北京西山典型游憩林生态保健功能研究
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摘要
生态保健游憩成为现代城市居民的必然需求,呼吸新鲜空气是保健游憩的主要目的,北京西山是北京市民进行游憩活动的重要区域。本文以百望山森林公园为例,从空气质量和人体身心反应两个方面研究了北京西山三种典型游憩林(侧柏纯林、黄栌纯林、混交林)的生态保健功能。空气质量指标主要选取了气候舒适度、空气悬浮颗粒物(包括TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0)、空气微生物(包括细菌、真菌)、空气负离子水平、有机挥发物,这些指标于2007年一年四季昼夜同步观测(其中挥发物只在侧柏林于春、夏、秋三季和黄栌林于夏、秋季观测),并在市区万泉河绿地于秋季作了对比观测,在这几个指标分别研究的基础上,又用主成分分析和灰关联分析评价了游憩林空气保健指数(AHI);至于人体对游憩林身心反应的研究,通过简明心境状态量表(BPOMS)问卷调查人体对游憩林的主观感受,并用澳大利亚埃德公司(ADInstruments)出产的PowerLab系统测定游憩前后人体身心指标的变化。通过研究,得出以下初步结论:
1、北京西山几种典型游憩林均具有巨大的生态保健作用,通过显著的减尘、抑菌、增加空气负离子能力,以及释放许多对人体有益的有机挥发物等作用,使得到北京西山游憩后人体情绪趋于稳定放松,身心健康得到明显改善。
2、一年内,北京西山几种典型游憩林与保健有关的空气质量和小气候舒适情况有着明显的季节变化。①林内小气候夏季舒适期最长,其次为秋季和春季。②TSP和PM10浓度秋季最低,PM2.5和PM1.0浓度最低的季节是春季;PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0浓度冬季最高,夏季次之。③空气真菌和微生物总量夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,空气细菌春季>夏季>秋季>冬季。④空气负离子夏季最高,冬季次之。⑤侧柏林有机挥发物成分种类春季>夏季>秋季,TBVOC浓度秋季>夏季>春季;黄栌林有机挥发物成分夏季远高于秋季,而TBVOC浓度秋季>夏季。⑥AHI冬、春季明显最低,秋季稍高于夏季。
3、一天中,北京西山几种典型游憩林由各指标所反映的空气质量和最适游憩时间不尽相同。①春、秋季林内小气候舒适期集中在9:00～17:00;夏季小气候全天均使人感到舒适(混交林11:00除外);冬季气候舒适度显示外出游憩应选择13:00左右。②空气细菌和微生物总量日变化趋势一年四季基本上均呈早(9:00)、晚(17:00～23:00)高,中午前后(11:00～15:00)和凌晨低的“双峰双谷”型,而空气真菌多呈“三峰三谷”型。③四种粒径空气颗粒物日变化趋势在4个季节均近似呈早上7:00～9:00和晚上19:00～3:00高、午后15:00左右和凌晨5:00左右低的“双峰双谷”型。④空气负离子春、夏、冬均表现出凌晨到早上高、白天低的日变化趋势,秋季日变化曲线近似呈“双峰双谷”的“M”型。⑤游憩林有机挥发物在不同季节的日变化因不同成分而异,TBVOC近似呈“三峰三谷”型,高峰多出现在9:00～11:00、17:00～21:00和5:00左右。⑥由AHI来看,北京西山典型游憩林一年四季的全天几乎均可进行游憩活动。春季13:00～17:00最适合;夏季最适游憩时间是傍晚17:00～19:00和早上9:00～11:00;秋季最佳游憩时间是11:00～17:00;冬季9:00～15:00外出游憩最佳。
4、不同游憩林相比较,林内气候舒适度和空气质量存在一定差异。①春、秋季混交林小气候使人感到舒适的时间较长;而夏季小气候舒适程度以侧柏林(白天)和黄栌林(夜间)为高。②空气颗粒物浓度侧柏林夏秋季个别时刻较高,且夜间高峰出现迟、高峰值大、高峰期持续时间长。③空气微生物一般以侧柏林最低,混交林最高。④春季侧柏林空气负离子最高,其他季节混交林最高。⑤AHI显示北京最冷的冬季和最热的夏季户外游憩时,应首先选择常绿的侧柏林,而春季应多考虑混交林。
5、游憩林内与生态保健有关的几个因子相互间存在密切的关系。①空气细菌与空气颗粒物特别是TSP呈显著正相关。②空气负离子与空气颗粒物呈负相关,而且粒径越大负相关性越显著。③空气负离子具有抑菌作用(尤其对空气细菌)。④植物有机挥发物在一定程度上能抑制空气微生物、增加空气负离子。
6、小气候因子会影响游憩林空气质量指标,风、雨、雪、雾、云等不同天气条件下游憩林空气质量也会有很大差别,这些天气因素对空气质量的影响往往是交叉的,而且还受季节变化等其他因素的制约。
最后,文中提出了游憩林保健功能研究的一些建议和发展方向。①统一保健指标的观测方法;②完善游憩林保健功能的综合指数;③加强游憩林对人体身心健康效应的直接研究;④加强理论研究的宣传应用,借鉴天气预报的形式将游憩林空气质量向公众实时预报,以指导市民的出行;⑤通过合理的树种选择和配置构建以人为本的城市游憩林。
本项研究补充了先前对城市绿地保健作用只考虑环境质量而缺乏人体反应的不足;打破了先前的零散研究而较为系统地研究了游憩林保健功能的动态变化及其相互关系;初次提出并制定了表征游憩林保健效应的AHI。这为游客外出时间的选择、游憩林的建设和管理提供了理论依据,同时也为旅游区空气质量的预报提供了重要思路。
Ecological health recreation is having become a necessity for modern urban residents, and one of main aims of ecological health recreation is breathing fresh air. The West Mountain of Beijing is an important area where Beijing citizen recreate outside. So, taking Baiwang Mountain as an example, this paper researched ecological health effects of 3 typical recreation forests (pure Platycladus orientalis forest, pure Cotinus coggygria forest, and the mixed forest) in