澳门城市景观格局变化与热岛效应研究
|
摘要
随着人口、社会经济的不断发展,扩大社会生存和发展空间的诉求导致了很多城市城区面积的不断扩张和城市景观格局的变化。特别是象我国澳门特别行政区这样人多地少问题突出的城市和地区,城市景观格局的变化引起许多自然现象和生态过程的变化,直接影响到人类生存质量,所以研究城市景观演变及其对环境的影响,对于了解区域环境乃至全球环境变化具有重要意义。
本研究以澳门城市景观格局变化与城区热岛分布为对象,基于遥感和GIS技术,提取城市扩张和生态的关键因子,分析澳门城市扩展过程中景观演变特征及其对城市温度异常的影响,为澳门城市规划和城市环境改善提供理论依据。本论文的主要研究内容包括:(1)城市景观遥感动态监测与景观格局分析;(2)城市热岛信息获取及动态变化分析;(3)城市景观格局变化对热岛效应的影响分析。
本论文的研究结果表明:(1)多年的城市扩展和城区建设,使得澳门城市景观格局发生了较大的变化:城市景观破碎化,各景观要素斑块面积小,分布较均匀,景观间呈现出开放式分布格局;(2)根据热岛遥感反演结果,澳门城市热岛面积有逐渐增加的趋势:由1995年的2.91km~2增加到了2008年的4.03km~2,增加了38.5%,年变化率为2.6%左右;(3)澳门城市热岛的空间分布与城市下垫面类型的变化有着密切的关系:1995年以来,澳门城市热岛主要分布在澳门半岛城区的建筑用地区域,如花王堂区堂区中部、风顺堂区堂区北部、大堂区堂区西北角和东南部,以及澳门离岛的机场、路环发电厂,以及填海造陆的裸地、建筑用地区域。澳门在城市建设过程中,建筑用地、填海裸地的增加和植被覆盖的不足是城市热岛扩展的原因之一。
With the rapid developments of population and social economy, demans of extending land areas caused continuously sprawl of urban area and changes of landscape pattern. Urban landscape patterns change brought forth changes within many natural and ecological processes and influned human living quality, especially in the coastal urban areas with large population and less land area, such as Macau SAR in China. For these reasons, it is significant important to conduct study on the landscape pattern change and its influences on urban environment.
Taking Macau landscape pattern change and urban heat island as a case in point, the objectives of this study is to probing the effect of sea reclamation on landscapepattern and urban heat island surported by information retrieved from remote sensed data, and present basis for urban planning and city environmental quality improvement. The main contents of this paper including: 1) Dynamic monitoring of urban landscape and analizing of landscape pattern. 2) Retrieval of urban heat island and its temporal change. 3) Analysis of the effect of landscape pattern change on the urban heat island distribution.
The main findings of the study are as follows: 1) Urban landscape pattern in Macau has been changed obviously in recent years caused by sea reclamation and urban construction. The urban landscape became fragmentized and areas of each landscape types became decreased greatly. 2) According to retrieval results of remote sensing, the total area of urban heat island in Macau had been increased year by year. It had increased from 2.91 km~2 in 1995 to 4.03km~2 in 2008. The increase rate is about 2.6% per year. 3) The spatial distribution of urban heat island in Macau has a close relationship with urban landuse change caused by sea reclamation. The urban heat island mainly distributed in the construction regions, such as central part of Hua Wangtang district, north part of Feng Suntang district, airport, Luhuan power plant, bare land and construction sites caused by sea reclamation since 1995. Increasing of bare land and construction sites together with insufficient vegetation coverage are main reasons for urban heat island extension.
本研究以澳门城市景观格局变化与城区热岛分布为对象,基于遥感和GIS技术,提取城市扩张和生态的关键因子,分析澳门城市扩展过程中景观演变特征及其对城市温度异常的影响,为澳门城市规划和城市环境改善提供理论依据。本论文的主要研究内容包括:(1)城市景观遥感动态监测与景观格局分析;(2)城市热岛信息获取及动态变化分析;(3)城市景观格局变化对热岛效应的影响分析。
本论文的研究结果表明:(1)多年的城市扩展和城区建设,使得澳门城市景观格局发生了较大的变化:城市景观破碎化,各景观要素斑块面积小,分布较均匀,景观间呈现出开放式分布格局;(2)根据热岛遥感反演结果,澳门城市热岛面积有逐渐增加的趋势:由1995年的2.91km~2增加到了2008年的4.03km~2,增加了38.5%,年变化率为2.6%左右;(3)澳门城市热岛的空间分布与城市下垫面类型的变化有着密切的关系:1995年以来,澳门城市热岛主要分布在澳门半岛城区的建筑用地区域,如花王堂区堂区中部、风顺堂区堂区北部、大堂区堂区西北角和东南部,以及澳门离岛的机场、路环发电厂,以及填海造陆的裸地、建筑用地区域。澳门在城市建设过程中,建筑用地、填海裸地的增加和植被覆盖的不足是城市热岛扩展的原因之一。
With the rapid developments of population and social economy, demans of extending land areas caused continuously sprawl of urban area and changes of landscape pattern. Urban landscape patterns change brought forth changes within many natural and ecological processes and influned human living quality, especially in the coastal urban areas with large population and less land area, such as Macau SAR in China. For these reasons, it is significant important to conduct study on the landscape pattern change and its influences on urban environment.
