再生混凝土结构抗震性能研究及混凝土结构损伤评估
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摘要
随着我国城市化进程的加快,每年都会有大量的混凝土结构临近使用年限被拆除,或遭受地震等自然灾害被损毁,产生了大量的建筑废弃物。传统的废弃混凝土处理方法主要是运往郊外露天堆放或填埋,占用大量土地,破坏生态环境。另一方面,建筑业作为国民经济的支柱产业之一,混凝土的需求量也在保持高速增长。混凝土的配制需要砂石骨料,开山采石毁坏自然植被,引起水土流失,对自然资源的占用及环境的负面影响也日趋严重。将废弃混凝土块体经过回收、破碎、筛分后,按一定的比例与级配混合形成再生骨料,它可代替天然骨料制成新的建材产品。再生混凝土循环利用,符合国家“十二五”提出的节约资源、保护环境和可持续发展的战略思想,有助于建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会。
目前再生骨料混凝土多用于公路工程的路基路面和建筑工程的非承重构件,为将其用于土木工程的主体承重结构,本文进行了再生混凝土基本力学性能试验研究、再生混凝土梁柱节点和两层单跨再生混凝土框架的抗震性能试验研究,可为再生混凝土结构的实际应用提供试验依据和理论基础。
本文通过再生混凝土基本力学性能的相关试验,研究了再生混凝土立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗折强度的影响因素及变化规律,并给出了再生混凝土各项强度指标之间关系式。对再生混凝土与普通混凝土的单轴受压性能、本构关系进行了对比试验研究,在对试验数据回归分析的基础上,提出了再生混凝土弹性模量的计算公式、应力-应变曲线的拟合公式。试验结果表明,再生骨料表面吸附旧水泥砂浆,再生骨料新、老砂浆之间界面过渡区存在孔隙率大,吸水率高,粘结强度低的特点,界面过渡区被认为是再生混凝土最薄弱部位,导致了再生混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗折强度以及弹性模量等力学指标均要低于天然骨料混凝土
制作了再生混凝土框架中节点、边节点和拐角节点等不同类型的梁柱组合体,进行了拟静力试验研究,了解节点的受力状态和破坏过程,对其滞回曲线、延性特征、耗能性能、强度退化和刚度退化等性能指标进行了研究。试验结果表明,再生混凝土节点在低周反复荷载作用下破坏过程与普通混凝土节点相似,其受力和破坏过程可分为初裂、通裂、极限、破坏四个阶段。由于废弃混凝土破碎生成的再生骨料,生产剥离过程中表面包裹有母体水泥砂浆,且骨料内部存在不同程度的缺陷和裂纹,造成再生混凝土中新拌水泥砂浆与再生骨料界面薄弱。再生混凝土节点核心区剪切破坏时,核心区菱形块体混凝土剥落,多沿再生骨料新老砂浆接合面呈酥松状破坏,表现出明显脆性性质,节点抗震性能弱于普通混凝土试件。
对1榀两层单跨再生混凝十框架进行了拟动力和拟静力试验。拟动力试验时,采用不同加速度峰值的E1-Centro地震波激励加载,研究了框架的动力性能、受力特点、变形性能等抗震性能。试验表明,再生混凝土框架在小震和中震作用下具有足够的承载力和刚度,框架处于弹性工作状态,加载至框架屈服,卸载后残余变形较小。通过拟静力试验研究了框架在低周反复荷载作用下的破坏过程、承载能力、滞回曲线、耗能能力、延性系数、刚度退化等抗震性能指标。试验结果表明,再生混凝土结构具有良好的延性和耗能能力,通过合理设计可以用于抗震设防地区。
在试验研究的基础上,分别采用不同的有限元软件ABAQUS和OpenSees,对再生混凝土节点和框架的抗震试验结果进行了数值模拟。此外,利用一个MATLAB编写的程序对再生混凝土框架的拟动力试验进行了模拟。节点和框架的拟静力试验模拟结果表明,在OpenSees中基于'SimpleJoint'的建模方法建立的模型,能够很好地模拟出节点或是框架在低周反复荷载作用下的滞回性能。而框架拟动力试验的模拟结果则说明Takeda恢复力模型用于对再生混凝土框架的非线性时程分析中效果良好。
结构健康监测手段或损伤评估方法,是结构高效、安全工作的有力保障。而目前,混凝土结构健康监测手段或损伤评估方法较为匮乏。基于此,本文分别利用结构的频响函数和小波分解理论分别提出了两个可以用于确定结构整体损伤程度的指标。并且,利用前面相关的再生混凝土试件抗震性能试验数据验证了这些指标用于评估结构损伤的有效性。此外,还利用了布置在混凝土结构不同位置处的压电材料对混凝土结构中各种损伤及钢筋腐蚀程度进行相关试验。试验结果表明,利用预先埋置或是粘结在混凝土结构上的压电材料,对混凝土结构局部区域的损伤或钢筋腐蚀程度进行评估是可行的。
With the acceleration of urbanization, many such structures are near the end of their service lives and some are damaged by natural disasters in each year, therefore large amounts of construction waste is produced. Transporting waste concrete to landfills for burying, as a conventional disposal method, results in serious environment pollution and vast resource extravagance. On the other hand, the consumptions of concrete maintain rapid growth due to building industry is one of the pillar industries of economy. A lot of stone and rock resources are needed to produce the coarse aggregates in concrete, which can lead to many environmental issues like soil and water loss, vegetation deterioration and so on. Recycled aggregates (RAs) can be obtained by treating waste concrete with the following processes:recycling, crushing, screening and blending etc. Using RAs as aggregates to produce new concrete, i.e. Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC), is corresponding to the strategic thoughts proposed in the national "Twelfth Five-year Plan", like resource conservation, environmental protection and sustainable development, also helps the building of a resource conserving and environment friendly society.
