密点麻蜥的能量代谢以及三种沙蜥的繁殖生物学研究
|
摘要
本论文从能量代谢和繁殖生物学的角度出发,分两部分研究并探讨了密点麻蜥和三种沙蜥对荒漠环境的适应机制。第一部分以密点麻蜥Eremias multiocellata为研究对象,对其雌性繁殖能量消耗和代谢的种群差异做了详细阐述；第二部分以荒漠沙蜥Phrynocephalus przewalskii、变色沙蜥P. versicolor(?)口叶城沙蜥P. axillaris为研究对象,从形态学和雌性繁殖以及孵化条件对卵孵化率、后代形态和运动能力的影响等方面,研究了生境差异对蜥蜴种间形态和繁殖特征的影响。具体结果如下：
环境温度的变化对卵胎生蜥蜴密点麻蜥的体温、静止代谢率和雌性繁殖能量消耗有显著影响。密点麻蜥的体温随环境温度的上升而升高,雌性密点麻蜥具有一定的体温调节能力,25℃下密点麻蜥的体温比环境温度稍高,35℃下其体温比环境温度稍低；怀孕密点麻蜥临近生产前用于维持怀孕状态的能量消耗(maintenance costs of pregnancy, MCP)在其能量分配中是相对固定的,在25℃、30℃和35℃下分别为4.219,4.220和4.448mg CO2·min-1,占总能量消耗的19.40%、14.15%和12.32%,在低温时MCP占总能量消耗的比例明显升高。作者认为MCP对于维持卵胎生密点麻蜥的怀孕过程具有重要意义,在不利的环境条件下,怀孕雌性可能通过提高MCP在整体能量分配中的比例来保证怀孕的正常进行。
温度补偿现象在爬行动物中较为普遍。本文的研究结果表明,在密点麻蜥的两个种群之间,生境较为寒冷的天祝种群其静止代谢率以及心脏、肝脏和骨骼肌的线粒体呼吸控制率(RCR)均显著大于民勤种群,天祝种群心肌中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和己糖激酶(HK)活性以及骨骼肌中的LDH活性也显著高于民勤种群。天祝种群的密点麻蜥经过长期的低温适应,线粒体对氧的利用效率较高,心脏和骨骼肌等组织的糖酵解途径加强,维持了较高的能量代谢水平,这对于在较短的活动时间内加速生长发育、增加个体的生存能力有着重要的意义。
对荒漠沙蜥、变色沙蜥和叶城沙蜥的繁殖生物学特征研究结果表明三种沙蜥的性二态性和繁殖策略有显著差异,荒漠沙蜥和叶城沙蜥个体大小性二态性显著,表现为成体雄性吻肛长(SVL)大于成体雌性,但变色沙蜥个体大小无显著的两性差异。三种沙蜥的局部形态特征皆与体长呈正相关,雄性的尾长、后肢、头长和头宽均大于雌性；荒漠沙蜥和变色沙蜥成体雄性的腹长小于雌性。作者认为这些性别差异很可能是两性间选择压力的不同造成的。另外,种间的形态差异很可能也与生境差异有关,随荒漠沙蜥、变色沙蜥和叶城沙蜥生境平均气温逐渐降低和降水量的逐渐减少,其体型也有逐渐减小的趋势。
蜥蜴的形态学特征与其生育力和繁殖策略也紧密相关。荒漠沙蜥、变色沙蜥和叶城沙蜥的部分繁殖特征存在共性,如窝卵数和单枚卵大小呈负相关,窝卵重与雌体SVL呈正相关,窝卵数与母体产后状态呈正相关,说明三个物种在后代的数量和大小之间以及窝卵数与母体产后状态之间均存在权衡。同时,三个物种产卵时间、产后母体体重、窝卵数、窝卵重和相对窝卵重等特征都存在显著的种间差异,随荒漠沙蜥、变色沙蜥和叶城沙蜥生境平均气温的下降和生存环境干旱程度的加剧,其产卵时间逐渐推迟,产后母体体重、卵重和窝卵重也逐渐降低。三个物种采取的生殖策略各不相同,荒漠沙蜥为“小窝大卵”,变色沙蜥为“大窝小卵”,叶城沙蜥为“小窝小卵”；荒漠沙蜥和变色沙蜥可能通过增加窝卵数的大小来增加繁殖输出,而叶城沙蜥则通过增加单枚卵重来增加繁殖输出。
为了探究温度和湿度对卵孵化和孵出幼体形态特征及运动表现的影响,将三种沙蜥的卵在三个恒定温度(26℃、30℃和34℃)和两个湿度(-440kPa和-620kPa)下进行孵化。结果显示湿度对孵化过程和幼体形态特征几乎没有影响,但孵化温度显著影响三种沙蜥的孵化期、孵化成功率、新生幼体的形态学特征和运动能力。26℃和30℃下荒漠沙蜥和变色沙蜥孵化成功率较高,孵出幼体体型较大、发育较好、且有较好的运动表现,这些个体具有较强的适应性。作者推测30℃可能是荒漠沙蜥和变色沙蜥卵孵化的最适温度,而34℃可能是变色沙蜥卵孵化的临界高温。由于叶城沙蜥卵孵化成功率较低,其卵孵化和幼体特征需要进一步研究。
The maintenance costs of pregnancy (MCP) and energy metabolism of lizard Eremias multiocellata as well as sexual size dimorphism (SSD), reproductive strategies and the effects of incubuting condition on the hatching success, morphological features and locomotor performance of offsprings in three lizards Phrynocephalus przewalskii, P. versicolor and P. axillaris were studied. The mechanisms of their physiological and ecological adaptations to the environment were also discussed in this paper. The concrete results are as follows:
The body temperature (Tb) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) of female Eremias multiocellata, a viviparous lizard, were measured at25,30and35℃during pregnancy and after parturition to assess energy requirement of reproduction. The results showed that female lizards'Tbs were slightly higher than actual ambient temperature in25and30℃groups, while they were slightly lower than ambient temperature in35℃group. Ambient temperature significantly affected RMR and gestation period of females. Energy requirement was constant in non-pregnant females, while it increased in pregnant females. The maximal estimates of MCP accounted for19.40%,14.15%and12.32%of the total metabolic rate in25,30and35℃group, respectively. The results indicated the MCP was an important component of total energy cost for the lizard E. multiocellata. It is suggested that pregnant females could guarantee the pregnancy at low temperature by increasing the portion of MCP in total energy cost.