the West Mountain of Beijing through air quality and human body and mind effects. Thereinto, climate cormfort, airborne suspended particulate matters (PM, including TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0), airborne microbes (including airborne bacteria and airborne fungi), aero-anion levels and organic volatile compounds (VOCs) were researched in air quality index of recreation forests, and those index were observed synchronously in 4 seasons in 2007 (VOC of Platycladus orientalis forest were observed only in spring, summer and autumn; VOC of Cotinus coggygria forest were monitored only in summer and autumn), and were compared with urban CK Wanquanhe greenland in autumn. On the basis of researches of those index separately, Air Health Index (AHI) were appraised using Primary Component Analysis and Gray Related Analysis. For human body and mind effects on recreation forests, human subjective feelings were investigated by BPOMS questionnaire, and human body and mind reflection were observed before and after recreation by PowerLab system made in ADInstruments Company in Australia. Throuth research some preliminary conclusions were as follows:
1. Several kinds of typical recreation forests in the West Mountain of Beijing all had tremendous ecological effects. They can make human mood states relax, and body and mind health improved greatly, by means of their obvious dust reduction, bacteria restraining, aero-anion increase abilities and benefit BVOCs release.
2. Obvious seasonal variations of climate comfort and air quality related with ecological health were showed in several kinds of typical recreation forests in the West Mountain of Beijing in one year.①The duration which the micro-climate of recreation forests make human body comfort was longest in summer, and secondly in autumn and spring.②TSP and PM10 concentrations were the lowest in autumn, and the lowest concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1.0 presented in spring. The highest concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were in winter, and in summer subsequently.③Airborne fungi and total airborne microbe contents were higher in order of summer>sping>autumn>winter, while for airborne bacteria, the order was spring>summer>autumn>winter.④Aero-anion concentrations of recreation forests were highest in summer, and secondly in winter.⑤VOCs species amount in Platycladus orientalis forest was spring>summer>autumn, and TBVOC concentration was autumn >summer> spring; for Cotinus coggygria forest, VOCs species amount was higher in summer than autumn, and TBVOC concentration was higher in autumn than summer.⑥Air health index (AHI) was lowest in winter and spring than the other two seasons, and appreciably higher in autumn than summer.