So far, RAC is used mainly in subgrade and pavement in highway construction, or some non-bearing structures of building construction. In order to apply RAC to main bearing structures of civil engineering, experiments were carried out for better understanding the mechanical properties of RAC, as well as the seismic performances of RAC beam-column joints and RAC frames. The test results can provide experimental theoretic basis for practical engineering application of RAC structures.
The basic properties of RAC such as compressive strength, split strength, flexural strength etc. and the changes of these basic mechanic indices at early age were investigated through experiments, and the relationships between various strength parameters were also presented in this thesis. Besides, uniaxial compressive performances and constitutive relations of RAC and natural aggregate concrete (NAC) were studied by comparison tests, and the expression of RAC's elastic modulus as well as the fitting formula of RAC's stress-strain curve were given based on these test results. The experiment results also showed that the main causes of RAC's inferior strength compared with NAC is the old mortar attached to the surface of RAs. Due to the existence of old mortar, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between RAs and new mortar has such features as high porosity, high water absorption and low bond strength, which cause this ITZ to become a weak point in RAC.
Different types of beam to column connections include interior connections, exterior connections and knee connections were fabricated and tested under the cyclic loadings. The performance indices of these RAC connections were evaluated, including the stress condition, failure process, hysteretic curves, ductility characteristics, energy dissipation, strength and stiffness degradation etc. The failure process of a RAC joint can be mainly divided into the following four stages:initial cracking stage, thorough cracking stage, ultimate stage and failure stage, which is similar to a NAC joint. In RAC, the ITZ between RAs and new mortar is a weak region because of the existence of old mortar attached to the surface of RAs as well as the defects and cracks inside the RAs. When shear failure occurred at the joint core of a RAC connection, rhomb shaped concrete spalls can be observed in the joint core. Most of the cracking appeared at the ITZ between RAs and new mortar, and showed the obvious characteristic of brittleness. The seismic performances of RAC connections are worse than NAC connections.
In this study, a RAC frame was subjected to a series of pseudo-dynamic tests, and then quasi-static tests. In the pseudo-dynamic test stage, the frame was subjected to the selected input motion which is the El-Centro (1940NS) ground acceleration time history, and the seismic performances of this RAC frame such as dynamic behavior, strength characteristic, deformation property were studied. The pseudo-dynamic test results showed that the RAC frame exhibited good seismic performances for resisting small earthquakes and the residual deformations were quite small after the frame was yielded. During the quasi-static test stage, the seismic performances of the RAC frame like the failure process, bearing capacity, hysteretic curves, energy dissipation, ductility, strength and stiffness degradation etc. were studied, and the test results indicated that RAC frames possess good seismic performances. It is possible to design RAC frames and apply them in practical structures in some seismic areas by proper design.
Based on these experimental studies, different finite element programs, like ABAQUS and OpenSees were adopted in this research for simulating the quasi-static tests of both RAC joints and the RAC frame. Furthermore, a MATLAB based program was used in this paper for the simulation of RAC frame's pseudo-dynamic test. The simulation results indicated that the 'SimpleJoint' based model can simulate the responses of the RAC joints and frame when they're subjected to low reverse loadings, while the simulation results of the frame's pseudo-dynamic test showed that Takeda restoring force model is appropriate for RAC structures'nonlinear time history analysis.
