杂的项目场景和现代运营管理多目标优化的需求，提出了一种多模式资源约束关键链项目调度问题模型。
关键链项目调度问题继承了资源约束项目调度问题的一切特点，因此是一种NP-hard问题，对于大规模实际问题，其求解非常困难。本文针对单模式关键链项目调度问题模型，利用活动优先级规则设计出启发式算法以查找关键链，并通过大量数值实验对不同优先级规则在关键链项目调度中的性能进行了比较。
相对于单模式问题而言，多模式关键链项目调度问题的求解更加困难。本文综合考虑模式优先级规则和活动优先级规则，提出了一种基于优先级规则的两阶段启发式算法。针对多模式关键链项目调度问题的特点，设计了求解该问题的遗传算法。对于本文中涉及的所有算法，均通过项目调度标准问题库（PSPLIB）的项目实例进行了仿真测试，实验结果表明算法计算效率满足实际应用需求。
现代项目管理本质上是一种多目标优化问题。目前的关键链项目调度问题研究，虽考虑了资源约束和不确定性因素，但仍然仅仅关注时间优化。本文建立了一种基于关键链项目管理方法的离散时间/成本项目调度问题的多目标优化模型。并针对问题的特点，设计了一种求解该问题的差分进化算法，对编码方式进行了设计，对进化模式进行了改进。通过计算试验，验证了算法的有效性。
为提高关键链方法在实际项目管理中的可操作性，本文在理论研究的基础上，运用面向对象方法对关键链项目调度系统进行了系统分析和设计，并面向数据集成的需要，对系统的异构数据交换等关键问题进行了深入研究。最后对系统进行了开发实现。
As a new project scheduling technology, critical chain method has been aresearch focus in project management theory and practice. The critical chainproject management aims to the project global optimization and realizes thethought of system engineering management by considering resource constraintsand uncertainties. However, due to many factors, such as current technical means,resource constraints and uncertainties, it is very difficult to make the criticalchain project plan in manual way. There has not been a mature method togenerate a critical chain project plan in automatic way so far. For the purpose ofapplying critical chain method in the large-scale projects, this paper studies theoptimization models and their solutions for the critical chain project schedule.This work provides several practical and effective approaches for the applicationof critical chain method in complex project environments.
Firstly, the paper summarizes the research status of critical chain projectmanagement, and describes related theories and technologies. Then, a singlemodel critical chain project scheduling problem is presented to minimize theproject duration, in which a simplified mechanism of critical chain method isused. After that, aiming to more complicated project requirements andmultiple-objective optimization, a multiple mode critical chain proj ectscheduling problem is described and formulated.
Critical chain project scheduling problem inherits all the features ofresource constrained project scheduling problems, and thus it is also a NP hardproblem, which is difficult to be solved for the large-scale real-life project. Inthis paper, a heuristic algorithm based on activity priority rules is designed tosearch the critical chain for the single mode critical chain project schedulingproblem, and the performances of different priority rules used i n the criticalchain project scheduling problem is investigated.
Compared with the single mode one, the multi-mode critical chain projectscheduling problem is more difficult to be solved. By combining mode priorityrules and activity priority rules, a two-stage heuristic algorithm based on priorityrules is studied. Moreover, according to the characteristics of the multi-mode critical chain project scheduling problem, an improved genetic algorithm forsolving the problem is developed. All these algorithms are tested on the standardinstances in PSPLIB, and the computation results show that these algorithms areeffective enough to meet the practical application requirement.
Project management is a multi-objective problem in nature. Although theresource constraints and uncertainties are considered in the current research ofcritical chain project scheduling, minimizing project duration is still the uniqueobject so far. In this paper, a discrete time/cost trade-off problem based oncritical chain is put forward and formulated. Subsequently, the differentialevolution algorithm for solving the problem is designed, in which the encodingscheme and evolution mode is improved according to the characteristics of theproblem. The performance of algorithm is verified by computation experiments.
To facilate the implement of the CCM on the project management practice,the system analyze and design of the critical chain project scheduling system isgiven by using Object-oriented method on the funndation of previous theoryresearches. Due to the requirement of data integration, the heterogeneous dataexchange method of the critical chain project scheduling system is investigated.Finally, the the critical chain project scheduling system is realized andimplemented.
引文
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