3. In a day, air quality and the fittest recreation time reflected by several index in recreation forests in the West Mountain of Beijing were different.①The periods in which micro-climate of recreation forests make people comfort were 9:00～17:00 in spring and autumn; recreation forests micro-climate made people comfort in the whole day in summer (except at 11:00 in the mixed forest); and in winter, climate comfort degree showed recreation outside should be taken at about 13:00.②Diurnal variations of airborne bacteria and total airborne microbe contents all mostly showed“two peaks and two vales”in 4 seasons, and peaks presented at 9:00 in the morning and 17:00～23:00 in the evening, while vales presented around at noon (11:00～15:00) and wee hours. Diurnal variations of airborne fungi contents mostly showed“three peaks and three vales”.③Diurnal variation curves of PM concentrations with 4 kinds of diameters all showed nearly“two peaks and two vales”in 4 seasons, and two peaks presented at 7:00～9:00 and 19:00～3:00, and two vales presented at around 15:00 and 5:00 respectively.④Concentrations of aero-anion were higher from wee hours to the morning, and were lower in the day in spring, summer and winter; while in the autumn, diurnal variation curves of aero-anion levels showed“M”with two peaks and two vales.⑤Diurnal variations of BVOCs varied with different compounds in different seasons, the diurnal variation curve of TBVOC showed nearly“three peaks and three vales”, and peaks occurred at 9:00～11:00, 17:00～21:00 and around 5:00.⑥According to Air Health Index (AHI), 3 typical recreation forests in the West Mountain of Beijing were almost fit for recreation outside in a whole day in 4 seasons. In detail, the fittest time for recreation was 13:00～17:00 in spring, 17:00～19:00 and 9:00～11:00 in summer, 11:00～17:00 in autumn and 9:00～15:00 in winter.
4. Comparingly, climate comfort degree and air quality had a certain difference in different recreation forests.①The duration that the micro-climate make people comfort was longer in the mixed forest in spring and autumn; while in summer, climate comfort degree were higher in Platycladus orientalis forest and cotinus coggygria forest.②PM concentration of Platycladus orientalis forest were higher than the other two forests sometimes in summer and autumn, and in Platycladus orientalis forest, PM peak time at night occurred later, PM concentration was higher at peaks time, and the duration of the peak was longer.③Airborne microbe contents were generally lowest in Platycladus orientalis forest, and highest in the mixed forest.④Aero-anion concentration was highest in Platycladus orientalis forest in spring, and was highest in the mixed forest in other 3 seasons.⑤For AHI, it showed evergreen Platycladus orientalis forest was first selection when we recreate outside in coldest winter and hottest summer in Beijing, while the mixed forest should be considered more in spring.
5. There were a close relationship among several factors related to ecological health in recreation forests.①There were a significantly positive relationship between airborne bacteria and PM especially TSP.②Aero-anion and PM were negatively related, and the more significant the coarser of PM diameters.③Aero-anion can restrain airborne bacteria.④BVOCs can decrease airborne microbe contents and increase aero-anion concentrations in a certain sense.
6. Air quality of recreation forests can be influenced by micro-climate factors. In addition, Air quality of recreation forests had a major change difference on different weather conditions such as wind, rain, snow, fog and cloud. Furthermore, the influence of those weather conditions on air quality was intersectant, and affected by other factors like seasons.
In the end, some suggestion and development directions about health effects of recreation forests were put forward.①Unify the observation methods of health index;②Perfect comprehensive index of health effects of recreation forests;③Strengthen direct research on health effects of recreation forests on human body and mind;④Publicize the theoretic research, and develop air quality forecast of recreation forests using weather forecast for reference, in order to provide guidance to citizen for recreation outside;⑤Construct urban recreation forests of“people oriented”through rational tree species selection and configuration.