Health monitoring techniques and damage condition assessment measures are effectively guarantee structures safe and efficient work. Now, it is lack of health monitoring techniques and damage condition assessment measures for concrete structures. Accordingly, two damage indices were developed based on frequency response function and wavelet transform, respectively. Both of the two damage indices could be used for estimating the damage condition of structure as a whole. Meanwhile, these damage indices' feasibilities for damage assessment were validated by using the former seismic experiment data. Furthermore, this paper also presents an experimental investigation on detecting defects or damages in concrete structures based on piezoelectric materials, and the results indicated that the embedded or adhesive piezoelectric materials in concrete structures can be used as both actuators and receivers or sensors and it is feasible to use them to detect different types of defect or corrosion in some local area of concrete structures.
目前再生骨料混凝土多用于公路工程的路基路面和建筑工程的非承重构件,为将其用于土木工程的主体承重结构,本文进行了再生混凝土基本力学性能试验研究、再生混凝土梁柱节点和两层单跨再生混凝土框架的抗震性能试验研究,可为再生混凝土结构的实际应用提供试验依据和理论基础。
本文通过再生混凝土基本力学性能的相关试验,研究了再生混凝土立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗折强度的影响因素及变化规律,并给出了再生混凝土各项强度指标之间关系式。对再生混凝土与普通混凝土的单轴受压性能、本构关系进行了对比试验研究,在对试验数据回归分析的基础上,提出了再生混凝土弹性模量的计算公式、应力-应变曲线的拟合公式。试验结果表明,再生骨料表面吸附旧水泥砂浆,再生骨料新、老砂浆之间界面过渡区存在孔隙率大,吸水率高,粘结强度低的特点,界面过渡区被认为是再生混凝土最薄弱部位,导致了再生混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗折强度以及弹性模量等力学指标均要低于天然骨料混凝土
制作了再生混凝土框架中节点、边节点和拐角节点等不同类型的梁柱组合体,进行了拟静力试验研究,了解节点的受力状态和破坏过程,对其滞回曲线、延性特征、耗能性能、强度退化和刚度退化等性能指标进行了研究。试验结果表明,再生混凝土节点在低周反复荷载作用下破坏过程与普通混凝土节点相似,其受力和破坏过程可分为初裂、通裂、极限、破坏四个阶段。由于废弃混凝土破碎生成的再生骨料,生产剥离过程中表面包裹有母体水泥砂浆,且骨料内部存在不同程度的缺陷和裂纹,造成再生混凝土中新拌水泥砂浆与再生骨料界面薄弱。再生混凝土节点核心区剪切破坏时,核心区菱形块体混凝土剥落,多沿再生骨料新老砂浆接合面呈酥松状破坏,表现出明显脆性性质,节点抗震性能弱于普通混凝土试件。
对1榀两层单跨再生混凝十框架进行了拟动力和拟静力试验。拟动力试验时,采用不同加速度峰值的E1-Centro地震波激励加载,研究了框架的动力性能、受力特点、变形性能等抗震性能。试验表明,再生混凝土框架在小震和中震作用下具有足够的承载力和刚度,框架处于弹性工作状态,加载至框架屈服,卸载后残余变形较小。通过拟静力试验研究了框架在低周反复荷载作用下的破坏过程、承载能力、滞回曲线、耗能能力、延性系数、刚度退化等抗震性能指标。试验结果表明,再生混凝土结构具有良好的延性和耗能能力,通过合理设计可以用于抗震设防地区。
在试验研究的基础上,分别采用不同的有限元软件ABAQUS和OpenSees,对再生混凝土节点和框架的抗震试验结果进行了数值模拟。此外,利用一个MATLAB编写的程序对再生混凝土框架的拟动力试验进行了模拟。节点和框架的拟静力试验模拟结果表明,在OpenSees中基于'SimpleJoint'的建模方法建立的模型,能够很好地模拟出节点或是框架在低周反复荷载作用下的滞回性能。而框架拟动力试验的模拟结果则说明Takeda恢复力模型用于对再生混凝土框架的非线性时程分析中效果良好。
结构健康监测手段或损伤评估方法,是结构高效、安全工作的有力保障。而目前,混凝土结构健康监测手段或损伤评估方法较为匮乏。基于此,本文分别利用结构的频响函数和小波分解理论分别提出了两个可以用于确定结构整体损伤程度的指标。并且,利用前面相关的再生混凝土试件抗震性能试验数据验证了这些指标用于评估结构损伤的有效性。此外,还利用了布置在混凝土结构不同位置处的压电材料对混凝土结构中各种损伤及钢筋腐蚀程度进行相关试验。试验结果表明,利用预先埋置或是粘结在混凝土结构上的压电材料,对混凝土结构局部区域的损伤或钢筋腐蚀程度进行评估是可行的。
With the acceleration of urbanization, many such structures are near the end of their service lives and some are damaged by natural disasters in each year, therefore large amounts of construction waste is produced. Transporting waste concrete to landfills for burying, as a conventional disposal method, results in serious environment pollution and vast resource extravagance. On the other hand, the consumptions of concrete maintain rapid growth due to building industry is one of the pillar industries of economy. A lot of stone and rock resources are needed to produce the coarse aggregates in concrete, which can lead to many environmental issues like soil and water loss, vegetation deterioration and so on. Recycled aggregates (RAs) can be obtained by treating waste concrete with the following processes:recycling, crushing, screening and blending etc. Using RAs as aggregates to produce new concrete, i.e. Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC), is corresponding to the strategic thoughts proposed in the national "Twelfth Five-year Plan", like resource conservation, environmental protection and sustainable development, also helps the building of a resource conserving and environment friendly society.
