OFDM系统中的预失真技术
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摘要
本文主要研究了正交频分复用(OFDM)系统中的预失真线性化技术。OFDM技术作为一种高速率信号传输技术具有很多突出的优点，但OFDM信号对传输信道非线性敏感也成为影响其进一步发展的一个主要缺点。预失真技术是针对射频功率放大器非线性而提出的一种补偿技术，可以有效消除由非线性造成的传输信号的幅度和相位失真，降低信号邻道干扰(ACI)，提高频谱利用效率。
本文首先介绍了OFDM的基本原理以及功率放大器非线性对OFDM信号的影响；然后阐述了自适应数字预失真技术的基本原理，对其中使用的算法进行了分析和改进，使其在大幅节省资源的同时提高了收敛速度，并给出了相应的仿真结果；最后给出OFDM系统中关于预失真器设计的量化分析，并指出了今后线性化技术的发展趋势。
The predistortion in the OFDM system is mainly concerned in this paper. OFDM, a high rate transmission with many outstanding advantages, has one disadvantage: its signals are sensitive to the nonlinearity of the channel. The predistortion, which aims at compensating for the nonlinear distortion caused by the power amplifier, has a good performance in eliminating the nonlinear distortion of AM/AM & AM/PM, improving the ACI and spectrum efficiency.
The rationale of the OFDM and the nonlinear effect of the power amplifier on the OFDM signals are presented in this paper, the principle of the adaptive digital predistortion is also introduced. On the basis of the Rascal algorithm, this paper puts forward an improved algorithm that converges fast with low computing load and the related simulation. Analysis on the quantity of the predistortion in the OFDM is also given. At last, the tendency of the linearization development in the future is pointed out.
本文首先介绍了OFDM的基本原理以及功率放大器非线性对OFDM信号的影响；然后阐述了自适应数字预失真技术的基本原理，对其中使用的算法进行了分析和改进，使其在大幅节省资源的同时提高了收敛速度，并给出了相应的仿真结果；最后给出OFDM系统中关于预失真器设计的量化分析，并指出了今后线性化技术的发展趋势。
The predistortion in the OFDM system is mainly concerned in this paper. OFDM, a high rate transmission with many outstanding advantages, has one disadvantage: its signals are sensitive to the nonlinearity of the channel. The predistortion, which aims at compensating for the nonlinear distortion caused by the power amplifier, has a good performance in eliminating the nonlinear distortion of AM/AM & AM/PM, improving the ACI and spectrum efficiency.
The rationale of the OFDM and the nonlinear effect of the power amplifier on the OFDM signals are presented in this paper, the principle of the adaptive digital predistortion is also introduced. On the basis of the Rascal algorithm, this paper puts forward an improved algorithm that converges fast with low computing load and the related simulation. Analysis on the quantity of the predistortion in the OFDM is also given. At last, the tendency of the linearization development in the future is pointed out.
引文
[1] Zou William Y. and Wu Yiyan. "COFDM: an overview," IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, March 1995, Vol. 41, No. 1, ppl-8.
[2] ETSI. "Radio broadcasting systems, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and fixed receivers," February 1995.
[3] ETSI. "Digital video broadcasting, framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television," July 1999.
[4] IEEE. "High-speed physical layer in the 5 GHz band," IEEE Std 802.11a, 1999.
[5] L. J. Cimini and N. R. Sollenberger, "Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial transmit sequences with embedded side information," IEEE, 2000.
[6] N. Dinur and D. Wulich, "Peak-to-average power ratio in high-order OFDM," IEEE Transactions on communications, June 2001, vol.49, no.6.
[7] J. A. Davis and J. Jedwab, "Peak-to-mean power control and error correction for OFDM transmission using golay sequences and reed-muller codes," Electronics Letters, Feburay. 13, 1997, vol.33, no. 4, pp.267-268.
[8] P. Van. Eetvelt, G. Wade and M. Tomlinson, "Peak to average power ratio reduction for OFDM schemes by selective scrambling," Electronics Letters, October 1996, vol.32, no.21, pp. 1963-1964.
[9] M. Schetzen, The Volterra & Wiener Theories of Nonlinear Systems, New York, 1980.
[10] Tri T．Ha，John Wiley&Sons著，廖承恩译，固体微波放大器设计，国防工业出版社，1988年9月，pp．214-219．
[11] IEEE, "Proposed System Impairment Models," IEEE 802.16. 1pp-00/15.
[12] A. A. M. Saleh, "Frequency-independent and frequency-dependent nonlinear models for TWT amplifiers". IEEE Transactions on Communications, November 1981, Vol. Com-29, pp 1715-1720.
[13] DVB, "Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television", DVB document A012, June 1996.