This paper filled up a lack of only considering environmental quality not caring for human reflects for recreation forests’ecological health effects; broke previous scattered researches through researching systematically dynamic variations and their relationship of ecological health effects of recreation forests; put firstly forward AHI in token of health effects of recreation forests. That will provide a theoretical basis for tourist travelling time, constructions and managements of recreation forests, and also, provide a good idea for air quality forecast of recreation areas.
1、北京西山几种典型游憩林均具有巨大的生态保健作用,通过显著的减尘、抑菌、增加空气负离子能力,以及释放许多对人体有益的有机挥发物等作用,使得到北京西山游憩后人体情绪趋于稳定放松,身心健康得到明显改善。
2、一年内,北京西山几种典型游憩林与保健有关的空气质量和小气候舒适情况有着明显的季节变化。①林内小气候夏季舒适期最长,其次为秋季和春季。②TSP和PM10浓度秋季最低,PM2.5和PM1.0浓度最低的季节是春季;PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0浓度冬季最高,夏季次之。③空气真菌和微生物总量夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,空气细菌春季>夏季>秋季>冬季。④空气负离子夏季最高,冬季次之。⑤侧柏林有机挥发物成分种类春季>夏季>秋季,TBVOC浓度秋季>夏季>春季;黄栌林有机挥发物成分夏季远高于秋季,而TBVOC浓度秋季>夏季。⑥AHI冬、春季明显最低,秋季稍高于夏季。
3、一天中,北京西山几种典型游憩林由各指标所反映的空气质量和最适游憩时间不尽相同。①春、秋季林内小气候舒适期集中在9:00～17:00;夏季小气候全天均使人感到舒适(混交林11:00除外);冬季气候舒适度显示外出游憩应选择13:00左右。②空气细菌和微生物总量日变化趋势一年四季基本上均呈早(9:00)、晚(17:00～23:00)高,中午前后(11:00～15:00)和凌晨低的“双峰双谷”型,而空气真菌多呈“三峰三谷”型。③四种粒径空气颗粒物日变化趋势在4个季节均近似呈早上7:00～9:00和晚上19:00～3:00高、午后15:00左右和凌晨5:00左右低的“双峰双谷”型。④空气负离子春、夏、冬均表现出凌晨到早上高、白天低的日变化趋势,秋季日变化曲线近似呈“双峰双谷”的“M”型。⑤游憩林有机挥发物在不同季节的日变化因不同成分而异,TBVOC近似呈“三峰三谷”型,高峰多出现在9:00～11:00、17:00～21:00和5:00左右。⑥由AHI来看,北京西山典型游憩林一年四季的全天几乎均可进行游憩活动。春季13:00～17:00最适合;夏季最适游憩时间是傍晚17:00～19:00和早上9:00～11:00;秋季最佳游憩时间是11:00～17:00;冬季9:00～15:00外出游憩最佳。
4、不同游憩林相比较,林内气候舒适度和空气质量存在一定差异。①春、秋季混交林小气候使人感到舒适的时间较长;而夏季小气候舒适程度以侧柏林(白天)和黄栌林(夜间)为高。②空气颗粒物浓度侧柏林夏秋季个别时刻较高,且夜间高峰出现迟、高峰值大、高峰期持续时间长。③空气微生物一般以侧柏林最低,混交林最高。④春季侧柏林空气负离子最高,其他季节混交林最高。⑤AHI显示北京最冷的冬季和最热的夏季户外游憩时,应首先选择常绿的侧柏林,而春季应多考虑混交林。
5、游憩林内与生态保健有关的几个因子相互间存在密切的关系。①空气细菌与空气颗粒物特别是TSP呈显著正相关。②空气负离子与空气颗粒物呈负相关,而且粒径越大负相关性越显著。③空气负离子具有抑菌作用(尤其对空气细菌)。④植物有机挥发物在一定程度上能抑制空气微生物、增加空气负离子。
6、小气候因子会影响游憩林空气质量指标,风、雨、雪、雾、云等不同天气条件下游憩林空气质量也会有很大差别,这些天气因素对空气质量的影响往往是交叉的,而且还受季节变化等其他因素的制约。
最后,文中提出了游憩林保健功能研究的一些建议和发展方向。①统一保健指标的观测方法;②完善游憩林保健功能的综合指数;③加强游憩林对人体身心健康效应的直接研究;④加强理论研究的宣传应用,借鉴天气预报的形式将游憩林空气质量向公众实时预报,以指导市民的出行;⑤通过合理的树种选择和配置构建以人为本的城市游憩林。
本项研究补充了先前对城市绿地保健作用只考虑环境质量而缺乏人体反应的不足;打破了先前的零散研究而较为系统地研究了游憩林保健功能的动态变化及其相互关系;初次提出并制定了表征游憩林保健效应的AHI。这为游客外出时间的选择、游憩林的建设和管理提供了理论依据,同时也为旅游区空气质量的预报提供了重要思路。
Ecological health recreation is having become a necessity for modern urban residents, and one of main aims of ecological health recreation is breathing fresh air. The West Mountain of Beijing is an important area where Beijing citizen recreate outside. So, taking Baiwang Mountain as an example, this paper researched ecological health effects of 3 typical recreation forests (pure Platycladus orientalis forest, pure Cotinus coggygria forest, and