Taking Macau landscape pattern change and urban heat island as a case in point, the objectives of this study is to probing the effect of sea reclamation on landscapepattern and urban heat island surported by information retrieved from remote sensed data, and present basis for urban planning and city environmental quality improvement. The main contents of this paper including: 1) Dynamic monitoring of urban landscape and analizing of landscape pattern. 2) Retrieval of urban heat island and its temporal change. 3) Analysis of the effect of landscape pattern change on the urban heat island distribution.
The main findings of the study are as follows: 1) Urban landscape pattern in Macau has been changed obviously in recent years caused by sea reclamation and urban construction. The urban landscape became fragmentized and areas of each landscape types became decreased greatly. 2) According to retrieval results of remote sensing, the total area of urban heat island in Macau had been increased year by year. It had increased from 2.91 km~2 in 1995 to 4.03km~2 in 2008. The increase rate is about 2.6% per year. 3) The spatial distribution of urban heat island in Macau has a close relationship with urban landuse change caused by sea reclamation. The urban heat island mainly distributed in the construction regions, such as central part of Hua Wangtang district, north part of Feng Suntang district, airport, Luhuan power plant, bare land and construction sites caused by sea reclamation since 1995. Increasing of bare land and construction sites together with insufficient vegetation coverage are main reasons for urban heat island extension.
引文
1.陈千盛.城市效应对福州市气候的影响.气象,1997,23(1):41-45.
2.陈全胜,李凌浩,韩兴国,等.土壤呼吸对温度升高的适应.生态学报,2004,24(11):2649-2655.
3.陈沈斌.城市化对北京平均气温的影响.地理学报,1997,52(1):27-36.
4.陈云浩,史培军,李晓兵.不同热力背景对城市降雨(暴雨)的影响(1)——降雨分布的空间差异.自然灾害学报,2001,10(2):37-42.
5.戴昌达,姜小光,唐伶俐.遥感图像应用处理与分析.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
6.邓莲堂,束炯,李朝颐.上海城市热岛的变化特征分析.热带气象学报,2001,17(3):273-280.
7.丁丽霞,周斌,王人潮.遥感监测中5种相对辐射校正方法研究.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2005,31(3):269-276.
8.窦建奇.关于城市“热岛效应”的思考.武汉城市建设学院学报,2001,18(3-4):76-78.
9.傅伯杰.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响.地理学报,1999,(3):241-242.
10.高峻,宋永昌.基于遥感和GIS的城乡交错带景观演变研究——以上海西南地区为例.生态学报,2003,23(4):805-813.
11.高杨,吕宁,薛重生,杨林.基于RS-GIS的城市空间结构动态变化研究——以浙江省义乌市为例.城市规划,2005,29(9):32-35.
12.顾朝林.北京土地利用/覆盖变化机制研究.自然资源学报,1999,14(4):307-312.
13.韩荡.城市景观生态分类——以深圳市为例.城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(2):50-52.
14.郝丽萍,方之芳,李子良,等.成都市近50a气候年代际变化特征及其热岛效应.气象科学,2007,27(6):648-654.
15.何春阳,陈晋,陈云浩,史培军.土地利用/覆盖变化混合动态监测方法研究.自然资源学报,2001,16(3):255-262.
16.何云玲,张一平,刘玉洪,等.昆明城市气候水平空间分布特征.地理科学,2002,22(6):724-729.
17.李宏,邓良基.成都平原县域景观格局时空变异与驱动因子分析——以成都市双流县为例.资源科学,2005,27(2):147-153.
18.李延明,张济和,古润泽.北京城市绿化与热岛效应的关系研究.中国园林,2004,20(1):72-75
19.梁留科,曹新向,孙淑英.土地生态分类系统研究.水土保持学报,2003,17(5):142-146
20.卢曦.城市热岛效应的研究模型.环境技术,2003,5:43-46.
21.彭希珑,邹寒山,何宗健.城市热岛效应对城市生态系统的影响及其对策研究.江西科学,2003,21(3):257-259.
22.覃志豪,M.Zhang,A.Karnieli,P.Berliner,2001,用陆地卫星TM6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法.地理学报,56(4):456-466.
23.戎春波,刘红年,朱焱.苏州夏季城市热岛现状及影响因子分析研究.气象科学,2009,29(1):84-87.