[14] K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, "Analysis of nonlinear distortion on MC-CDMA," IEEE, 1998, pp 1028-1034.
[15] Lars Sundstrom, "Digital RF power amplifier Linearisers analysis and design," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Applied Electronics, Lund University, 1995.
[16] H. S. Black. Translating system, U.S. Patent 1,686,792, October 9, 1929.
[17] D. C. Cox, "Linear amplification by sampling techniques: a new application for delta coders," IEEE Transactions on Communications, August 1975, Vol. 23, pp 793-798.
[18] V. Petrovic and W. Gosling. "Polar-loop transmitter," Electronics Letters, May 1979, Vol.15, No. 10, pp 286-288.
[19] D. C. Cox. "Linear amplification with nonlinear components". IEEE Transactions on Communications, December 1974, Vol. 22, pp 1942-1945,
[20] Kathleen J. Muhonen, Mohsen Kavehrad and Rajeev Krishnamoorthy, "Look-up table techniques for adaptive digital predistortion: a development and comparison," IEEE Transaction of vehicular Technology, September 2000, Vol. 49, pp 1995-2001.
[21] Y. Nagata, "Linear amplifier technique for digital mobile communications," Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1989, pp159-164.
[22] J. K. Cavers and M. Liao, "Adaptive Compensation for Imbalance and Offset. Losses in Direct Conversion Transceivers," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1993, Vol.42, No.4, pp 581-588.
[23] M. Faulkner, T. Mattsson and W. Yates, "Automatic Adjustment of Quadrature Modulators," Electronics Letters, January 1991, Vol.27, No.3, pp214-216.
[24] J. T. Stonick, V. L. Stonick and J. M. F. Moura, "Multi-stage adaptive predistortion of HPA saturation effects for digital television transmission," IEEE, 1999.
[25] J. K. Cavers, "Optimum indexing in predistorting amplifier linearizers," Proc. IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference, 1997. pp.676-680.
[26] J. K. Cavers, "Optimum table spacing in predistorting amplifier linearizers," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, September 1999, Vol. 48.
[27] A. S. Wright and W. G. Durtler, "Experimental Performance of an Adaptive Digital Linearized Power Amplifier," IEEE Transactions Vehicular Technology, November 1992, Vol.41, No.4.
[28] J. K. Cavers, "Amplifier Linearization Using a Digital Predistorter with Fast Adaptation and Low Memory Requirements," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1990, Vol.39, No.4.
[29] G. Dahlquist and A. Bjorck, Numerical Methods, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974
[30] In-Seung Park and Edward J. Powers, "Compensation of nonlinear distortion in OFDM system using a new predistorter," IEEE, 1998.
[31]. Aldo N. D'Andrea, Vincenzo Lottici and Ruggero Reggiannini, "Nonlinear predistortion of OFDM signals over frequency-selective fading channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications, May 2001, Vol 49, pp.837-842.
[32] A. Wright and W. Durtler, "Experimental Performance of an adaptive digital linearized power amplifier", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1992, Vol 41, No 4, pp395-400.
[33] Paolo Banelli and Saverio Cacopardi, "Theoretical analysis and performance of OFDM signals in nonlinear AWGN channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications, March 2000, Vol. 48, No 3. pp 430-441.
[34] Lars Sundstrom, Michael Fralkner & Mats Johansson, "Quantization analysis and design of a digital predistortion linearizer for RF power amplifier." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1996, Vol 45, No 4, pp707-719.
[36] A. V. pooenheim and R. W. Schafer, Digital Signal processing, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1975, pp406-418
[37] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill, NY, 4th edition, 2001.
[38] 樊昌信，詹道庸，徐炳祥等，通信原理，第四版，国防工业出版社，1995
[39] 郭梯云，邬国扬，张厥盛，移动通信，西安电子科技大学出版社，1995
[40] 郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东，数字移动通信，人民邮电出版社，2001
[2] ETSI. "Radio broadcasting systems, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and fixed receivers," February 1995.
[3] ETSI. "Digital video broadcasting, framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television," July 1999.
[4] IEEE. "High-speed physical layer in the 5 GHz band," IEEE Std 802.11a, 1999.
[5] L. J. Cimini and N. R. Sollenberger, "Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial transmit sequences with embedded side information," IEEE, 2000.
[6] N. Dinur and D. Wulich, "Peak-to-average power ratio in high-order OFDM," IEEE Transactions on communications, June 2001, vol.49, no.6.
[7] J. A. Davis and J. Jedwab, "Peak-to-mean power control and error correction for OFDM transmission using golay sequences and reed-muller codes," Electronics Letters, Feburay. 13, 1997, vol.33, no. 4, pp.267-268.