The relationships between temperature and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and hexokinase (HK) and mitochondrial respiration were studied in cardiac muscle, liver and gastrocnemius muscle in two populations of E. multiocellata. The enzymatic activity and mitochondrial respiration were very sensitive to temperature. The Tianzhu population of lizard E. multiocellata which were from colder regions exhibited a relative higher resting metabolic rate and mitochondrial respiration rate than Minqin population in three kinds of tissues. LDH and HK activity of cardiac muscle and LDH activity of gastrocnemius muscle in Tianzhu population were also higher than that of Minqin population. The results indicate that Tianzhu population of E. multiocellata could response to cold acclimation not only by increasing the aerobic enzymatic activity of cardiac and gastrocnemius muscle, but also by increasing maximal oxidative capacities of tissue mitochondria. The metabolic adaptation to cold stress may accelerate development and increase survival capacity of the population.
The morphological features and female reproductive characteristics were studied in three species of toad-headed lizards, P. przewalskii, P. versicolor and P. axillaris. The results showed that males were the larger sex in P. przewalskii and P. axillaris, whereas female and male adults of P. versicolor did not differ in mean SVL. In P. przewalskii and P. versicolor, females were larger in abdomen length but females of P. axillaris were smaller in abdomen length. Females of three species laid a single clutch of1-6eggs per breeding season. The trade-off between size and number of eggs was evident in all species. The female reproductive traits, clutch size, egg mass and relative clutch mass were differed among species, with females of P. przewalskii laying fewer but larger eggs than did females of P. versicolor in the same SVL. P. axillaris had the smallest body size, and laid relative fewer and smaller eggs, which may related to its cool climate and less precipitation. Our result indicated that climate, habitat and population competition may be the proximate factors affecting the reproductive parameters of three lizards.
Flexible-shelled eggs of lizard P. przewalskii, P. versicolor and P. versicolor were incubated in different thermal and hydric environments to elicit the effects of incubation environment on hatching success, incubation duration and hatchling phenotypes. The embryogenesis of two species were not sensitive to the hydric environment except P. przewalskii incubated in30℃group. Hatching success was much higher at26and30℃than34℃. Hatchling incubated at26and30℃had longer snout-vent lengths, larger body masses, and better locomotor performance than hatchlings incubated at higher temperature. Compared to P. przewalskii, P. versicolor incubated longer, and had smaller hatchlings, which would benefit more to the species survival living at drier wildlife habitat. We conclude that an incubation temperature of30℃would provide the best balance between developmental rate, hatching success, and posthatch performances, and we suspect the upper egg developmental thresholds for P. versicolor egg incubation may near and slightly higher than34℃. Because of the lower hatching success, egg incubation in P. versicolor should be of more concern in the further.
环境温度的变化对卵胎生蜥蜴密点麻蜥的体温、静止代谢率和雌性繁殖能量消耗有显著影响。密点麻蜥的体温随环境温度的上升而升高,雌性密点麻蜥具有一定的体温调节能力,25℃下密点麻蜥的体温比环境温度稍高,35℃下其体温比环境温度稍低；怀孕密点麻蜥临近生产前用于维持怀孕状态的能量消耗(maintenance costs of pregnancy, MCP)在其能量分配中是相对固定的,在25℃、30℃和35℃下分别为4.219,4.220和4.448mg CO2·min-1,占总能量消耗的19.40%、14.15%和12.32%,在低温时MCP占总能量消耗的比例明显升高。作者认为MCP对于维持卵胎生密点麻蜥的怀孕过程具有重要意义,在不利的环境条件下,怀孕雌性可能通过提高MCP在整体能量分配中的比例来保证怀孕的正常进行。
温度补偿现象在爬行动物中较为普遍。本文的研究结果表明,在密点麻蜥的两个种群之间,生境较为寒冷的天祝种群其静止代谢率以及心脏、肝脏和骨骼肌的线粒体呼吸控制率(RCR)均显著大于民勤种群,天祝种群心肌中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和己糖激酶(HK)活性以及骨骼肌中的LDH活性也显著高于民勤种群。天祝种群的密点麻蜥经过长期的低温适应,线粒体对氧的利用效率较高,心脏和骨骼肌等组织的糖酵解途径加强,维持了较高的能量代谢水平,这对于在较短的活动时间内加速生长发育、增加个体的生存能力有着重要的意义。
对荒漠沙蜥、变色沙蜥和叶城沙蜥的繁殖生物学特征研究结果表明三种沙蜥的性二态性和繁殖策略有显著差异,荒漠沙蜥和叶城沙蜥个体大小性二态性显著,表现为成体雄性吻肛长(SVL)大于成体雌性,但变色沙蜥个体大小无显著的两性差异。三种沙蜥的局部形态特征皆与体长呈正相关,雄性的尾长、后肢、头长和头宽均大于雌性；荒漠沙蜥和变色沙蜥成体雄性的腹长小于雌性。作者认为这些性别差异很可能是两性间选择压力的不同造成的。另外,种间的形态差异很可能也与生境差异有关,随荒漠沙蜥、变色沙蜥和叶城沙蜥生境平均气温逐渐降低和降水量的逐渐减少,其体型也有逐渐减小的趋势。
蜥蜴的形态学特征与其生育力和繁殖策略也紧密相关。荒漠沙蜥、变色沙蜥和叶城沙蜥的部分繁殖特征存在共性,如窝卵数和单枚卵大小呈负相关,窝卵重与雌体SVL呈正相关,窝卵数与母体产后状态呈正相关,说明三个物种在后代的数量和大小之间以及窝卵数与母体产后状态之间均存在权衡。同时,三个物种产卵时间、产后母体体重、窝卵数、窝卵重和相对窝卵重等特征都存在显著的种间差异,随荒漠沙蜥、变色沙蜥和叶城沙蜥生境平均气温的下降和生存环境干旱程度的加剧,其产卵时间逐渐推迟,产后母体体重、卵重和窝卵重也逐渐降低。三个物种采取的生殖策略各不相同,荒漠沙蜥为“小窝大卵”,变色沙蜥为“大窝小卵”,叶城沙蜥为“小窝小卵”；荒漠沙蜥和变色沙蜥可能通过增加窝卵数的大小来增加繁殖输出,而叶城沙蜥则通过增加单枚卵重来增加繁殖输出。
为了探究温度和湿度对卵孵化和孵出幼体形态特征及运动表现的影响,将三种沙蜥的卵在三个恒定温度(26℃、30℃和34℃)和两个湿度(-440kPa和-620kPa)下进行孵化。结果显示湿度对孵化过程和幼体形态特征几乎没有影响,但孵化温度显著影响三种沙蜥的孵化期、孵化成功率、新生幼体的形态学特征和运动能力。26℃和30℃下荒漠沙蜥和变色沙蜥孵化成功率较高,孵出幼体体型较大、发育较好、且有较好的运动表现,这些个体具有较强的适应性。作者推测30℃可能是荒漠沙蜥和变色沙蜥卵孵化的最适温度,而34℃可能是变色沙蜥卵孵化的临界高温。由于叶城沙蜥卵孵化成功率较低,其卵孵化和幼体特征需要进一步研究。