24.宋治清,王仰麟.城市景观格局动态及其规划的生态学探讨.地球科学进展,2005,20(8):840-848.
25.孙亚杰,王清旭,陆兆华.城市化对北京市景观格局的影响.应用生态学报,2005,16(7):1366-1369.
26.田光进,张增祥,张国平,周全斌,赵晓丽.基于遥感与GIS 的海口市景观格局动态演化.生 态学报,2002,22(7):1028-1034.
27.田光进,张增祥,周全斌.基于遥感与GIS的北京市土地利用动态演化模式研究.遥感信息,2003,1:7-10.
28.王桂玲,蒋维楣,魏鸣.城市热岛效应的卫星遥感分析.南京气象学院学报,2007,30(3):298-30.
29.季崇萍,刘伟东,轩春怡.北京城市化进程对城市热岛影响研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(1):69-77.
30.王静.土地资源遥感监测与评价方法.2006,北京:科学出版社.
31.王静爱,何春阳.北京城乡过渡区土地利用变化驱动力分析.地球科学进展,2002,17(2):201-208.
32.王雪梅,韩志伟.气象条件对广州地面O3浓度分布的影响.热带气象学报,2004,20(5):571-578.
33.王喜全,王自发,郭虎.北京“城市热岛”效应现状及特征.气候与环境研究,2006,11(5):627-636.
34.王玉梅,秦树辉,尚金城.呼和浩特城市景观生态格局分析.干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(2):92-95.
35.肖宝英,陈高.生态土地分类研究进展.应用生态学报,2002,13(11):1499-1502.
36.肖荣波,欧阳志云,李伟峰,等.城市热岛时空特征及其影响因素.气象科学,2007,27(2):230-236.
37.谢宏全,湖振琪.论基于遥感的矿区土地利用/覆盖分类体系.辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,23(6):751-753.
38.徐文彬,洪业汤,陈旭晖,等.未来气候变化对旱田生态系统N2O 释放的潜在影响.中国环境科学,1999,19(5):387-391.
39.薛丽霞,王佐成,李永树.基于遥感的区域景观特征及其动态变化研究——以重庆市北部新区为例.国土资源遥感,2005,2:61-64.
40.杨国安,甘国辉.基于分形理论的北京市土地利用空间格局变化研究.系统工程理论与实践,2004,10:131-137.
41.杨英宝,江南,苏伟忠,郑国强.RS与GIS支持下的南京市景观格局动态变化研究.长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(1):34-39.
42.杨玉华,徐样德,翁永辉.北京城市边界层热岛的日变化周期模拟.应用气象学报,2003,14(1):61-68.
43.袁艺,史培军,刘颖慧,谢锋.快速城市化过程中土地覆盖格局研究——以深圳市为例.生态学报,2003,23(9):1832-1840.
44.袁艺,史培军,刘颖慧.土地利用变化对城市洪涝灾害的影响.自然灾害学报,2003,12(3):6-13.
45.李伟峰.北京市城区景观格局的尺度效应及形成机制研究.中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文.北京,2006.
46.张利权,吴健平.基于GIS的上海市景观格局梯度分析.植物生态学报,2004,28(1):78-85.
47.张一平,何云玲,马友鑫,等.昆明城市热岛效应立体分布特征.高原气象,2002,21(6):604-609
48.赵英时等编.遥感应用分析原理与方法.北京:科学出版社,2003.
49.周大石,马汐平,刘玉晶,等.沈阳市大气微生物区系分布研究.环境保护科学,1994,20(1):10-14
50.周淑贞城市气候学.北京.气象出版社.1999 196-202
51.周志翔,邵天一,唐万鹏,等.城市绿地空间格局及其环境效应——以宜昌市中心城区为例.生态学报,2004,24(2):186-192.
52.祝宁,王成,周洪泽,等.哈尔滨市瞬时热力场空间格局分析.应用生态学报.2003,14(11):1955-1958.
53.Akbari H,Rosenfeld A,Taha H,Recent developments in heat island studies technical and policy.Proceedings of the Workshop on Urban Heat Islands,Berkeley,February 23-24,1989.
54.Ben-Dor E.,Saaroni H Airborne video thermal radiometry as a tool for monitoring microscale structures of the urban heat island.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1997,18(14):3039-3053.
55.Bornstein R,Lin Q L..Urban heat islands and summertime convective thunderstorms in Atlanta:three case studies.Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:507-516.
56.Bornstein,R,LeRoy M.Urban barrier effects on convective and frontal thunderstorms.Extended Abstracts,Fourth Conf.on Mesoscale Processes,Boulder,CO.,25-29 Jan,1990.
57.Brown M.J.,Grimmond S.Sky View Factor Measurements in Downtown Salt Lake City.Los Alamos National Laboratory,DOE CBNP URBAN Experiment,Oct.2000:LA-UR-01-1424.