the mixed forest) in the West Mountain of Beijing through air quality and human body and mind effects. Thereinto, climate cormfort, airborne suspended particulate matters (PM, including TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0), airborne microbes (including airborne bacteria and airborne fungi), aero-anion levels and organic volatile compounds (VOCs) were researched in air quality index of recreation forests, and those index were observed synchronously in 4 seasons in 2007 (VOC of Platycladus orientalis forest were observed only in spring, summer and autumn; VOC of Cotinus coggygria forest were monitored only in summer and autumn), and were compared with urban CK Wanquanhe greenland in autumn. On the basis of researches of those index separately, Air Health Index (AHI) were appraised using Primary Component Analysis and Gray Related Analysis. For human body and mind effects on recreation forests, human subjective feelings were investigated by BPOMS questionnaire, and human body and mind reflection were observed before and after recreation by PowerLab system made in ADInstruments Company in Australia. Throuth research some preliminary conclusions were as follows:
1. Several kinds of typical recreation forests in the West Mountain of Beijing all had tremendous ecological effects. They can make human mood states relax, and body and mind health improved greatly, by means of their obvious dust reduction, bacteria restraining, aero-anion increase abilities and benefit BVOCs release.
2. Obvious seasonal variations of climate comfort and air quality related with ecological health were showed in several kinds of typical recreation forests in the West Mountain of Beijing in one year.①The duration which the micro-climate of recreation forests make human body comfort was longest in summer, and secondly in autumn and spring.②TSP and PM10 concentrations were the lowest in autumn, and the lowest concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1.0 presented in spring. The highest concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were in winter, and in summer subsequently.③Airborne fungi and total airborne microbe contents were higher in order of summer>sping>autumn>winter, while for airborne bacteria, the order was spring>summer>autumn>winter.④Aero-anion concentrations of recreation forests were highest in summer, and secondly in winter.⑤VOCs species amount in Platycladus orientalis forest was spring>summer>autumn, and TBVOC concentration was autumn >summer> spring; for Cotinus coggygria forest, VOCs species amount was higher in summer than autumn, and TBVOC concentration was higher in autumn than summer.⑥Air health index (AHI) was lowest in winter and spring than the other two seasons, and appreciably higher in autumn than summer.
