黄土高原南部经济林叶片营养诊断与评价研究
摘要
矿质营养是植物生长发育、产量形成、品质提高的基础。合理施肥是保证植物矿质营养相对平衡的重要环节,而营养诊断是保障合理施肥的主要依据。因此,本研究通过对韩城花椒、黄龙核桃、富平柿子和杏的实际调查和采样分析,建立营养诊断与施肥建议综合法(Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System,简称DRIS)和适宜值偏差百分数法(Deviation from Optimum Percentage,简称DOP)诊断标准,对其进行诊断,为经济林合理施肥和丰产栽培提供科学依据。
通过研究分析得到如下主要结论:
(1)确定了黄土高原南部四种主要经济林叶片养分适宜值范围和DRIS参数,根据DRIS指数制定了DRIS指数分级指标,得出了花椒、核桃、柿子和杏树叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn等元素的DRIS适宜指数范围。
(2)叶片矿质营养元素的标准差、变异系数、NII和∑DOP均表现出低产林大于高产林,表明高产林各养分值比较稳定,而低产林各养分元素存在较大差异。
(3)四种主要经济林养分的丰缺状况:花椒林Ca元素最为缺乏,其次是P、Zn、K、Mg、Mn、Fe等元素,N元素基本能满足树体的生长需求或是过剩;核桃林K元素最为缺乏,其次是Mn、Fe、N等元素,Mg元素基本能满足树体的生长需求或是过剩;柿树林Ca元素最为缺乏,其次是N、Mg、K、Zn等元素,Fe元素基本能满足树体的生长需求或是过剩;杏树林Ca元素最为缺乏,其次是Fe、Mn等元素,P元素基本能满足树体的生长需求或是过剩。
(4)陕西韩城地区花椒应该注重使用含Ca、P、Zn元素的化肥;黄龙地区核桃应该注重使用含K、Fe、N、Zn元素的化肥;富平地区柿树和杏树林应注重Ca化肥的使用。
(5) DRIS和DOP诊断的结果大体相同,均适用于经济林营养诊断。
Mineral nutrition is the foundation to plant growth, yield formation and quality improving. To ensure the relative balance of plant nutrients was a important part of fertilization reasonable, but nutrition diagnosis is the scientific basis for fertilization reasonable. Therefore, this study established Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System and Deviation from Optimum Percentage through the study of actual investigation and sampling analysis. And this study provided a scientific basis of fertilization rational forest and high yield through diagnosised it. Main results are as follows:
(1) This paper identified leaf nutrient appropriate value range and DRIS parameter of four main economic forest in the southern Loess Plateau, According to DRIS exponent classification norms, and obtained the appropriate DRIS index ranges of Zanthox ylum bumgeanum Maxim, Juglans regia, Diospyroskaki and Armeniaca vulgaris Lam leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and other elements.
(2) The standard deviation, coefficient of variation, NII and∑DOP of leaf mineral nutrition elements have shown that the low-yield park was greater than the high-yield park. This indicated the nutrient value of the high forest is relatively stable, but low-yield forest there is a big difference in the nutrient elements.
(3) Four main forest nutrient situation: the most Ca element lacking is in Zanthox ylum bumgeanum Maxim forest, followed by P, Zn, K, Mg, Mn, Fe and other elements, N elements could satisfy the basic needs of the tree's growth or excess; The most K element lacking is in Juglans regia forest, followed by Mn, Fe, N and other elements, Mg elements could satisfy the basic needs of the tree's growth or excess; The most Ca element lacking is in Diospyroskaki forest, followed by N, Mg, K, Zn and other elements, Fe elements could satisfy the basic needs of the tree's growth or excess; The most Ca element lacking is in Armeniaca vulgaris Lam forest, followed by Fe, Mn and other elements, P elements could satisfy the basic needs of the tree's growth or excess.
(4) It should be focused on using the fertilizer containing P, Zn, Ca elements in ShanXi Hancheng region. It should be focused on using the fertilizer containing N, K, Fe, Zn elements in HuangLong region. It should be focused on using the fertilizer containing Ca elements in FuPing region.
(5) DRIS and DOP diagnosis result were much the same, they apply to economic forest leaf nutrition diagnosis.