58.Caselles V,Garcia MJ L.An alternative simple approach to estimate atmospheric correction in multitemporal studies.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1989,10:1127-1134.
59.Cathy aniello,Ken morgan,Arthur Busbey,et al.Mapping micro-urban heat islands using Landsat TM and a GIS.Computer & Geosciences,1995,21(8):965-969.
60.Chameides WL,Kasibhatla PS,Yienger J,et al.Growth of continental-scale metro-agro-plexes,regional ozone pollution,and world food production.Science,1994,264:74-77.
61.characteristics of the urban heat island in Tel-Aviv,Israel.Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,48:1-18.
62.Craul P.J.A description of urban soils and their desired characteristic.Journal of Arboriculture,1985,11(1):330-339.
63.De Marrais,G A.Vertical temperature difference observed over an urban area.Bulletin of American Meteorological Society,1961,42:548-554.
64.Dettwiller,J.Deep soil temperature trends and urban effects at Paris.Journal.of Applied Meteorology,1970,9:178-180.
65.Eliasson I.Urban nocturnal temperatures,street geometry and land use.Atmospheric Environment Part B Urban Atmosphere,1996,30(3):379-392.
66.Eliasson I.,Svensson M.K.Spatial Air Temperature Variations and Urban Land Use-a Statistical Approach.In:Svensson M.K.Urban Climate in Relation to Land Use,Planning and Comfort.Goteborg,Sweden:Earth Science Centre,Goteborg University,2002.
67.Elvidge,C.D.,Yuan,D.,Weerackoon,R.D.and Lunneta,R.S.Relative radiometric normalization of Landsat Multispectral Scanner(MSS) data using an automatic scattergramcontrolled regression,Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,,1995,61(10):1255-1260.
68.Gallo K.P.,McNab A.L.,Karl,T.R.,et al.The use of NOAA AVHRR data for assessment of the urban heat-island effect.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1993,14:2223-2230.
69.Gallo,K.P.,and T.W.Owen:Satellite-based adjustments for the urban heat island temperature bias.Journal of Applied Meteorology,1999,38(6):806-813.
70.Gillies,R.R.,and Carlson,T.N.,Thermal remote sensing of surface soil water content with partial vegetation cover for incorporation into climate models.Journal of Applied Meteorology,1995,34:745-756.
71.Grillo J N,Spar J.Rain-snow mesoclimatology of the New York metropolitan area.Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1971,10: 56-61.
72. Hadas Saaroni, Ben-Dor Eyal, Arieh Bitan, and Oded Potchter. Spatial distribution and microscale characteristics of the urban heat island in Tel-Aviv, Israel. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2000,48(1):1-18
73. Hall, EC., Strebel, D.E., Nickeson, J.E. and Goetz, S.J. Radiometric rectification: toward a common radiometric response among multidate, multisensor images. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1991,35 (1): 1-27.
74. Helmut E. Landsberg. The urban climate. New York: Academic Press Inc. 1981,11-123.
75. Janos Unger, Zoltan Sümeghy, Judit Zoboki. Temperature cross-section features in an urban area.Atmospheric Research, 2001,58: 117-127.
76. Jensen JR. Urban change detection mapping using Landsat digital data. American Cartographer, 1981, 8(2): 127-147.
77. Kawashima S., Ishida T., Minomura M, et al.. Relations between surface temperature and air temperature on a local scale during winter nights. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2000, 39:1570-1579.
78. Kawashima S., Ishida T., Minomura M., et al.. Relations between surface temperature and air temperature on a local scale during winter nights. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2000, 39:1570-1579.
79. Kidder, S. Q., and O. M. Essenwanger. The effect of clouds and wind on the difference in nocturnal cooling rates between urban and rural areas. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1995, 34:2440-2448.
80. Klysik K, Fortuniak K. Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island of Lódz, Poland. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33: 3885-3895.
81. Koen Steemers, Nick Baker, David Crowther, et al. Radiation absorption and urban texture.Building Research & Information, 1998,26(2): 103-112.
82. Lieth H. Modeling the primary production of the world. In: Leith H, Whittaker RH(eds). Primary Production of the Biosphere. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975.237-262.
83. Mehmfi K., Mete T., Hiiseyin T. Effects of urbanization on climate of Istanbul and Ankara.Atmospheric environment, 1995,29 (23): 3411-3421.
84. Mount, H. Temperature signature for anthrbpogentic soils in New York city. In: Kimble, J M, et al (eds). Classification, Correlation and Management of Anthropogentic Soils, Proceeding-Nevada and Callifornia. September 21-October 2, 1998. USDA-NRCS, National Soils Survey Center, Lincoln, NE, 1999,137-140.
85. NASA. Urban Heat Islands Make Cities Greener.http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/ news/topstory/2004/0801 uhigreen.html.
86. Oke T. R. Boundary layer climates. London: Routledge, 1987.
87. Oke T. R. Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: comparison of scale model andfield observation. Journal of Climatology, 1981,1:237-254.