3. In a day, air quality and the fittest recreation time reflected by several index in recreation forests in the West Mountain of Beijing were different.①The periods in which micro-climate of recreation forests make people comfort were 9:00～17:00 in spring and autumn; recreation forests micro-climate made people comfort in the whole day in summer (except at 11:00 in the mixed forest); and in winter, climate comfort degree showed recreation outside should be taken at about 13:00.②Diurnal variations of airborne bacteria and total airborne microbe contents all mostly showed“two peaks and two vales”in 4 seasons, and peaks presented at 9:00 in the morning and 17:00～23:00 in the evening, while vales presented around at noon (11:00～15:00) and wee hours. Diurnal variations of airborne fungi contents mostly showed“three peaks and three vales”.③Diurnal variation curves of PM concentrations with 4 kinds of diameters all showed nearly“two peaks and two vales”in 4 seasons, and two peaks presented at 7:00～9:00 and 19:00～3:00, and two vales presented at around 15:00 and 5:00 respectively.④Concentrations of aero-anion were higher from wee hours to the morning, and were lower in the day in spring, summer and winter; while in the autumn, diurnal variation curves of aero-anion levels showed“M”with two peaks and two vales.⑤Diurnal variations of BVOCs varied with different compounds in different seasons, the diurnal variation curve of TBVOC showed nearly“three peaks and three vales”, and peaks occurred at 9:00～11:00, 17:00～21:00 and around 5:00.⑥According to Air Health Index (AHI), 3 typical recreation forests in the West Mountain of Beijing were almost fit for recreation outside in a whole day in 4 seasons. In detail, the fittest time for recreation was 13:00～17:00 in spring, 17:00～19:00 and 9:00～11:00 in summer, 11:00～17:00 in autumn and 9:00～15:00 in winter.
4. Comparingly, climate comfort degree and air quality had a certain difference in different recreation forests.①The duration that the micro-climate make people comfort was longer in the mixed forest in spring and autumn; while in summer, climate comfort degree were higher in Platycladus orientalis forest and cotinus coggygria forest.②PM concentration of Platycladus orientalis forest were higher than the other two forests sometimes in summer and autumn, and in Platycladus orientalis forest, PM peak time at night occurred later, PM concentration was higher at peaks time, and the duration of the peak was longer.③Airborne microbe contents were generally lowest in Platycladus orientalis forest, and highest in the mixed forest.④Aero-anion concentration was highest in Platycladus orientalis forest in spring, and was highest in the mixed forest in other 3 seasons.⑤For AHI, it showed evergreen Platycladus orientalis forest was first selection when we recreate outside in coldest winter and hottest summer in Beijing, while the mixed forest should be considered more in spring.
5. There were a close relationship among several factors related to ecological health in recreation forests.①There were a significantly positive relationship between airborne bacteria and PM especially TSP.②Aero-anion and PM were negatively related, and the more significant the coarser of PM diameters.③Aero-anion can restrain airborne bacteria.④BVOCs can decrease airborne microbe contents and increase aero-anion concentrations in a certain sense.
6. Air quality of recreation forests can be influenced by micro-climate factors. In addition, Air quality of recreation forests had a major change difference on different weather conditions such as wind, rain, snow, fog and cloud. Furthermore, the influence of those weather conditions on air quality was intersectant, and affected by other factors like seasons.
In the end, some suggestion and development directions about health effects of recreation forests were put forward.①Unify the observation methods of health index;②Perfect comprehensive index of health effects of recreation forests;③Strengthen direct research on health effects of recreation forests on human body and mind;④Publicize the theoretic research, and develop air quality forecast of recreation forests using weather forecast for reference, in order to provide guidance to citizen for recreation outside;⑤Construct urban recreation forests of“people oriented”through rational tree species selection and configuration.
This paper filled up a lack of only considering environmental quality not caring for human reflects for recreation forests’ecological health effects; broke previous scattered researches through researching systematically dynamic variations and their relationship of ecological health effects of recreation forests; put firstly forward AHI in token of health effects of recreation forests. That will provide a theoretical basis for tourist travelling time, constructions and managements of recreation forests, and also, provide a good idea for air quality forecast of recreation areas.
引文
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