无线传感器网络非测距定位技术研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络大规模、低成本、自组织的特性使其在环境监测、军事侦察、野外勘探等领域具有无可比拟的技术优势和广阔的应用前景,深刻改变了人与自然的交互方式,实现了随时随地“人与物”之间以及“物与物”之间的信息传递。节点定位是无线传感器网络的重要支撑技术,能够提供监测事件或者跟踪目标的位置信息,同时也为提高路由效率、优化网络覆盖、实现拓扑控制等提供技术支持。因此,节点定位技术是无线传感器网络的重要研究内容之一。
从现有的研究成果来看,基于测距的无线传感器网络定位技术通常需要复杂的硬件设备,因此,这类技术应用于大规模的无线传感器网络时具有较大的局限性。出于成本和系统规模的考虑,非测距定位算法机制具有巨大的技术优势,尤其是基于跳数的非测距定位算法。它们无需大量已知位置的锚节点和时间同步等支撑,协议简单且系统扩展性好。但这类算法通常假设无线传感器网络处于理想情况,忽略了实际环境中可能存在的不规则部署、安全威胁、通信模型不理想等情况,势必会影响在实际应用中的定位效果。本文主要针对几种无线传感器网络不理想的情况,提出了基于非测距定位算法的定位问题解决方案,,并给出了仿真实验分析和性能评估。论文的工作得到了国家自然基金项目(No.60773182,No.60972010)和国家863项目(2007AA01Z241)的支持。本文取得的研究成果和主要创新点如下：
(1)在分析和总结国内外无线传感器网络定位算法的基础上,综述了典型的基于跳数的Range-free定位算法和位置估计优化方法,并详细分析和比较了这些方法在理想的情况下的定位误差分布和性能的影响因素。
(2)提出一种适用于无线传感器网络节点部署不理想情况的定位算法,该算法基于网络拓扑结构分割,借助于简单的平均跳数距离判断准则,将不规则的拓扑结构分割成规则区域,并确定规则区域边界估计待测节点位置。该定位算法无需复杂的矩阵计算和迭代求解,在取得较好的定位精度的同时,降低了算法的计算复杂度。
(3)针对无线传感器网络存在虫洞攻击,破坏网络拓扑结构的情况,提出了一种抗虫洞攻击的定位算法。基于节点间跳数和距离关系,估计有效的锚节点信息测量范围,按照几何凸约束对锚节点信息集合进行测量一致性划分,并给出待测节点候选位置的筛选策略。该定位算法无需配置安全防范措施或者恶意节点检测的安全定位机制。实验结果表明无论网络中是否存在虫洞攻击,都能够得到较好的定位精度,且算法性能稳定。
(4)针对无线传感器网络通信模型不理想的情况,提出一种更符合实际情况的Quasi-UDG模型的定位算法。借助于节点部署的概率情况,设计一种Quasi-UDG模型下节点间跳数与距离关系的评估方法,进一步考虑边界效应和多跳依赖问题,推导出已知节点跳数的距离分布密度,设计距离信息的权重实现对待测节点的位置估计。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在Quasi-UDG模型下能够得到较好的定位精度。
Wireless sensor networks(WSNs) have wide applications in environment monitor-ing, military reconnaissance and resource exploration for its characteristics of large scale, low cost and self-organization. They make a profound change in the interac-tion between people and the nature, and make the universal seamless communication paradigm by anytime and anywhere come true. Localization is one of the supporting technologies in WSNs, which can not only provide the physical locations of events, but also help to improve the routing efficiency, optimize the network coverage and control the topology etc. Therefore, localization problem is one of the key issues in WSNs.
From the previous research, it can be noted that the range-based location al-gorithms usually have some limitation when they are applied to large scale WSNs because of the need of special sophisticated devices for distance measurement. Con-sidering the cost and the network size, range-free localization algorithms have many advantages, especially those based on hop counts. They do not need high proportion of anchor nodes and the support by time synchronization. Besides, the protocol is simple and the system scalability is good. However, range-free localization algorithms commonly assume that the WSNs are ideal and isotropic, and ignore the facts that irregular deployment, security attacks and radio irregularity existed in the real WSNs, which affect their performance in real applications. In this dissertation, the solutions based on range-free localization have been proposed for irregular WSNs, and simula-tion experiments for performance evaluation have been conducted. The work of this dissertation is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60773182, No.60972010) and National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2007AA01Z241). The main contributions of this dissertation are outlined as follows.
(1) Based on the analysis and summary of the main location algorithms in literature, the methods to determine the positions of nodes by the geographic distance are reviewed, and the localization error distribution and the factors that affect the performance in the idealized WSNs are analyzed and compared in detail.
(2) A localization algorithm based on topology segmentation (LATS) is proposed for irregular deployment of WSNs. The LATS scheme divides the topology into regularly shaped regions with an adaptive threshold of distance per hop and de-termines the convex hull by computational geometry to localize sensor nodes. Without complicated matrix and iterative calculation, the LATS algorithm per-forms better if both the localization error and computational complexity are considered.
(3) A robust localization algorithm against wormhole attack, called ConSetLoc, is proposed for wireless sensor networks, in which neither extra complex encrypting algorithms nor complicated malicious node detection mechanisms are necessary. With the relationship between hop counts and geographic distance, ConSetLoc calculates the range of distance to anchors and designs a partition method of consistent anchors sets by the convex constraints in geometry which can reduce the effect of bad measurements on estimates. A filtering strategy for the candi-date locations is presented. The simulation results demonstrate ConSetLoc can estimate the locations for most of sensor nodes with good accuracy and stability even if wormhole attack exists in the network.
(4) A new localization algorithm based on enhanced weighted least square(EWLS) method is proposed for Quasi-UDG model of WSNs. EWLS presents an ana-lytical method to evaluate the hop-distance relationship for Quasi-UDG model where sensor nodes are randomly deployed in a circular region. The border effect and dependence problem are also taken into consideration. With the expres-sions about the distance distribution by a known hop count, the weight for each distance measurement has been designed. Several simulations have been con-ducted and the results show that EWLS can achieve good localization accuracy for Quasi-UDG model.
从现有的研究成果来看,基于测距的无线传感器网络定位技术通常需要复杂的硬件设备,因此,这类技术应用于大规模的无线传感器网络时具有较大的局限性。出于成本和系统规模的考虑,非测距定位算法机制具有巨大的技术优势,尤其是基于跳数的非测距定位算法。它们无需大量已知位置的锚节点和时间同步等支撑,协议简单且系统扩展性好。但这类算法通常假设无线传感器网络处于理想情况,忽略了实际环境中可能存在的不规则部署、安全威胁、通信模型不理想等情况,势必会影响在实际应用中的定位效果。本文主要针对几种无线传感器网络不理想的情况,提出了基于非测距定位算法的定位问题解决方案,,并给出了仿真实验分析和性能评估。论文的工作得到了国家自然基金项目(No.60773182,No.60972010)和国家863项目(2007AA01Z241)的支持。本文取得的研究成果和主要创新点如下：
(1)在分析和总结国内外无线传感器网络定位算法的基础上,综述了典型的基于跳数的Range-free定位算法和位置估计优化方法,并详细分析和比较了这些方法在理想的情况下的定位误差分布和性能的影响因素。
(2)提出一种适用于无线传感器网络节点部署不理想情况的定位算法,该算法基于网络拓扑结构分割,借助于简单的平均跳数距离判断准则,将不规则的拓扑结构分割成规则区域,并确定规则区域边界估计待测节点位置。该定位算法无需复杂的矩阵计算和迭代求解,在取得较好的定位精度的同时,降低了算法的计算复杂度。
(3)针对无线传感器网络存在虫洞攻击,破坏网络拓扑结构的情况,提出了一种抗虫洞攻击的定位算法。基于节点间跳数和距离关系,估计有效的锚节点信息测量范围,按照几何凸约束对锚节点信息集合进行测量一致性划分,并给出待测节点候选位置的筛选策略。该定位算法无需配置安全防范措施或者恶意节点检测的安全定位机制。实验结果表明无论网络中是否存在虫洞攻击,都能够得到较好的定位精度,且算法性能稳定。