88. Oke TR. The heat island of the urban boundary layer: charcteristics, causes and effects. In JE Cermak (ed) Wind Climate in Cities, Netherlands: Kluwer Acad., 1995. 81-107.
89. Orville R E, Hu_nes G, Nielsen-Gammon J, et al. Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston, Texas. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001,28:2597-2600.
90. Roth M, Oke T.R., Emery W.J. Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utility of such data in urban climatology. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1989, 10:1699-1720.
91. Rudolf Brazdil, Marie Budikova. An urban bias in air temperature fluctuations at the Klementinum, Prague, The Czech Republic. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33: 4211-4217.
92. Sachweh M, Koepke P. Radiation fog and urban climate. Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22:1073-1076.
93. Sahashi K., Hieda T., Yamashita E. Nitrogen-oxide layer over the urban heat island in Okayama city. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30(3): 531-535.
94. Sergiu Tumanov, Aurora Stan-Sion, Alexandru Lupu, et al. Influences of the city of Bucharest on weather and climate parameters. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33: 4173-4183.
95. Seto K. C., Woodcock C. E., Song C., Huang X., Lu J., Kaurmann R. K. Monitoring Land-use Change in the Pearl River Delta Using Landsat TM. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2002, 23(10): 1985-2004.
96. Shepherd J M, H Pierce, A J Negri. Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2002,41:689-701.
97. Stoll, M., Brazel, A. Surface-air temperature relationships in the urban environment of Phoenix, Arizona. Physical Geography, 1992,13(2): 160-179.
98. Streutker D. R. A remote sensing study of the urban heat island of Houston, Texas. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2002, 23(13): 2595-2608.
99. Streutker D. R. Satellite-measured growth of the urban heat island of Houston, Texas. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2003, 85: 282-289.
100. Sukopp H. Urban ecology—scientific and practical aspects. In: Breuste J, Feldmann H, O Uhlmann (Eds.): Urban Ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998.3-16.
101. Summers, P. W. An urban heat island model--its role in air pollution problems, with application to Montreal. First Canadian Conf. on Micrometeorology, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1965.
102. Taha H. Modeling the impacts of large-scale albedo changes on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air Basin. Atmospheric Environment, 1997,31(11): 1667-1676.
103. C Wu, AT Murray. Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment ,2003,84: 493-505.
104. Xian G, Crane M. Assessments of urban growth in the Tampa Bay watershed using remote sensing data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2005,97:203-215.
105. Xian and Crane, Xian and M. Crane, An analysis of urban thermal characteristics and associated land cover in Tampa Bay and Las Vegas using Landsat satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment.2006,104 (2):147-156.
106. Yang X J, Liu Z. Use of satellite-derived landscape imperviousness index to characterize urban spatial growth. Computers. Environment and Urban Systems, 2005,29: 524-540.
107. Yang X J, Lo CP. Relative radiometric normalization performance for change detection from multi-date satellite images. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 2000, 66 (8): 967-980.
108. Yang X J, Lo C P. Using a time series of satellite imagery to detect land use and land cover changes in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2002, 23(9): 1775-1798.
109. Yow, D.M. Urban Heat Islands: Observations, Impacts, and Adaptation. Geography Compass. 2(12), 2007,1227-1251.
110. Yuan and Bauer, F. Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery, Remote Sensing of Environment.2007,106 (3):375-386.
2.陈全胜,李凌浩,韩兴国,等.土壤呼吸对温度升高的适应.生态学报,2004,24(11):2649-2655.
3.陈沈斌.城市化对北京平均气温的影响.地理学报,1997,52(1):27-36.
4.陈云浩,史培军,李晓兵.不同热力背景对城市降雨(暴雨)的影响(1)——降雨分布的空间差异.自然灾害学报,2001,10(2):37-42.
5.戴昌达,姜小光,唐伶俐.遥感图像应用处理与分析.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
6.邓莲堂,束炯,李朝颐.上海城市热岛的变化特征分析.热带气象学报,2001,17(3):273-280.
7.丁丽霞,周斌,王人潮.遥感监测中5种相对辐射校正方法研究.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2005,31(3):269-276.
8.窦建奇.关于城市“热岛效应”的思考.武汉城市建设学院学报,2001,18(3-4):76-78.
9.傅伯杰.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响.地理学报,1999,(3):241-242.
10.高峻,宋永昌.基于遥感和GIS的城乡交错带景观演变研究——以上海西南地区为例.生态学报,2003,23(4):805-813.
11.高杨,吕宁,薛重生,杨林.基于RS-GIS的城市空间结构动态变化研究——以浙江省义乌市为例.城市规划,2005,29(9):32-35.
12.顾朝林.北京土地利用/覆盖变化机制研究.自然资源学报,1999,14(4):307-312.
13.韩荡.城市景观生态分类——以深圳市为例.城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(2):50-52.