The maintenance costs of pregnancy (MCP) and energy metabolism of lizard Eremias multiocellata as well as sexual size dimorphism (SSD), reproductive strategies and the effects of incubuting condition on the hatching success, morphological features and locomotor performance of offsprings in three lizards Phrynocephalus przewalskii, P. versicolor and P. axillaris were studied. The mechanisms of their physiological and ecological adaptations to the environment were also discussed in this paper. The concrete results are as follows:
The body temperature (Tb) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) of female Eremias multiocellata, a viviparous lizard, were measured at25,30and35℃during pregnancy and after parturition to assess energy requirement of reproduction. The results showed that female lizards'Tbs were slightly higher than actual ambient temperature in25and30℃groups, while they were slightly lower than ambient temperature in35℃group. Ambient temperature significantly affected RMR and gestation period of females. Energy requirement was constant in non-pregnant females, while it increased in pregnant females. The maximal estimates of MCP accounted for19.40%,14.15%and12.32%of the total metabolic rate in25,30and35℃group, respectively. The results indicated the MCP was an important component of total energy cost for the lizard E. multiocellata. It is suggested that pregnant females could guarantee the pregnancy at low temperature by increasing the portion of MCP in total energy cost.
The relationships between temperature and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and hexokinase (HK) and mitochondrial respiration were studied in cardiac muscle, liver and gastrocnemius muscle in two populations of E. multiocellata. The enzymatic activity and mitochondrial respiration were very sensitive to temperature. The Tianzhu population of lizard E. multiocellata which were from colder regions exhibited a relative higher resting metabolic rate and mitochondrial respiration rate than Minqin population in three kinds of tissues. LDH and HK activity of cardiac muscle and LDH activity of gastrocnemius muscle in Tianzhu population were also higher than that of Minqin population. The results indicate that Tianzhu population of E. multiocellata could response to cold acclimation not only by increasing the aerobic enzymatic activity of cardiac and gastrocnemius muscle, but also by increasing maximal oxidative capacities of tissue mitochondria. The metabolic adaptation to cold stress may accelerate development and increase survival capacity of the population.
The morphological features and female reproductive characteristics were studied in three species of toad-headed lizards, P. przewalskii, P. versicolor and P. axillaris. The results showed that males were the larger sex in P. przewalskii and P. axillaris, whereas female and male adults of P. versicolor did not differ in mean SVL. In P. przewalskii and P. versicolor, females were larger in abdomen length but females of P. axillaris were smaller in abdomen length. Females of three species laid a single clutch of1-6eggs per breeding season. The trade-off between size and number of eggs was evident in all species. The female reproductive traits, clutch size, egg mass and relative clutch mass were differed among species, with females of P. przewalskii laying fewer but larger eggs than did females of P. versicolor in the same SVL. P. axillaris had the smallest body size, and laid relative fewer and smaller eggs, which may related to its cool climate and less precipitation. Our result indicated that climate, habitat and population competition may be the proximate factors affecting the reproductive parameters of three lizards.
Flexible-shelled eggs of lizard P. przewalskii, P. versicolor and P. versicolor were incubated in different thermal and hydric environments to elicit the effects of incubation environment on hatching success, incubation duration and hatchling phenotypes. The embryogenesis of two species were not sensitive to the hydric environment except P. przewalskii incubated in30℃group. Hatching success was much higher at26and30℃than34℃. Hatchling incubated at26and30℃had longer snout-vent lengths, larger body masses, and better locomotor performance than hatchlings incubated at higher temperature. Compared to P. przewalskii, P. versicolor incubated longer, and had smaller hatchlings, which would benefit more to the species survival living at drier wildlife habitat. We conclude that an incubation temperature of30℃would provide the best balance between developmental rate, hatching success, and posthatch performances, and we suspect the upper egg developmental thresholds for P. versicolor egg incubation may near and slightly higher than34℃. Because of the lower hatching success, egg incubation in P. versicolor should be of more concern in the further.
