无线传感器网络节点三维非测距定位算法研究
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摘要
节点定位技术是无线传感器网络进行目标识别、监控、跟踪等众多应用的前提,是无线传感器网络的支撑技术之一。现有的大多数定位算法都是针对二维平面设计的,适用于三维空间的定位算法非常少。本文在查阅大量相关文献的基础上,综述了无线传感器网络定位的基本概念及算法分类,并介绍了几种典型的定位算法。基于二维平面中DV-Hop算法和APIT算法的优越性,分别提出了一种三维DV-Hop改进算法和三维APIT改进算法。
首先将传统DV-Hop算法的定位思想推广到三维空间中,提出一种三维DV-Hop算法,并针对三维DV-Hop算法定位时存在的一些缺陷,用基于分布式的设计思想对其进行了改进,仿真结果表明三维DV-Hop改进算法可以有效地提高原算法的定位精度,但同时也增大了计算量。然后基于APIT算法,提出一种在三维空间中适用的三维APIT算法,并针对三维APIT算法存在的测试错误、定位比例低、计算量大等缺点进行了改进,仿真结果表明三维APIT改进算法可有效提高原算法的定位精度和定位比例,并减小了计算开销。
最后对三维DV-Hop改进算法和三维APIT改进算法在同等参数下进行仿真比较,结果表明两种算法各有特点,可以根据不同的应用要求进行选择。本文提出的两种改进算法有效地改善了原算法的定位性能,提高了定位精度和定位比例,为下一步的深入研究和实际应用奠定了基础。
As a supporting technique of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), node localization is the precondition of many WSN applications, such as target identification, surveillance and tracking. At present, most of the existing localization algorithms are designed for two-dimensional (2D), seldom for three-dimensional (3D) space. Based on the study of abundance related literatures, this thesis summarizes the basic concept and algorithm classification of WSN localization, and introduces several kinds of typical localization algorithms. An improved 3D DV-Hop algorithm and an improved 3D APIT algorithm are proposed based on the advantage of DV-Hop algorithm and APIT algorithm.
First of all, by extending the localization thought of DV-Hop to 3D space, a 3D DV-Hop algorithm is proposed, then this thesis improves the 3D DV-Hop algorithm based on distributed design thought as it exists some defects when positioning. According to the simulation, it shows that the improved 3D DV-Hop algorithm can effectively increase the location accuracy, but it also increases the amount of calculation. After that, based on the APIT algorithm, this thesis puts forward a 3D APIT algorithm suitable for 3D space, and then it's improved due to the defects of testing error, low positioning ratio and large calculation. Compared with the original algorithm, the improved 3D APIT algorithm has higher location accuracy and positioning ratio with smaller calculation.
At last, the improved 3D DV-Hop algorithm and the improved 3D APIT algorithm are compared under the same parameter, the simulation result shows that the two algorithms have different features, so they can be chosen according to different requirement. The two improved algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively ameliorate the performance of original algorithms, they have higher precision and proportion, so this paper provides basis for next step of thorough research and practical application.
首先将传统DV-Hop算法的定位思想推广到三维空间中,提出一种三维DV-Hop算法,并针对三维DV-Hop算法定位时存在的一些缺陷,用基于分布式的设计思想对其进行了改进,仿真结果表明三维DV-Hop改进算法可以有效地提高原算法的定位精度,但同时也增大了计算量。然后基于APIT算法,提出一种在三维空间中适用的三维APIT算法,并针对三维APIT算法存在的测试错误、定位比例低、计算量大等缺点进行了改进,仿真结果表明三维APIT改进算法可有效提高原算法的定位精度和定位比例,并减小了计算开销。
最后对三维DV-Hop改进算法和三维APIT改进算法在同等参数下进行仿真比较,结果表明两种算法各有特点,可以根据不同的应用要求进行选择。本文提出的两种改进算法有效地改善了原算法的定位性能,提高了定位精度和定位比例,为下一步的深入研究和实际应用奠定了基础。
As a supporting technique of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), node localization is the precondition of many WSN applications, such as target identification, surveillance and tracking. At present, most of the existing localization algorithms are designed for two-dimensional (2D), seldom for three-dimensional (3D) space. Based on the study of abundance related literatures, this thesis summarizes the basic concept and algorithm classification of WSN localization, and introduces several kinds of typical localization algorithms. An improved 3D DV-Hop algorithm and an improved 3D APIT algorithm are proposed based on the advantage of DV-Hop algorithm and APIT algorithm.
First of all, by extending the localization thought of DV-Hop to 3D space, a 3D DV-Hop algorithm is proposed, then this thesis improves the 3D DV-Hop algorithm based on distributed design thought as it exists some defects when positioning. According to the simulation, it shows that the improved 3D DV-Hop algorithm can effectively increase the location accuracy, but it also increases the amount of calculation. After that, based on the APIT algorithm, this thesis puts forward a 3D APIT algorithm suitable for 3D space, and then it's improved due to the defects of testing error, low positioning ratio and large calculation. Compared with the original algorithm, the improved 3D APIT algorithm has higher location accuracy and positioning ratio with smaller calculation.
At last, the improved 3D DV-Hop algorithm and the improved 3D APIT algorithm are compared under the same parameter, the simulation result shows that the two algorithms have different features, so they can be chosen according to different requirement. The two improved algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively ameliorate the performance of original algorithms, they have higher precision and proportion, so this paper provides basis for next step of thorough research and practical application.
引文
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[2]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005
[3]David E C, Wei Hong. Wireless sensor networks [J].Communications of ACM, 2004,47(6):30～33
[4]I Demirkol, F Alagoz, H Delic, et al. Wireless sensor networks for intrusion detection:Packet traffic modeling [J].Communication Letters,2006,10(1):22～24
[5]M.Franceschinism, A.Spirito, R.Tomasi, et al.Using WSN Technology for Industrial Monitoring:a Real Case [J].The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications,2008,123:282～287
[6]李栋,回春立等.无线传感器网络在故宫环境监测中的应用[J].中国计算机学会通讯,2006,2(5)：72～74
[7]D.Niculescu, B.Nath. Ad-hoc Positioning System [J]. In proceeding of IEEE Global Communications Conference,2001:2926～2931
[8]李晓维.无线传感器网络技术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2007
[9]孙雨耕,张静,孙永进.无线自组传感器网络[J].传感技术学报,2004,(2)：331～348
[10]Elson J, Estrin D. Wireless Sensor Networks:A Bridge to Physical World [J]. Wireless Sensor Networks,2004:3-20
[11]石军锋,钟先信,陈帅等.无线传感器网络结构及特点分析[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(2)：16～19
[12]马祖长,怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述[J].通信学报,2004,25(4)：114～124
[13]J.Reed. An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems[M], Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,2005
[14]Federal Communications Commission, Revision of part 15 of the commission's rules regarding ultra-wideband transmission systems [J]. First Report and Order,2002:98～153
[15]Deepak G, Alberto C, Wei Y. Networking Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Journal Parallel and Distributed Computing,2004:799～814
[16]Steere D, Baptism A, McNamee D, et al. Research challenges in environmental observation and forecasting systems[C]. Proceeding of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM Conference,2000:292～299
[17]杨柳.基于ZigBee的无线传感器环境监测网络设计[D].上海：上海交通大 学,2008
[18]Anish Arora, Rajiv Ramnath. ExScal. Elements of an Extreme Scale Wireless Sensor Network[C]. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA'05) 2005:102～108
[19]纪航宇.用于实时结构健康监测的无线传感器网络研究[D].北京：北京邮电大学,2008
[20]Noury N, Herve T, Rialle V, et al. Monitoring behavior in home Using a smart fall sensor[A].In:Lyon eds. proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology.IEEE Computer Society,2000:607～610
[21]张馨.基于无线网络的农业环境监测控制平台研究开发[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2006
[22]孙利民,柯欣.无线传感器网络在停车场管理中的应用[J].中国计算机学会通讯,2006,2(5)：78～79
[23]陈旭丹.基于无线传感的土木工程状态监测研究[D].上海：同济大学,2007
[24]Asis Nasipuri, Kai Li. A Directionality based Location Discovery Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks [J].WSNA'02,2002:105～111
[25]Lacass R, Walton R. Strawman design for a WSN to detect and track low flying aircraft[J], Distributed Sensor Nets Conf, Carnegie-Mellon Univ,1978
[26]Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, et al. Smart Dust:Communicating with a Cubic-millimeter Computer [J].IEEE Computer,2001,34(1):44～51
[27]Marco C, Lynn Y.Z., Lui S, et al. An Implicit Prioritized Aeeess Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In:Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium(RTSS'02),2002:39～48
[28]So H.C., Shiu E.M.K. Performance of TOA-AOA hybrid mobile location[J]. IELCE Trans.on Fundamentals,Vol.E86-A,2003:2136～2138
[29]任丽荣,肖军.基于TOA的无线传感器网络自定位技术的研究[J].信息与控制,2006,35(2)：280～284
[30]高长江,无线传感器网络在目标定位系统中的应用[D].沈阳：东北大学,2005
[31]可方玲,黄晓利,段渭军.无线传感器网络TDOA定位系统的设计与实现[J].计算机测量与控制,2008,16(2)：221～225
[32]D.Niculescu, B.Nath. Ad-hoc Positioning System(APS) using AOA[J].In proceedings of the 20th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM-22),2003:536～545
[33]诸燕平,黄大庆,李勃.基于AOA的无线传感器网络节点定位算法[J],传感器与微系统,2010,29(1)：98～105
[34]Cesare A, Giovanni V. Wireless Sensor Networks and Radio Localization:a Metrological Analysis of the MICA2 Received Signal Strength Indicator[J].29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, Tampa, Florida, USA,2004:579～582
[35]屈巍,李喆.基于RSSI的无线传感器网络节点定位技术[J],东北大学学报(自然科学版),2009,30(5)：656～660
[36]王珊珊.基于RSSI的无线传感器网络定位算法研究[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学,2007
[37]D.Niculescu, B.Nath. DV Based Positioning in Ad-hoc Networks[J]. Telecommunication Systems,2003:267～280
[38]Liu Ying, Qian Zhi-hong, Liu Dan. A DV-Hop Positioning Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Based on Detection Probability [J]. INC, IMS and IDC, 2009. NCM'09. Fifth International Joint Conference on.2009:453～456
[39]姜晓荣.无线传感器网络DV-Hop定位算法的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2010
[40]Zhang Zhao-yang, Gou Xu, Li Ya-peng. DV-Hop Based Self-Adaptive Positioning in Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. WiCom'09.5th International Conference, 2009:1～4
[41]He T, Huang C D, Blum BM, et al. Range-Free localization sehemes in lalge scale sensor networks[J].In:Proeeeding of the 9th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, SanDiego,2003,81～95
[42]赵军,裴庆祺,徐展琦.无线传感器网络近似三角形内点测试定位算法[J].计算机工程,2007,33(5)：109～111
[43]Peng Li, Zhang Wei. Based on the cyclic refinement APIT localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks[J], Control Conference,2010,4753～4756
[44]李新兵.无线传感器网络节点自定位技术研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2007
[45]陈娟.基于移动信标的无线传感器网络定位算法研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2009
[46]戴福泉.距离无关无线传感器网络三维定位研究[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2009
[47]王丹.三维无线传感器网络节点自定位算法研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2007
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