So far, RAC is used mainly in subgrade and pavement in highway construction, or some non-bearing structures of building construction. In order to apply RAC to main bearing structures of civil engineering, experiments were carried out for better understanding the mechanical properties of RAC, as well as the seismic performances of RAC beam-column joints and RAC frames. The test results can provide experimental theoretic basis for practical engineering application of RAC structures.
The basic properties of RAC such as compressive strength, split strength, flexural strength etc. and the changes of these basic mechanic indices at early age were investigated through experiments, and the relationships between various strength parameters were also presented in this thesis. Besides, uniaxial compressive performances and constitutive relations of RAC and natural aggregate concrete (NAC) were studied by comparison tests, and the expression of RAC's elastic modulus as well as the fitting formula of RAC's stress-strain curve were given based on these test results. The experiment results also showed that the main causes of RAC's inferior strength compared with NAC is the old mortar attached to the surface of RAs. Due to the existence of old mortar, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between RAs and new mortar has such features as high porosity, high water absorption and low bond strength, which cause this ITZ to become a weak point in RAC.
Different types of beam to column connections include interior connections, exterior connections and knee connections were fabricated and tested under the cyclic loadings. The performance indices of these RAC connections were evaluated, including the stress condition, failure process, hysteretic curves, ductility characteristics, energy dissipation, strength and stiffness degradation etc. The failure process of a RAC joint can be mainly divided into the following four stages:initial cracking stage, thorough cracking stage, ultimate stage and failure stage, which is similar to a NAC joint. In RAC, the ITZ between RAs and new mortar is a weak region because of the existence of old mortar attached to the surface of RAs as well as the defects and cracks inside the RAs. When shear failure occurred at the joint core of a RAC connection, rhomb shaped concrete spalls can be observed in the joint core. Most of the cracking appeared at the ITZ between RAs and new mortar, and showed the obvious characteristic of brittleness. The seismic performances of RAC connections are worse than NAC connections.
In this study, a RAC frame was subjected to a series of pseudo-dynamic tests, and then quasi-static tests. In the pseudo-dynamic test stage, the frame was subjected to the selected input motion which is the El-Centro (1940NS) ground acceleration time history, and the seismic performances of this RAC frame such as dynamic behavior, strength characteristic, deformation property were studied. The pseudo-dynamic test results showed that the RAC frame exhibited good seismic performances for resisting small earthquakes and the residual deformations were quite small after the frame was yielded. During the quasi-static test stage, the seismic performances of the RAC frame like the failure process, bearing capacity, hysteretic curves, energy dissipation, ductility, strength and stiffness degradation etc. were studied, and the test results indicated that RAC frames possess good seismic performances. It is possible to design RAC frames and apply them in practical structures in some seismic areas by proper design.
Based on these experimental studies, different finite element programs, like ABAQUS and OpenSees were adopted in this research for simulating the quasi-static tests of both RAC joints and the RAC frame. Furthermore, a MATLAB based program was used in this paper for the simulation of RAC frame's pseudo-dynamic test. The simulation results indicated that the 'SimpleJoint' based model can simulate the responses of the RAC joints and frame when they're subjected to low reverse loadings, while the simulation results of the frame's pseudo-dynamic test showed that Takeda restoring force model is appropriate for RAC structures'nonlinear time history analysis.
Health monitoring techniques and damage condition assessment measures are effectively guarantee structures safe and efficient work. Now, it is lack of health monitoring techniques and damage condition assessment measures for concrete structures. Accordingly, two damage indices were developed based on frequency response function and wavelet transform, respectively. Both of the two damage indices could be used for estimating the damage condition of structure as a whole. Meanwhile, these damage indices' feasibilities for damage assessment were validated by using the former seismic experiment data. Furthermore, this paper also presents an experimental investigation on detecting defects or damages in concrete structures based on piezoelectric materials, and the results indicated that the embedded or adhesive piezoelectric materials in concrete structures can be used as both actuators and receivers or sensors and it is feasible to use them to detect different types of defect or corrosion in some local area of concrete structures.
引文
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