引文
Agrawal, A. F., Brodie III, E. D. and Brown, J.2001. Parent-offspring coadaptation and the dual genetic control of maternal care. Science,292:1710-1712
Almeida-Val, V. M. F., Oliveira, A. R., da Silva, M. N. P., Ferreira-Nozawa, M. S., Araujo, R. M., Val, A. L., Nozawa, S. R., Almeida-Val, V, Oliveira, A. and de Nazare Paula da Silva, M. 2011. Anoxia-and hypoxia-induced expression of LDH-A* in the Amazon Oscar, Astronotus crassipinis. Genetics and molecular biology,34:315-322
Alonso, J. C., Magana, M., Alonso, J. A., Palacin, C., Martin, C. A. and Martin, B.2009. The most extreme sexual size dimorphism among birds:allometry, selection, and early juvenile development in the great bustard(Otis tarda). The Auk,126:657-665
Anderson, R. A. and Vitt, L. J.1990. Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards. Oecologia,84:145-157
Andersson, M. B.1994. Sexual selection, Princeton Univ Pr
Angilletta, M. and Sears, M.2000. The metabolic cost of reproduction in an oviparous lizard. Functional Ecology,14:39-45
Arak, A.1988. Sexual dimorphism in body size:a model and a test. Evolution,42:820-825
Arnett, A. E. and Gotelli, N. J.1999. Geographic variation in life-history traits of the ant lion, Myrmeleon immaculatus:evolutionary implications of Bergmann's rule. Evolution, 1180-1188
Ashmore, G. M. and Janzen, F. J.2003. Phenotypic variation in smooth softshell turtles (Apalone mutica) from eggs incubated in constant versus fluctuating temperatures. Oecologia,134: 182-188
Ashton, K. G. 2002. Do amphibians follow Bergmann's rule? Canadian Journal of Zoology,80: 708-716
Ashton, K. G. and Feldman, C. R.2003. Bergmann's rule in nonavian reptiles:turtles follow it, lizards and snakes reverse it. Evolution,57:1151-1163
Ashton, K. G., Tracy, M. C. and de Queiroz, A.2000. Is Bergmann's rule valid for mammals? The American Naturalist,156:390-415
Atkinson, D.1994. Temperature and Organism Size--A Biological Law for Ectotherms? Advances in ecological research,25:1-58
Atkinson, D. and Sibly, R. M.1997. Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,12:235-239
Bennett, A. F., Dawson, W.R. (1976) Metabolism in Biology of the Reptilia. Physiology Londonand New York, Academic Press.
Bergmann, C.1847. On the relations of size and thermo-economy in animals. Gottinger Studien,3: 595-708
Berry, J. F. and Shine, R.1980. Sexual size dimorphism and sexual selection in turtles(Order Testudines). Oecologia,44:185-191
Bickler, P. E. and Buck, L. T.2007. Hypoxia tolerance in reptiles, amphibians, and fishes:life with variable oxygen availability. Annu. Rev. Physiol.,69:145-170
Blanckenhorn, W. U.2005. Behavioral causes and consequences of sexual size dimorphism. Ethology,111:977-1016
Bleu, J., Massot, M., Haussy, C. and Meylan, S.2012. Experimental litter size reduction reveals costs of gestation and delayed effects on offspring in a viviparous lizard. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,279:489-498
Blouin-Demers, G., Weatherhead, P. J. and Row, J. R.2004. Phenotypic consequences of nest-site selection in black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta). Canadian Journal of Zoology,82:449-456
Bontzorlos, V. A., Peris, S. J., Vlachos, C. G. and Bakaloudis, D. E.2009. Barn Owl Tyto alba prey in Thessaly, and evaluation of Barn Owl diets throughout Greece. Ardea,97:625-630
Brana, F.1996. Sexual dimorphism in lacertid lizards:male head increase vs female abdomen increase? Oikos,511-523
Bulte, G. and Blouin-Demers, G.2010. Implications of extreme sexual size dimorphism for thermoregulation in a freshwater turtle. Oecologia,162:313-322
Cagle, K., Packard, G., Miller, K. and Packard, M.1993. Effects of the microclimate in natural nests on development of embryonic painted turtles, Chrysemys picta. Functional Ecology,653-660
Caughley, G. 1994. Directions in conservation biology. Journal of animal ecology,215-244
Charnier, M.1966. Action de la temperature sur la sex-ratio chez I'embryon d'Agama agama (Agamidae, Lacertilien). Soci6t6 de Biologie de l'Ouest Africain 160:620-622
Christens, E., and JR Bider.1987. Nesting activity and hatching success of the painted turtle (Chrysemyspicta marginata) in southwestern Quebec. Herpetologica,43:55-65
Cox, R. M., Butler, M. A. and John-Alder, H. B.2007. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in reptiles. Sex, Size and Gender Roles:Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size Dimorphism,38-49
Cox, R. M., Parker, E. U., Cheney, D. M., Liebl, A. L., Martin, L. B. and Calsbeek, R.2010. Experimental evidence for physiological costs underlying the trade-off between reproduction and survival. Functional Ecology,24:1262-1269
Crowley, S. R.1985. Thermal sensitivity of sprint-running in the lizard Sceloporus undulatus: support for a conservative view of thermal physiology. Oecologia,66:219-225
Davis, C. M. and Roth, V. L.2008. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus, Leporidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,95:141-156
Du, W. G. and Lii, D.2010. An experimental test of body volume constraint on female reproductive output. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A:Ecological Genetics and Physiology,313:123-128
Du, W. G. and Ji, X.2006. Effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on egg survival and hatchling traits in the northern grass lizard (Takydromus septentrionalis, Lacertidae). Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A:Comparative Experimental Biology,305:47-54
DU, W. G. and SHINE, R.2010. Why do the eggs of lizards(Bassiana duperreyi:Scincidae) hatch sooner if incubated at fluctuating rather than constant temperatures? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,101:642-650
Du, W.G., Shou, L., Shen, J.Y. and Lu, Y.W.2005. Influence of fluctuating incubation temperatures on hatchling traits in a Chinese skink, Eumeces chinensis. The Herpetological Journal,15:139-142
Du, W. G., Yan, S. J. and Ji, X.2000. Selected body temperature, thermal tolerance and thermal dependence of food assimilation and locomotor performance in adult blue-tailed skinks, Eumeces elegans. Journal of Thermal Biology,25:197-202
Dunham, A. E.1981. Populations in a fluctuating environment:the comparative population ecology of the iguanid lizards Sceloporus merriami and Urosaurus ornatus. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,158,1-62.