通过研究分析得到如下主要结论:
(1)确定了黄土高原南部四种主要经济林叶片养分适宜值范围和DRIS参数,根据DRIS指数制定了DRIS指数分级指标,得出了花椒、核桃、柿子和杏树叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn等元素的DRIS适宜指数范围。
(2)叶片矿质营养元素的标准差、变异系数、NII和∑DOP均表现出低产林大于高产林,表明高产林各养分值比较稳定,而低产林各养分元素存在较大差异。
(3)四种主要经济林养分的丰缺状况:花椒林Ca元素最为缺乏,其次是P、Zn、K、Mg、Mn、Fe等元素,N元素基本能满足树体的生长需求或是过剩;核桃林K元素最为缺乏,其次是Mn、Fe、N等元素,Mg元素基本能满足树体的生长需求或是过剩;柿树林Ca元素最为缺乏,其次是N、Mg、K、Zn等元素,Fe元素基本能满足树体的生长需求或是过剩;杏树林Ca元素最为缺乏,其次是Fe、Mn等元素,P元素基本能满足树体的生长需求或是过剩。
(4)陕西韩城地区花椒应该注重使用含Ca、P、Zn元素的化肥;黄龙地区核桃应该注重使用含K、Fe、N、Zn元素的化肥;富平地区柿树和杏树林应注重Ca化肥的使用。
(5) DRIS和DOP诊断的结果大体相同,均适用于经济林营养诊断。
Mineral nutrition is the foundation to plant growth, yield formation and quality improving. To ensure the relative balance of plant nutrients was a important part of fertilization reasonable, but nutrition diagnosis is the scientific basis for fertilization reasonable. Therefore, this study established Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System and Deviation from Optimum Percentage through the study of actual investigation and sampling analysis. And this study provided a scientific basis of fertilization rational forest and high yield through diagnosised it. Main results are as follows:
(1) This paper identified leaf nutrient appropriate value range and DRIS parameter of four main economic forest in the southern Loess Plateau, According to DRIS exponent classification norms, and obtained the appropriate DRIS index ranges of Zanthox ylum bumgeanum Maxim, Juglans regia, Diospyroskaki and Armeniaca vulgaris Lam leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and other elements.
(2) The standard deviation, coefficient of variation, NII and∑DOP of leaf mineral nutrition elements have shown that the low-yield park was greater than the high-yield park. This indicated the nutrient value of the high forest is relatively stable, but low-yield forest there is a big difference in the nutrient elements.
(3) Four main forest nutrient situation: the most Ca element lacking is in Zanthox ylum bumgeanum Maxim forest, followed by P, Zn, K, Mg, Mn, Fe and other elements, N elements could satisfy the basic needs of the tree's growth or excess; The most K element lacking is in Juglans regia forest, followed by Mn, Fe, N and other elements, Mg elements could satisfy the basic needs of the tree's growth or excess; The most Ca element lacking is in Diospyroskaki forest, followed by N, Mg, K, Zn and other elements, Fe elements could satisfy the basic needs of the tree's growth or excess; The most Ca element lacking is in Armeniaca vulgaris Lam forest, followed by Fe, Mn and other elements, P elements could satisfy the basic needs of the tree's growth or excess.
(4) It should be focused on using the fertilizer containing P, Zn, Ca elements in ShanXi Hancheng region. It should be focused on using the fertilizer containing N, K, Fe, Zn elements in HuangLong region. It should be focused on using the fertilizer containing Ca elements in FuPing region.
(5) DRIS and DOP diagnosis result were much the same, they apply to economic forest leaf nutrition diagnosis.
引文
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陈礼光,陆小靖,蔡月琴,荣俊冬,郑郁善,杨榕.2005.柳杉苗木综合营养诊断I.田间DRIS图解法.福建林学院学报, 25(4): 318-322
陈小红. 2002.林木营养元素交互作用研究综述.四川林勘设计, 1: 43-48
迟建. 1998.树木营养诊断法综述.浙江林业科技, 18(5):50-53
褚国英,周广柱,周荣伟,金宁,姜楠. 2009. DRIS法中诊断器官选择的研究进展.科技情报开发与经济.(19): 123-124
冯茂松. 2006.巨桉短周期工业原料林养分平衡的矢量诊断.林业科学. 2: 78-94
耿增超,张立新,赵二龙.2003.陕西红富士苹果矿质营养DRIS标准研究.西北植物学报, 23(8): 1411-1428
韩振海,王倩. 1997.果树营养诊断与科学施肥.北京:科学出版社, 39-41
和润喜,邵扶民,石卓功. 2008.昆明市西山区苹果园营养诊断研究初报.经济林研究, 26(1): 141-46
姜远茂,顾曼,束怀瑞. 1995.红星苹果的营养诊断.园艺学报. 22(3): 215-220
李比希. 1940.化学在农业和生理学上的应用. 1(2).第二版.刘更译. 1983.北京:农业出版社, 252
李国良,姚丽贵,付长营,涂仕华. 2008.香蕉营养诊断的DRIS标准的初步研究.中国土壤与肥料, (3): 74-86
李港丽. 1988.果树营养诊断概述.果树文集(5).北京:北京农业大学出版社, 11-23
李港丽,张光中. 1988.果树叶分析的采样、洗涤和预处理的标准化.果树文集, 24-30
李辉桃,翟丙年,李岗,周建斌. l997.乾县苹果营养诊断和施肥研究.西北农业大学学报, 25(5): 44-48
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