14.郝丽萍,方之芳,李子良,等.成都市近50a气候年代际变化特征及其热岛效应.气象科学,2007,27(6):648-654.
15.何春阳,陈晋,陈云浩,史培军.土地利用/覆盖变化混合动态监测方法研究.自然资源学报,2001,16(3):255-262.
16.何云玲,张一平,刘玉洪,等.昆明城市气候水平空间分布特征.地理科学,2002,22(6):724-729.
17.李宏,邓良基.成都平原县域景观格局时空变异与驱动因子分析——以成都市双流县为例.资源科学,2005,27(2):147-153.
18.李延明,张济和,古润泽.北京城市绿化与热岛效应的关系研究.中国园林,2004,20(1):72-75
19.梁留科,曹新向,孙淑英.土地生态分类系统研究.水土保持学报,2003,17(5):142-146
20.卢曦.城市热岛效应的研究模型.环境技术,2003,5:43-46.
21.彭希珑,邹寒山,何宗健.城市热岛效应对城市生态系统的影响及其对策研究.江西科学,2003,21(3):257-259.
22.覃志豪,M.Zhang,A.Karnieli,P.Berliner,2001,用陆地卫星TM6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法.地理学报,56(4):456-466.
23.戎春波,刘红年,朱焱.苏州夏季城市热岛现状及影响因子分析研究.气象科学,2009,29(1):84-87.
24.宋治清,王仰麟.城市景观格局动态及其规划的生态学探讨.地球科学进展,2005,20(8):840-848.
25.孙亚杰,王清旭,陆兆华.城市化对北京市景观格局的影响.应用生态学报,2005,16(7):1366-1369.
26.田光进,张增祥,张国平,周全斌,赵晓丽.基于遥感与GIS 的海口市景观格局动态演化.生 态学报,2002,22(7):1028-1034.
27.田光进,张增祥,周全斌.基于遥感与GIS的北京市土地利用动态演化模式研究.遥感信息,2003,1:7-10.
28.王桂玲,蒋维楣,魏鸣.城市热岛效应的卫星遥感分析.南京气象学院学报,2007,30(3):298-30.
29.季崇萍,刘伟东,轩春怡.北京城市化进程对城市热岛影响研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(1):69-77.
30.王静.土地资源遥感监测与评价方法.2006,北京:科学出版社.
31.王静爱,何春阳.北京城乡过渡区土地利用变化驱动力分析.地球科学进展,2002,17(2):201-208.
32.王雪梅,韩志伟.气象条件对广州地面O3浓度分布的影响.热带气象学报,2004,20(5):571-578.
33.王喜全,王自发,郭虎.北京“城市热岛”效应现状及特征.气候与环境研究,2006,11(5):627-636.
34.王玉梅,秦树辉,尚金城.呼和浩特城市景观生态格局分析.干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(2):92-95.
35.肖宝英,陈高.生态土地分类研究进展.应用生态学报,2002,13(11):1499-1502.
36.肖荣波,欧阳志云,李伟峰,等.城市热岛时空特征及其影响因素.气象科学,2007,27(2):230-236.
37.谢宏全,湖振琪.论基于遥感的矿区土地利用/覆盖分类体系.辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,23(6):751-753.
38.徐文彬,洪业汤,陈旭晖,等.未来气候变化对旱田生态系统N2O 释放的潜在影响.中国环境科学,1999,19(5):387-391.
39.薛丽霞,王佐成,李永树.基于遥感的区域景观特征及其动态变化研究——以重庆市北部新区为例.国土资源遥感,2005,2:61-64.
40.杨国安,甘国辉.基于分形理论的北京市土地利用空间格局变化研究.系统工程理论与实践,2004,10:131-137.
41.杨英宝,江南,苏伟忠,郑国强.RS与GIS支持下的南京市景观格局动态变化研究.长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(1):34-39.
42.杨玉华,徐样德,翁永辉.北京城市边界层热岛的日变化周期模拟.应用气象学报,2003,14(1):61-68.
43.袁艺,史培军,刘颖慧,谢锋.快速城市化过程中土地覆盖格局研究——以深圳市为例.生态学报,2003,23(9):1832-1840.
44.袁艺,史培军,刘颖慧.土地利用变化对城市洪涝灾害的影响.自然灾害学报,2003,12(3):6-13.
45.李伟峰.北京市城区景观格局的尺度效应及形成机制研究.中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文.北京,2006.
46.张利权,吴健平.基于GIS的上海市景观格局梯度分析.植物生态学报,2004,28(1):78-85.
47.张一平,何云玲,马友鑫,等.昆明城市热岛效应立体分布特征.高原气象,2002,21(6):604-609
48.赵英时等编.遥感应用分析原理与方法.北京:科学出版社,2003.