Einum, S. and Fleming, I. A.2000. Highly fecund mothers sacrifice offspring survival to maximize fitness. Nature,405:565-567
Fairbairn, D. J., Blanckenhorn, W. U. and Szekely, T.2009. Sex, size and gender roles: evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism, Oxford University Press, USA
Finkler, M. S., Knickerbocker, D. L. and Claussen, D. L.2000. Influence of hydric conditions during incubation and population on overland movement of neonatal snapping turtles. Journal of Herpetology,34:452-455
Fisher, R. A.1915. The evolution of sexual preference. The Eugenics Review,7:184
Germano, D. J., Smith, P. T. and Tabor, S. P.2007. Food habits of the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). The Southwestern Naturalist,52:318-323
Goutner, V. and Alivizatos, H.2003. Diet of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) and Little Owl (Athene noctua) in wetlands of northeastern Greece. Belgian journal of zoology,133:15-22
Gutzke, W. H. N. and Packard, G. C.1987. The influence of temperature on eggs and hatchlings of Blanding's Turtles, Emydoidea blandingii. Journal of Herpetology,21:161-163
Herczeg, G, Gonda, A. and Merila, J.2010. Rensch's rule inverted-female-driven gigantism in nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius. Journal of Animal Ecology,79:581-588
Hirai, T. and Matsui, M.2001. Food habits of an endangered Japanese frog, Rana porosa brevipoda. Ecological Research,16:737-743
Hochkirch, A. and Groning, J.2008. Sexual size dimorphism in Orthoptera (sens. str.)-a review. Journal of Orthoptera Research,17:189-196
Houston, D. and Shine, R.1993. Sexual dimorphism and niche divergence:feeding habits of the Arafura filesnake. Journal of Animal Ecology,62:737-748
Howland, H. C.1974. Optimal strategies for predator avoidance:the relative importance of speed and manoeuvrability. Journal of theoretical Biology,47:333-350
Huey, R.1983. Natural variation in body temperature and physiological performance in a lizard (Anolis cristatellus). Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology:Essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams,484-490
Ilmonen, P., Hasselquist, D., Langefors, A. and Wiehn, J.2003. Stress, immunocompetence and leukocyte profiles of pied flycatchers in relation to brood size manipulation. Oecologia,136: 148-154
James, F. C.1970. Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate. Ecology,365-390
Ji, X., Qiu, Q. B. and Diong, C. H.2002. Sexual dimorphism and female reproductive characteristics in the oriental garden lizard, Calotes versicolor, from Hainan, Southern China. Journal of Herpetology,36:1-8
Jin, Y., Liu, N. and Li, J.2007. Elevational variation in body size of Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Belgian journal of zoology,137:197-202
Jin, Y. T. and Liu, N. F.2007. Altitudinal variation in reproductive strategy of the toad-headed lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii in North Tibet Plateau (Qinghai). Amphibia-Reptilia,28: 509-515
Li, H., Zhou, Z. S., Ding, G. H. and Ji, X.2011. Fluctuations in incubation temperature affect incubation duration but not morphology, locomotion and growth of hatchlings in the sand lizard Lacerta agilis (Lacertidae). Acta Zoologica,94:11-18
Lindsey, C.1966. Body sizes of poikilotherm vertebrates at different latitudes. Evolution,456-465
Liu, C.B. and Li, R.D.2005. Electrocardiogram and heart rate in response to temperature acclimation in three representative vertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Molecular & Integrative Physiology,142:416-421
Liu, C.B, Li, R.D, Liu, Z., Yin, S. and Wang, Z.2006. The role of prostaglandins and the hypothalamus in thermoregulation in the lizard, Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Agamidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology B,176:321-328
Lovich, J. E., Znari, M., Baamrane, M. A. A., Naimi, M. and Mostalih, A.2010. Biphasic geographic variation in sexual size dimorphism of turtle (Mauremys leprosa) populations along an environmental gradient in Morocco. Chelonian Conservation and Biology,9:45-53
Luo, L., Qu, Y. and Ji, X.2006. Thermal dependence of food assimilation and sprint speed in a lacertid lizard Eremias argus from northern China. Acta Zoologica Sinica,52:256-262
Madsen, T. and Shine, R.1993. Phenotypic plasticity in body sizes and sexual size dimorphism in European grass snakes. Evolution,47:321-325
Marsh, R. L. and Bennett, A. F.1985. Thermal dependence of isotonic contractile properties of skeletal muscle and sprint performance of the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology B:Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology,155: 541-551
Meiri, S. and Dayan, T.2003. On the validity of Bergmann's rule. Journal of Biogeography,30: 331-351
Miles D.B., Sinervo B., Frankino W.A.2000 Reproductive burden, locomotor performance, and the cost of reproduction in free ranging lizards. Evolution 54:1386-1395
Miller, K.1993. The improved performance of snapping turtles(Chelydra serpentina) hatched from eggs incubated on a wet substrate persists through the neonatal period. Journal of Herpetology,27:228-233
Muth, A.1977. Body temperatures and associated postures of the zebra-tailed lizard, Callisaurus draconoides. Copeia,122-125
Olsson, M., Shine, R., Wapstra, E., Ujvari, B. and Madsen, T.2002. Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape:the roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection. Evolution,56:1538-1542
Packard, G. C.1991. Physiological and ecological importance of water to embryos of oviparous reptiles. Egg incubation:its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles,213-228
Packard, G. C.1999. Water relations of chelonian eggs and embryos:is wetter better? American Zoologist,39:289-303
Packard, G. C., Packard, M. J. and Birchard, G. F.1989. Sexual differentiation and hatching success by painted turtles incubating in different thermal and hydric environments. Herpetologica,385-392
Parker, G. 1992. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in fish. Journal of Fish Biology,41: 1-20
Phillips, K. L., NicholsOP, P. D. and Jackson, G. D.2003. Dietary variation of the squid Moroteuthis ingens at four sites in the Southern Ocean:stomach contents, lipid and fatty acid proc les. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK,83:523-534
Porter, E. E. and Hawkins, B. A.2001. Latitudinal gradients in colony size for social insects: termites and ants show different patterns. The American Naturalist,157:97-106
Precht H., Christophersen, J., Hensel H., Larcher W. (Eds.). (1973) Temperature and Life, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp.60-77
Qiu, Q., Zeng, X., Lin, L. and Ji, X.2009. Selected body temperature, thermal tolerance and influence of temperature on food assimilation in the oriental garden lizard, Calotes versicolor (Agamidae). Acta Ecologica Sinica,29:1738-1744
Qu, Y. F., Li, H., Gao, J. F. and Ji, X.2011. Embryonic thermosensitivity and hatchling morphology differ between two coexisting lizards. Acta Oecologica,37(4):375-380.
Qualls, C. P. and Shine, R.1998. Costs of reproduction in conspecific oviparous and viviparous lizards, Lerista bougainvillii. Oikos,539-551
Roff, D.2002. Life history evolution. Sinauer Associates; Sunderland, MA.
Ruwe, W. and Myers, R.1982.5-HT receptors and hyper-or hypothermia:elucidation by catecholamine antagonists injected into the cat hypothalamus. Brain research bulletin,8: 79-86
Seibel, B. A. and Childress, J. J.2000. Metabolism of benthic octopods (Cephalopoda) as a function of habitat depth and oxygen concentration. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers,47:1247-1260
Shelton, G.1970. The regulation of breathing. Fish physiology,4:293-359
Shine, R.1979. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in the Amphibia. Copeia,297-306
Shine, R.1983. Reptilian viviparity in cold climates:testing the assumptions of an evolutionary hypothesis. Oecologia,57:397-405
Shine, R.1994. Sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited. Copeia,326-346
Shine, R.2004. Does viviparity evolve in cold climate reptiles because pregnant females maintain stable (not high) body temperatures? Evolution,58:1809-1818
Shine, R. and Downes, S. J.1999. Can pregnant lizards adjust their offspring phenotypes to environmental conditions? Oecologia,119:1-8
Shine, R., Elphick, M. J. and Harlow, P. S.1997. The influence of natural incubation environments on the phenotypic traits of hatchling lizards. Ecology,78:2559-2568
Shine, R. and Lambeck, R.1985. A radiotelemetric study of movements, thermoregulation and habitat utilization of Arafura filesnakes (Serpentes:Acrochordidae). Herpetologica,351-361
Stearns, S. C.1992. The evolution of life histories, Oxford University Press Oxford
Tang, X. L., Yue, F., Yan, X. F., Zhang, D. J., Xin, Y., Wang, C. and Chen, Q.2012. Effects of gestation temperature on offspring sex and maternal reproduction in a viviparous lizard (Eremias multiocellata) living at high altitude. Journal of Thermal Biology,
Tsuji, J. S.1988. Thermal acclimation of metabolism in Sceloporus lizards from different latitudes. Physiological Zoology,61:241-253
Vanhooydonck, B., Van Damme, R., Van Dooren, T. J. M. and Bauwens, D.2001. Proximate causes of intraspecific variation in locomotor performance in the lizard Gallotia galloti. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,74:937-945
Wang, Y., Ji, W., Zhao, W, Yu, N. and Liu, N.2011. Geographic Variation in Clutch and Egg Size for the Lizard Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Squamata:Agamidae). Asian Herpetological Research 02(2):97-102
Wapstra, E., Olsson, M., Shine, R., Edwards, A., Swain, R. and Joss, J. M. P.2004. Maternal basking behaviour determines offspring sex in a viviparous reptile. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,271:S230-S232
Woolbright, L. L.1983. Sexual selection and size dimorphism in anuran amphibia. American Naturalist,121:110-119
Xin, Y., Tang, X., Yue, F., Zhang, D., Yan, X., Wang, C. and Chen, Q. (2012). Isolation and sequence analysis of Sox genes from lizard Eremias multiocellata. Russian Journal of Genetics 48(1):79-85.