[8] P. Van. Eetvelt, G. Wade and M. Tomlinson, "Peak to average power ratio reduction for OFDM schemes by selective scrambling," Electronics Letters, October 1996, vol.32, no.21, pp. 1963-1964.
[9] M. Schetzen, The Volterra & Wiener Theories of Nonlinear Systems, New York, 1980.
[10] Tri T．Ha，John Wiley&Sons著，廖承恩译，固体微波放大器设计，国防工业出版社，1988年9月，pp．214-219．
[11] IEEE, "Proposed System Impairment Models," IEEE 802.16. 1pp-00/15.
[12] A. A. M. Saleh, "Frequency-independent and frequency-dependent nonlinear models for TWT amplifiers". IEEE Transactions on Communications, November 1981, Vol. Com-29, pp 1715-1720.
[13] DVB, "Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television", DVB document A012, June 1996.
[14] K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, "Analysis of nonlinear distortion on MC-CDMA," IEEE, 1998, pp 1028-1034.
[15] Lars Sundstrom, "Digital RF power amplifier Linearisers analysis and design," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Applied Electronics, Lund University, 1995.
[16] H. S. Black. Translating system, U.S. Patent 1,686,792, October 9, 1929.
[17] D. C. Cox, "Linear amplification by sampling techniques: a new application for delta coders," IEEE Transactions on Communications, August 1975, Vol. 23, pp 793-798.
[18] V. Petrovic and W. Gosling. "Polar-loop transmitter," Electronics Letters, May 1979, Vol.15, No. 10, pp 286-288.
[19] D. C. Cox. "Linear amplification with nonlinear components". IEEE Transactions on Communications, December 1974, Vol. 22, pp 1942-1945,
[20] Kathleen J. Muhonen, Mohsen Kavehrad and Rajeev Krishnamoorthy, "Look-up table techniques for adaptive digital predistortion: a development and comparison," IEEE Transaction of vehicular Technology, September 2000, Vol. 49, pp 1995-2001.
[21] Y. Nagata, "Linear amplifier technique for digital mobile communications," Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1989, pp159-164.
[22] J. K. Cavers and M. Liao, "Adaptive Compensation for Imbalance and Offset. Losses in Direct Conversion Transceivers," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1993, Vol.42, No.4, pp 581-588.
[23] M. Faulkner, T. Mattsson and W. Yates, "Automatic Adjustment of Quadrature Modulators," Electronics Letters, January 1991, Vol.27, No.3, pp214-216.
[24] J. T. Stonick, V. L. Stonick and J. M. F. Moura, "Multi-stage adaptive predistortion of HPA saturation effects for digital television transmission," IEEE, 1999.
[25] J. K. Cavers, "Optimum indexing in predistorting amplifier linearizers," Proc. IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference, 1997. pp.676-680.
[26] J. K. Cavers, "Optimum table spacing in predistorting amplifier linearizers," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, September 1999, Vol. 48.
[27] A. S. Wright and W. G. Durtler, "Experimental Performance of an Adaptive Digital Linearized Power Amplifier," IEEE Transactions Vehicular Technology, November 1992, Vol.41, No.4.
[28] J. K. Cavers, "Amplifier Linearization Using a Digital Predistorter with Fast Adaptation and Low Memory Requirements," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1990, Vol.39, No.4.
[29] G. Dahlquist and A. Bjorck, Numerical Methods, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974
[30] In-Seung Park and Edward J. Powers, "Compensation of nonlinear distortion in OFDM system using a new predistorter," IEEE, 1998.
[31]. Aldo N. D'Andrea, Vincenzo Lottici and Ruggero Reggiannini, "Nonlinear predistortion of OFDM signals over frequency-selective fading channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications, May 2001, Vol 49, pp.837-842.
[32] A. Wright and W. Durtler, "Experimental Performance of an adaptive digital linearized power amplifier", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1992, Vol 41, No 4, pp395-400.
[33] Paolo Banelli and Saverio Cacopardi, "Theoretical analysis and performance of OFDM signals in nonlinear AWGN channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications, March 2000, Vol. 48, No 3. pp 430-441.
[34] Lars Sundstrom, Michael Fralkner & Mats Johansson, "Quantization analysis and design of a digital predistortion linearizer for RF power amplifier." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1996, Vol 45, No 4, pp707-719.
[36] A. V. pooenheim and R. W. Schafer, Digital Signal processing, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1975, pp406-418
[37] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill, NY, 4th edition, 2001.
[38] 樊昌信，詹道庸，徐炳祥等，通信原理，第四版，国防工业出版社，1995
[39] 郭梯云，邬国扬，张厥盛，移动通信，西安电子科技大学出版社，1995
[40] 郭梯云，杨家玮，李建东，数字移动通信，人民邮电出版社，2001
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