49.周大石,马汐平,刘玉晶,等.沈阳市大气微生物区系分布研究.环境保护科学,1994,20(1):10-14
50.周淑贞城市气候学.北京.气象出版社.1999 196-202
51.周志翔,邵天一,唐万鹏,等.城市绿地空间格局及其环境效应——以宜昌市中心城区为例.生态学报,2004,24(2):186-192.
52.祝宁,王成,周洪泽,等.哈尔滨市瞬时热力场空间格局分析.应用生态学报.2003,14(11):1955-1958.
53.Akbari H,Rosenfeld A,Taha H,Recent developments in heat island studies technical and policy.Proceedings of the Workshop on Urban Heat Islands,Berkeley,February 23-24,1989.
54.Ben-Dor E.,Saaroni H Airborne video thermal radiometry as a tool for monitoring microscale structures of the urban heat island.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1997,18(14):3039-3053.
55.Bornstein R,Lin Q L..Urban heat islands and summertime convective thunderstorms in Atlanta:three case studies.Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:507-516.
56.Bornstein,R,LeRoy M.Urban barrier effects on convective and frontal thunderstorms.Extended Abstracts,Fourth Conf.on Mesoscale Processes,Boulder,CO.,25-29 Jan,1990.
57.Brown M.J.,Grimmond S.Sky View Factor Measurements in Downtown Salt Lake City.Los Alamos National Laboratory,DOE CBNP URBAN Experiment,Oct.2000:LA-UR-01-1424.
58.Caselles V,Garcia MJ L.An alternative simple approach to estimate atmospheric correction in multitemporal studies.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1989,10:1127-1134.
59.Cathy aniello,Ken morgan,Arthur Busbey,et al.Mapping micro-urban heat islands using Landsat TM and a GIS.Computer & Geosciences,1995,21(8):965-969.
60.Chameides WL,Kasibhatla PS,Yienger J,et al.Growth of continental-scale metro-agro-plexes,regional ozone pollution,and world food production.Science,1994,264:74-77.
61.characteristics of the urban heat island in Tel-Aviv,Israel.Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,48:1-18.
62.Craul P.J.A description of urban soils and their desired characteristic.Journal of Arboriculture,1985,11(1):330-339.
63.De Marrais,G A.Vertical temperature difference observed over an urban area.Bulletin of American Meteorological Society,1961,42:548-554.
64.Dettwiller,J.Deep soil temperature trends and urban effects at Paris.Journal.of Applied Meteorology,1970,9:178-180.
65.Eliasson I.Urban nocturnal temperatures,street geometry and land use.Atmospheric Environment Part B Urban Atmosphere,1996,30(3):379-392.
66.Eliasson I.,Svensson M.K.Spatial Air Temperature Variations and Urban Land Use-a Statistical Approach.In:Svensson M.K.Urban Climate in Relation to Land Use,Planning and Comfort.Goteborg,Sweden:Earth Science Centre,Goteborg University,2002.
67.Elvidge,C.D.,Yuan,D.,Weerackoon,R.D.and Lunneta,R.S.Relative radiometric normalization of Landsat Multispectral Scanner(MSS) data using an automatic scattergramcontrolled regression,Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,,1995,61(10):1255-1260.
68.Gallo K.P.,McNab A.L.,Karl,T.R.,et al.The use of NOAA AVHRR data for assessment of the urban heat-island effect.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1993,14:2223-2230.
69.Gallo,K.P.,and T.W.Owen:Satellite-based adjustments for the urban heat island temperature bias.Journal of Applied Meteorology,1999,38(6):806-813.
70.Gillies,R.R.,and Carlson,T.N.,Thermal remote sensing of surface soil water content with partial vegetation cover for incorporation into climate models.Journal of Applied Meteorology,1995,34:745-756.
71.Grillo J N,Spar J.Rain-snow mesoclimatology of the New York metropolitan area.Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1971,10: 56-61.
72. Hadas Saaroni, Ben-Dor Eyal, Arieh Bitan, and Oded Potchter. Spatial distribution and microscale characteristics of the urban heat island in Tel-Aviv, Israel. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2000,48(1):1-18
73. Hall, EC., Strebel, D.E., Nickeson, J.E. and Goetz, S.J. Radiometric rectification: toward a common radiometric response among multidate, multisensor images. Remote Sensing of Environment, 1991,35 (1): 1-27.
74. Helmut E. Landsberg. The urban climate. New York: Academic Press Inc. 1981,11-123.
75. Janos Unger, Zoltan Sümeghy, Judit Zoboki. Temperature cross-section features in an urban area.Atmospheric Research, 2001,58: 117-127.
76. Jensen JR. Urban change detection mapping using Landsat digital data. American Cartographer, 1981, 8(2): 127-147.
77. Kawashima S., Ishida T., Minomura M, et al.. Relations between surface temperature and air temperature on a local scale during winter nights. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2000, 39:1570-1579.