Xu, X. F. and Ji, X.2006. Ontogenetic shifts in thermal tolerance, selected body temperature and thermal dependence of food assimilation and locomotor performance in a lacertid lizard, Eremias brenchleyi. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A:Molecular & Integrative Physiology,143:118-124
Yan, X. F., Tang, X. L., Yue, F., Zhang, D. J., Xin, Y., Wang, C. and Chen, Q.2011. Influence of ambient temperature on maternal thermoregulation and neonate phenotypes in a viviparous lizard, Eremias multiocellata, during the gestation period. Journal of Thermal Biology,36: 187-192
Yang, J., Sun, Y. Y., An, H. and Ji, X.2008. Northern grass lizards (Takydromus septentrionalis) from different populations do not differ in thermal preference and thermal tolerance when acclimated under identical thermal conditions. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology,178:343-349
Yang, J., Sun, Y.Y., Fu, T.B., Xu, D.D. and Ji, X.2012. Selection for increased maternal body volume does not differ between two Scincella lizards with different reproductive modes. Zoology,115:199-206
Yue F., Tang X.L., Zhang D.J., Yan X.F., Xin Y., and Chen Q.2012. Body temperature and standard metabolic rate of female viviparous lizard Eremias multiocellata during reproduction. Canadian Journal of Zoology,90:79-84.
Zhang, D. J., Tang, X. L., Yue, F., Chen, Z., Li, R. D. and Chen, Q.2010. Effect of gestation temperature on sexual and morphological phenotypes of offspring in a viviparous lizard, Eremias multiocellata. Journal of Thermal Biology,35:129-133
Zhang, X. D., Ji, X., Luo, L. G., Gao, J. and Zhang, L.2005. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai Toad-Headed Lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. Acta Zoologica Sinica,51:1006-1012
Zhang, Y.H., Yanase-Fujiwara, M., Hosono, T. and Kanosue, K.1995. Warm and cold signals from the preoptic area:which contribute more to the control of shivering in rats? The Journal of Physiology,485:195-202
Zhang, Y. P. and Ji, X.2004. The thermal dependence of food assimilation and locomotor performance in southern grass lizards, Takydromus sexlineatus (Lacertidae). Journal of Thermal Biology,29:45-53
陈强1995.丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥静止代谢率的研究.兰州大学学报：自然科学版,31：68-71
陈强和韩昭雪1993.变色沙蜥繁殖的研究.兰州大学学报：自然科学版,29：199-203
陈秋生,冯霞和姜生成2006.牦牛肺脏高原适应性的结构研究.中国农业科学,39：2107-2113
董丙君,王晶琦,周正彦,陆宇燕和李丕鹏2007.桓仁滑蜥生殖行为及生殖策略的研究.四川动物,26：302-304
董丙君,赵文阁,刘志涛和刘鹏2004.胎生蜥蜴(Lacerta vivipara)生殖行为及生殖策略的研究.哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,20：74-78
杜卫国和计翔2001.蓝尾石龙子的生长,两性异形及雌性繁殖.动物学研究,22：279-286
郝琦蕾,刘红霞和计翔2007.恒定和波动温度下丽斑麻蜥孵出幼体的表型变异.动物学报,52：1049-1057
计翔1994.中国石龙子头,体大小的性二态.杭州师范学院学报(自然科学版),6：79-84
计翔和杜卫国2000.蝘蜓头,体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖动物学研究,5：349-354
计翔,王培潮和洪卫星1991.多疣壁虎的繁殖生态研究.动物学报,37：185-192
计翔和章朝华2001.水热环境对中国石龙子孵化卵,孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响.动物学报,47：256-265
计翔和郑向忠1995.中国石龙子热生物学的研究.动物学报,41：268-274
金园庭,田仁荣和刘迺发2006.四种沙蜥的形态地理变异Bergmann和Allen规律的检验.动物学报,52：838-845
黎道洪和罗蓉1996.黑线姬鼠,锡金小家鼠和高山姬鼠洞穴结构研究.贵州师范大学学报：自然科学版,14：10-16
李仁德和刘迺发1992.环境温度对荒漠沙蜥和密点麻蜥体温的影响及其对环境温度的选择.动物学研究,13：47-52
李仁德,刘迺发1994.温度对蜥蜴腓肠肌ATP酶活性影响的研究.动物学报01：45-50
李仁德和宋志明1990.温度对荒漠沙蜥能量代谢,呼吸和水分蒸发的影响.兰州大学学报：自然科学版,26：107-112
林炽贤,邱清波,林隆慧和计翔2004.蜡皮蜥的两性异形和繁殖输出.动物学研究,25：477-483
林植华和计翔1998.孵化温湿度对北草蜥孵化卵和孵出幼体的影响.动物学研究,19：439-445
林植华和计翔2000.浙江丽水中国石龙子的食性,两性异形和雌性繁殖.生态学报,20：304-310
刘迺发,陈强,解雪梅.1996.荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究.生态学报16：276-282
刘迺发和耿稚蓉1995.密点麻蜥的食性及摄食的季节性变化.应用生态学报,6：74-78
齐新章,王晓君,朱世海,饶鑫峰,魏莲和魏登邦2008.高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应.生理学报,60：348-354
乔洪海,刘伟,杨维康,徐文轩和夏参军2011.大沙鼠行为生态学研究现状.生态学杂志,30：603-610
邱清波,马小梅和计翔2001.海南变色树蜥个体发育中形态和食性的变化.动物学研究,22：367-374
屈彦福2006.草原沙晰和变色沙蜥生活史特征与热生态学的比较研究,南京师范大学
任宝平,李保国,李明和魏辅文2010.川金丝猴食谱的地域性差异比较.兽类学报,357-364
舒霖和杜卫国2006.浙江舟山北草蜥的野外活动体温及体温调节.应用与环境生物学报,11：471-473
舒霖,张群利,屈彦福和计翔2010.青海沙蜥的热耐受性,选择体温及摄食和运动表现的热依赖性.生态学报,30：2036-2042
吐米尔艾尼瓦尔,阿不力孜吾玛尔和哈力克马合木提2005.温度对新疆鬣蜥热能代谢及甲状腺素含量的影响.干旱区研究,22：201-204
王培潮,陆厚基1985.黑尾锦蛇的热量代谢与体温调节.两栖爬行动物学报5(1)：10-16.