(4)针对无线传感器网络通信模型不理想的情况,提出一种更符合实际情况的Quasi-UDG模型的定位算法。借助于节点部署的概率情况,设计一种Quasi-UDG模型下节点间跳数与距离关系的评估方法,进一步考虑边界效应和多跳依赖问题,推导出已知节点跳数的距离分布密度,设计距离信息的权重实现对待测节点的位置估计。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在Quasi-UDG模型下能够得到较好的定位精度。
Wireless sensor networks(WSNs) have wide applications in environment monitor-ing, military reconnaissance and resource exploration for its characteristics of large scale, low cost and self-organization. They make a profound change in the interac-tion between people and the nature, and make the universal seamless communication paradigm by anytime and anywhere come true. Localization is one of the supporting technologies in WSNs, which can not only provide the physical locations of events, but also help to improve the routing efficiency, optimize the network coverage and control the topology etc. Therefore, localization problem is one of the key issues in WSNs.
From the previous research, it can be noted that the range-based location al-gorithms usually have some limitation when they are applied to large scale WSNs because of the need of special sophisticated devices for distance measurement. Con-sidering the cost and the network size, range-free localization algorithms have many advantages, especially those based on hop counts. They do not need high proportion of anchor nodes and the support by time synchronization. Besides, the protocol is simple and the system scalability is good. However, range-free localization algorithms commonly assume that the WSNs are ideal and isotropic, and ignore the facts that irregular deployment, security attacks and radio irregularity existed in the real WSNs, which affect their performance in real applications. In this dissertation, the solutions based on range-free localization have been proposed for irregular WSNs, and simula-tion experiments for performance evaluation have been conducted. The work of this dissertation is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60773182, No.60972010) and National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2007AA01Z241). The main contributions of this dissertation are outlined as follows.
(1) Based on the analysis and summary of the main location algorithms in literature, the methods to determine the positions of nodes by the geographic distance are reviewed, and the localization error distribution and the factors that affect the performance in the idealized WSNs are analyzed and compared in detail.
(2) A localization algorithm based on topology segmentation (LATS) is proposed for irregular deployment of WSNs. The LATS scheme divides the topology into regularly shaped regions with an adaptive threshold of distance per hop and de-termines the convex hull by computational geometry to localize sensor nodes. Without complicated matrix and iterative calculation, the LATS algorithm per-forms better if both the localization error and computational complexity are considered.
(3) A robust localization algorithm against wormhole attack, called ConSetLoc, is proposed for wireless sensor networks, in which neither extra complex encrypting algorithms nor complicated malicious node detection mechanisms are necessary. With the relationship between hop counts and geographic distance, ConSetLoc calculates the range of distance to anchors and designs a partition method of consistent anchors sets by the convex constraints in geometry which can reduce the effect of bad measurements on estimates. A filtering strategy for the candi-date locations is presented. The simulation results demonstrate ConSetLoc can estimate the locations for most of sensor nodes with good accuracy and stability even if wormhole attack exists in the network.
(4) A new localization algorithm based on enhanced weighted least square(EWLS) method is proposed for Quasi-UDG model of WSNs. EWLS presents an ana-lytical method to evaluate the hop-distance relationship for Quasi-UDG model where sensor nodes are randomly deployed in a circular region. The border effect and dependence problem are also taken into consideration. With the expres-sions about the distance distribution by a known hop count, the weight for each distance measurement has been designed. Several simulations have been con-ducted and the results show that EWLS can achieve good localization accuracy for Quasi-UDG model.
引文
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