78. Kawashima S., Ishida T., Minomura M., et al.. Relations between surface temperature and air temperature on a local scale during winter nights. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2000, 39:1570-1579.
79. Kidder, S. Q., and O. M. Essenwanger. The effect of clouds and wind on the difference in nocturnal cooling rates between urban and rural areas. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1995, 34:2440-2448.
80. Klysik K, Fortuniak K. Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island of Lódz, Poland. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33: 3885-3895.
81. Koen Steemers, Nick Baker, David Crowther, et al. Radiation absorption and urban texture.Building Research & Information, 1998,26(2): 103-112.
82. Lieth H. Modeling the primary production of the world. In: Leith H, Whittaker RH(eds). Primary Production of the Biosphere. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975.237-262.
83. Mehmfi K., Mete T., Hiiseyin T. Effects of urbanization on climate of Istanbul and Ankara.Atmospheric environment, 1995,29 (23): 3411-3421.
84. Mount, H. Temperature signature for anthrbpogentic soils in New York city. In: Kimble, J M, et al (eds). Classification, Correlation and Management of Anthropogentic Soils, Proceeding-Nevada and Callifornia. September 21-October 2, 1998. USDA-NRCS, National Soils Survey Center, Lincoln, NE, 1999,137-140.
85. NASA. Urban Heat Islands Make Cities Greener.http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/ news/topstory/2004/0801 uhigreen.html.
86. Oke T. R. Boundary layer climates. London: Routledge, 1987.
87. Oke T. R. Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: comparison of scale model andfield observation. Journal of Climatology, 1981,1:237-254.
88. Oke TR. The heat island of the urban boundary layer: charcteristics, causes and effects. In JE Cermak (ed) Wind Climate in Cities, Netherlands: Kluwer Acad., 1995. 81-107.
89. Orville R E, Hu_nes G, Nielsen-Gammon J, et al. Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston, Texas. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001,28:2597-2600.
90. Roth M, Oke T.R., Emery W.J. Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utility of such data in urban climatology. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1989, 10:1699-1720.
91. Rudolf Brazdil, Marie Budikova. An urban bias in air temperature fluctuations at the Klementinum, Prague, The Czech Republic. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33: 4211-4217.
92. Sachweh M, Koepke P. Radiation fog and urban climate. Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22:1073-1076.
93. Sahashi K., Hieda T., Yamashita E. Nitrogen-oxide layer over the urban heat island in Okayama city. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30(3): 531-535.
94. Sergiu Tumanov, Aurora Stan-Sion, Alexandru Lupu, et al. Influences of the city of Bucharest on weather and climate parameters. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33: 4173-4183.
95. Seto K. C., Woodcock C. E., Song C., Huang X., Lu J., Kaurmann R. K. Monitoring Land-use Change in the Pearl River Delta Using Landsat TM. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2002, 23(10): 1985-2004.
96. Shepherd J M, H Pierce, A J Negri. Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2002,41:689-701.
97. Stoll, M., Brazel, A. Surface-air temperature relationships in the urban environment of Phoenix, Arizona. Physical Geography, 1992,13(2): 160-179.
98. Streutker D. R. A remote sensing study of the urban heat island of Houston, Texas. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2002, 23(13): 2595-2608.
99. Streutker D. R. Satellite-measured growth of the urban heat island of Houston, Texas. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2003, 85: 282-289.
100. Sukopp H. Urban ecology—scientific and practical aspects. In: Breuste J, Feldmann H, O Uhlmann (Eds.): Urban Ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998.3-16.
101. Summers, P. W. An urban heat island model--its role in air pollution problems, with application to Montreal. First Canadian Conf. on Micrometeorology, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1965.
102. Taha H. Modeling the impacts of large-scale albedo changes on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air Basin. Atmospheric Environment, 1997,31(11): 1667-1676.
103. C Wu, AT Murray. Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment ,2003,84: 493-505.
104. Xian G, Crane M. Assessments of urban growth in the Tampa Bay watershed using remote sensing data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2005,97:203-215.
105. Xian and Crane, Xian and M. Crane, An analysis of urban thermal characteristics and associated land cover in Tampa Bay and Las Vegas using Landsat satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment.2006,104 (2):147-156.
106. Yang X J, Liu Z. Use of satellite-derived landscape imperviousness index to characterize urban spatial growth. Computers. Environment and Urban Systems, 2005,29: 524-540.
107. Yang X J, Lo CP. Relative radiometric normalization performance for change detection from multi-date satellite images. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 2000, 66 (8): 967-980.
108. Yang X J, Lo C P. Using a time series of satellite imagery to detect land use and land cover changes in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2002, 23(9): 1775-1798.
109. Yow, D.M. Urban Heat Islands: Observations, Impacts, and Adaptation. Geography Compass. 2(12), 2007,1227-1251.
110. Yuan and Bauer, F. Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery, Remote Sensing of Environment.2007,106 (3):375-386.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |