水分亏缺对不同抗旱性小麦穗光合及碳同化物分配的影响
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摘要
水资源短缺是限制我国小麦主产区小麦稳产、高产的主要因素之一。近年来的研究表明，小麦穗部光合在水分亏缺下具有明显的生理优势。在小麦高产栽培中，充分发挥穗等非叶器官的光合优势，挖掘其同化物生产潜力，对粮食生产具有重要的理论及实际意义。本研究选用不同抗旱性小麦品种，测定穗部净光合速率，可溶性糖及淀粉含量等指标，采用~(14)C-光合标记技术，研究灌浆前期（花后7d）穗部光合产物转运过程，探讨水分亏缺下小麦穗部光合对籽粒形成的贡献。获得如下主要结果：
1.水分亏缺下，旱地小麦西农1043灌浆前期（花后1-10d）穗部净光合速率略有上升，但差异不显著（P>0.05），而水地品种陕253则明显下降（P <0.01）。~(14)C-穗标记结果表明，花后14d(标记后7d),~(14)C-同化物由颖壳、内外稃迅速向籽粒中积累。水分亏缺下旱地品种西农1043、普冰143籽粒中~(14)C-同化物分配率（74.11%、79.16%）明显高于正常供水（64.61%、74.86%），而水地品种陕253、郑引1号水分亏缺处理（60.73%、70.54%）低于正常供水处理（69.75%、75.42%）。花后25d以后，各处理变化不明显。说明水分亏缺提高了旱地小麦品种灌浆前期穗部的光合速率，促进灌浆前期穗部其他器官的同化物向籽粒转运。
2.水分亏缺下,旱地品种西农1043颖壳中可溶性总糖含量在花后25d之内显著高于正常供水（P<0.01），而水地品种则低于正常供水；花后25d之后，两品种处理间差异不明显。在整个灌浆期，两个品种颖壳、外稃中淀粉含量均呈先降后升趋势，在花后17d降到最低点。在花后5d时，水分亏缺下两品种颖壳、外稃中淀粉含量均低于正常供水，但旱地品种西农1043颖壳中淀粉含量下降幅度明显低于水地品种陕253。花后5-17d,水分亏缺下水地品种陕253颖壳、外稃中淀粉含量下降幅度明显小于正常供水(P<0.01)，而旱地品种西农1043则下降幅度大于正常供水(P<0.01)。值得注意的是，水分亏缺下旱地品种西农1043颖壳中淀粉含量在花后17d降到最低点，而正常供水在花后21d降到最低点，说明水分亏缺加速了旱地品种西农1043颖壳、外稃中淀粉降解，促进颖壳、内外稃中同化物向籽粒转运。
3.成熟期（花后35d），水分亏缺下旱地品种西农1043、普冰143颖壳、内外稃干物质分配率下降，但差异不显著（P>0.05）。而水地品种陕253、郑引1号穗部颖壳、内外稃、穗轴分配率均上升，表明水分亏缺会导致水地品种颖壳、内外稃滞留同化物。但花后7d的~(14)C-穗标记结果显示，花后35d，水分亏缺下旱地品种小麦西农1043、普冰143颖壳、内外稃中灌浆前期穗光合~(14)C-同化物分配率分别高于正常供水1.49%、0.92%，而水地品种陕253、郑引1号低于正常供水6.18%、5.08%。说明水分亏缺下水地品种颖壳、内外稃滞留的同化物，并非源于灌浆前期的穗部光合产物，可能源于灌浆中、后期的光合产物。
4.水分亏缺下，旱地品种西农1043、普冰143的小穗数、穗粒重、地上部分生物量、籽粒产量、收获指数的下降幅度小于水地品种陕253、郑引1号，旱地品种千粒重略升。水分亏缺下，水地小麦陕253、郑引1号的产量水分利用率均降低，旱地小麦的西农1043、普冰143的产量水分利用率则变化不明显。表明适度水分亏缺下旱地品种表现出较强的耐旱和水分利用能力。
The shortage of water resources is one of the main factors, which restricts the high andstable yield of wheat.Studies in recent years have shown that the photosynthesis of ears has theobvious physiological advantage in wheat under water deficit. In high yield cultivation, it is theimportant theoretical and practical significance of crop production to give full play tophotosynthetic advantage of ear and mine photosynthetic capacity and assimilates productionpotential. In this study, Xinong1043, Shaan253, Pubing143, Zhenyin1were chose asexperimental material. Mid water stress (50%-55%of field capacity) and the control (70%-75%of field capacity) was given at the early jointing stage. Net photosynthetic rate, soluble sugarcontent and starch content was studied at at grain filling stage under water deficit.~(14)C-isotopelabeling technique was used to investigate accumulation and transportation of~(14)C-assimilates ofears at early filling stage under water deficit. Main results were listed as follow:
1. The net photosynthetic rate of ears in Xinong1043under middle water deficit was raisedduring early filling stage, while in Shaan253fell into a reverse trend.~(14)C-isotope labelingexperiments showed that the~(14)C-assimilates of ears was largely transported to the seed underwater deficit in the mid-filling stage. Accumulation of~(14)C-assimilates in the seed of Xinong1043and Pubing143under middle water deficit (74.11%、79.16%) was significantly higher than thecontrol (64.61%、74.86%), but~(14)C-assimilates in the seed of Shaan253and Zhenyin1undermiddle water deficit (60.73%、70.54%) was significantly lower than the control (69.75%、75.42%). It indicated that middle water deficit can accelerate the transportation of~(14)C-assimilates in ears of Xinong1043and Pubing143to the seed at early filling stage.
2. Soluble sugar content of glumes in Xinong1043under middle water deficit was raised in25st DAA, while in Shaan253felling into a reverse trend. No significant difference was found intwo varieties after25st DAA. The content of starch in glumes and lemma of two varietiesdecreased first and then increased, and bottomed out at17st DAA. Compared with the normal,the content of starch in glumes and lemma of two varieties decreased, but decline of starchcontent in Xinong1043was significantly lower than that of Shaan253at5st DAA. Comparedwith the normal, the content of starch in glumes and lemma of Shan253decreased from5st to 17st DAA (P<0.01), while in Xinong1043fell into a reverse trend. It is interesting to note thatthe content of starch in glumes of Xinong1043bottomed out at17st DAA under middle waterdeficit, but that bottomed out at21st DAA under the normal. It indicated that water deficit couldaccelerate the degradation of starch in Xinong1043.
3Distribution rates of palea/lemma, glumes and rachis in Zhenyin1and Shan253was raised atharvesting stages under water deficit, but distribution rates of palea/lemma and glumes in Xinong1043and Pubing143declined very slightly under water deficit. At harvesting stages, Distribution rates of~(14)C-assimilate in palea/lemma and glumes in dry-land wheat under water deficit was a little higherthan the control, while in water sensitive wheat felling into a reverse trend. It indicated thatretention of assimilate in palea/lemma and glumes of water sensitive wheat raised under water deficit.But the retention of assimilate was not from the photosynthate of ear at early filling stage.
4The drop of spikelet numbers, kernel weight per ear, aboveground biomass, grain yield,harvest index in Xinong1043and Pubing143was smaller than these in Zhenyin1and Shan253,but the thousand kernel weight of Xinong1043and Pubing143rinsed. Water use efficiency of thedry land wheat did not significantly affected by water deficits, but that of water sensitive wheatdeclined significantly.
1.水分亏缺下，旱地小麦西农1043灌浆前期（花后1-10d）穗部净光合速率略有上升，但差异不显著（P>0.05），而水地品种陕253则明显下降（P <0.01）。~(14)C-穗标记结果表明，花后14d(标记后7d),~(14)C-同化物由颖壳、内外稃迅速向籽粒中积累。水分亏缺下旱地品种西农1043、普冰143籽粒中~(14)C-同化物分配率（74.11%、79.16%）明显高于正常供水（64.61%、74.86%），而水地品种陕253、郑引1号水分亏缺处理（60.73%、70.54%）低于正常供水处理（69.75%、75.42%）。花后25d以后，各处理变化不明显。说明水分亏缺提高了旱地小麦品种灌浆前期穗部的光合速率，促进灌浆前期穗部其他器官的同化物向籽粒转运。
2.水分亏缺下,旱地品种西农1043颖壳中可溶性总糖含量在花后25d之内显著高于正常供水（P<0.01），而水地品种则低于正常供水；花后25d之后，两品种处理间差异不明显。在整个灌浆期，两个品种颖壳、外稃中淀粉含量均呈先降后升趋势，在花后17d降到最低点。在花后5d时，水分亏缺下两品种颖壳、外稃中淀粉含量均低于正常供水，但旱地品种西农1043颖壳中淀粉含量下降幅度明显低于水地品种陕253。花后5-17d,水分亏缺下水地品种陕253颖壳、外稃中淀粉含量下降幅度明显小于正常供水(P<0.01)，而旱地品种西农1043则下降幅度大于正常供水(P<0.01)。值得注意的是，水分亏缺下旱地品种西农1043颖壳中淀粉含量在花后17d降到最低点，而正常供水在花后21d降到最低点，说明水分亏缺加速了旱地品种西农1043颖壳、外稃中淀粉降解，促进颖壳、内外稃中同化物向籽粒转运。
3.成熟期（花后35d），水分亏缺下旱地品种西农1043、普冰143颖壳、内外稃干物质分配率下降，但差异不显著（P>0.05）。而水地品种陕253、郑引1号穗部颖壳、内外稃、穗轴分配率均上升，表明水分亏缺会导致水地品种颖壳、内外稃滞留同化物。但花后7d的~(14)C-穗标记结果显示，花后35d，水分亏缺下旱地品种小麦西农1043、普冰143颖壳、内外稃中灌浆前期穗光合~(14)C-同化物分配率分别高于正常供水1.49%、0.92%，而水地品种陕253、郑引1号低于正常供水6.18%、5.08%。说明水分亏缺下水地品种颖壳、内外稃滞留的同化物，并非源于灌浆前期的穗部光合产物，可能源于灌浆中、后期的光合产物。
4.水分亏缺下，旱地品种西农1043、普冰143的小穗数、穗粒重、地上部分生物量、籽粒产量、收获指数的下降幅度小于水地品种陕253、郑引1号，旱地品种千粒重略升。水分亏缺下，水地小麦陕253、郑引1号的产量水分利用率均降低，旱地小麦的西农1043、普冰143的产量水分利用率则变化不明显。表明适度水分亏缺下旱地品种表现出较强的耐旱和水分利用能力。
The shortage of water resources is one of the main factors, which restricts the high andstable yield of wheat.Studies in recent years have shown that the photosynthesis of ears has theobvious physiological advantage in wheat under water deficit. In high yield cultivation, it is theimportant theoretical and practical significance of crop production to give full play tophotosynthetic advantage of ear and mine photosynthetic capacity and assimilates productionpotential. In this study, Xinong1043, Shaan253, Pubing143, Zhenyin1were chose asexperimental material. Mid water stress (50%-55%of field capacity) and the control (70%-75%of field capacity) was given at the early jointing stage. Net photosynthetic rate, soluble sugarcontent and starch content was studied at at grain filling stage under water deficit.~(14)C-isotopelabeling technique was used to investigate accumulation and transportation of~(14)C-assimilates ofears at early filling stage under water deficit. Main results were listed as follow:
1. The net photosynthetic rate of ears in Xinong1043under middle water deficit was raisedduring early filling stage, while in Shaan253fell into a reverse trend.~(14)C-isotope labelingexperiments showed that the~(14)C-assimilates of ears was largely transported to the seed underwater deficit in the mid-filling stage. Accumulation of~(14)C-assimilates in the seed of Xinong1043and Pubing143under middle water deficit (74.11%、79.16%) was significantly higher than thecontrol (64.61%、74.86%), but~(14)C-assimilates in the seed of Shaan253and Zhenyin1undermiddle water deficit (60.73%、70.54%) was significantly lower than the control (69.75%、75.42%). It indicated that middle water deficit can accelerate the transportation of~(14)C-assimilates in ears of Xinong1043and Pubing143to the seed at early filling stage.
2. Soluble sugar content of glumes in Xinong1043under middle water deficit was raised in25st DAA, while in Shaan253felling into a reverse trend. No significant difference was found intwo varieties after25st DAA. The content of starch in glumes and lemma of two varietiesdecreased first and then increased, and bottomed out at17st DAA. Compared with the normal,the content of starch in glumes and lemma of two varieties decreased, but decline of starchcontent in Xinong1043was significantly lower than that of Shaan253at5st DAA. Comparedwith the normal, the content of starch in glumes and lemma of Shan253decreased from5st to 17st DAA (P<0.01), while in Xinong1043fell into a reverse trend. It is interesting to note thatthe content of starch in glumes of Xinong1043bottomed out at17st DAA under middle waterdeficit, but that bottomed out at21st DAA under the normal. It indicated that water deficit couldaccelerate the degradation of starch in Xinong1043.
3Distribution rates of palea/lemma, glumes and rachis in Zhenyin1and Shan253was raised atharvesting stages under water deficit, but distribution rates of palea/lemma and glumes in Xinong1043and Pubing143declined very slightly under water deficit. At harvesting stages, Distribution rates of~(14)C-assimilate in palea/lemma and glumes in dry-land wheat under water deficit was a little higherthan the control, while in water sensitive wheat felling into a reverse trend. It indicated thatretention of assimilate in palea/lemma and glumes of water sensitive wheat raised under water deficit.But the retention of assimilate was not from the photosynthate of ear at early filling stage.
4The drop of spikelet numbers, kernel weight per ear, aboveground biomass, grain yield,harvest index in Xinong1043and Pubing143was smaller than these in Zhenyin1and Shan253,but the thousand kernel weight of Xinong1043and Pubing143rinsed. Water use efficiency of thedry land wheat did not significantly affected by water deficits, but that of water sensitive wheatdeclined significantly.
引文
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