王培潮,钱国桢1983.蝮蛇生理生态的研究.两栖爬行动物学报2(1)：21-32.
王培潮,徐宏发1987.温度对北草蜥体温与热代谢的影响.两栖爬行动物学报6(2)：10-15.
王跃招,曾晓茂和刘志君1995.西藏沙蜥(Phrynocephalus theobaldi)生殖决策生殖行为的初步研究.两栖爬行动物学研究,157-162
吴义莲和张著元2011.安徽宿州山地麻蜥卵孵化温度效应.动物学杂志,46：120-125
许雪峰和计翔2003.山地麻蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形和食性的变化.应用生态学报, 14：557-561
许雪峰,吴义莲和张建龙2004.山地麻蜥的雌性繁殖和孵出幼体特征.生物学杂志,21：23-25
许雪峰,吴义莲和张建龙2005.温湿度对山地麻蜥孵化卵,孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响.动物学研究,1：55-60
闫雪峰2011.不同海拔高度密点麻蜥种群运动能力及其与温度关系的研究.兰州大学学位论文
曾志锋2003.鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.)的生态,濒危现状及保育,广西师范大学
张建红,侯天德,王小龙,张建萍,程昉,姚美仙,马莉萍和苏蒙莎2009.密点麻蜥几种组织SDH和LDH活性对温度的适应.四川动物,28：94-95
张永普和计翔2000.北草蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形及食性的变化.动物学研究,21：181-186
章熙东,计翔,罗来高,高建芳和章玲2005.青海沙蜥的两性异型和雌性繁殖.动物学报,51：1006-1012
赵尔宓,赵肯堂和周开亚1999.中国动物志爬行纲第二卷有鳞目蜥蜴亚目,北京：科学出版社
赵肯堂1997.中国的沙蜥属研究.动物学杂志32(001)：15-19
赵伟2011.荒漠沙蜥的生活史进化.兰州大学学位论文
赵伟民,侯天德和程昉2010.温度对白条锦蛇代谢率和不同组织ATP酶活性的影响.四川动物,29：971-974
赵伟民,侯天德和程防2011.温度对白条锦蛇不同发育期琥珀酸脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性的影响.黑龙江畜牧兽医,164-165
Ackerman, R.A.1981. Oxygen consumption by sea turtle (Chelonia, Caretta) eggs during development. Physiological Zoology,54:316-324
Allert, S., Ernest, I., Poliszczak, A., Opperdoes, F.R. and Michels, P.A.M.1991. Molecular cloning and analysis of two tandemly linked genes for pyruvate kinase of Trypanosoma brucei. European journal of biochemistry,200(1):19-27
Angilletta, M.J.2001. Thermal and physiological constraints on energy assimilation in a widespread lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). Ecology,82(11):3044-3056
Angilletta, M.J., Niewiarowski, P.H. and Navas, C.A.2002. The evolution of thermal physiology in ectotherms. Journal of Thermal Biology,27(4):249-268
Angilletta, M.J., Oufiero, C.E., and Sears, M.W.2004. Thermal adaptation of maternal and embryonic phenotypes in a geographically widespread ectotherm. International Congress Series,1275:258-266
Antonutto, G. and Di Prampero, P.1995. The concept of lactate threshold. A short review. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness,35(1):6-12
Ashby, P.D.1998. The effect of standard metabolic rate on egg production in the acridid grasshopper, Xanthippus corallipes. American zoologist,38:561-568
Atkinson, D., Morley, S.A., Weetman, D., and Hughes, R.N.2001. Offspring size responses to maternal temperature in ectotherms. In Environment and Animal Development:Genes, Life Histories and Plasticity. Edited by D. Atkinson and M. Thorndyke. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, pp.269-286
Avivi, A., Resnick, M., Nevo, E., Joel, A. and Levy, A.1999. Adaptive hypoxic tolerance in the subterranean mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi:the role of vascular endothelial growth factor. FEBS letters 452(3):133-140
Bacila, M.1997. Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria from tissues and organs of Antarctic fish. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology,10:145-152
Barger, J.L., Brand, M.D., Barnes, B.M. and Boyer, B.B.2003. Tissue-specific depression of mitochondrial proton leak and substrate oxidation in hibernating arctic ground squirrels. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology,284(5): 1306-1313
Berner, N.J.1999. Oxygen consumption by mitochondria from an endotherm and an ectotherm. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B,124(1):25-31
Beuchat, C.A., and Vleck, D.1990. Metabolic consequences of viviparity in a lizard, Sceloporus jarrovi. Physiological Zoology,63:555-570
Birchard, G.F., Black, C.P., Schuett, G.W., and Black, V.D.1984. Influence of pregnancy on oxygen consumption, heart rate and haematology in the garter snake:implications for the "cost of reproduction" in live bearing reptiles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A,77:519-523
Blier, P.U. and Lemieux, H.2001. The impact of the thermal sensitivity of cytochrome c oxidase on the respiration rate of Arctic charr red muscle mitochondria. Journal of Comparative Physiology B,171(3):247-253
Brooks, G.A.1991. Current concepts in lactate exchange. Medicine and science in sports and exercise,23(8):895.
Bullock, T.H.1955. Compensation for temperature in the metabolism and activity of poikilotherms. Biological Reviews,30(3):311-342
Burelle, Y. and Hochachka, P.W.2002. Endurance training induces muscle-specific changes in mitochondrial function in skinned muscle fibers. Journal of applied physiology,92(6): 2429-2438
Clarke, A.2003. Costs and consequences of evolutionary temperature adaptation. Trends in ecology & evolution,18:573-581
Charland, M.B.1995. Thermal Consequences of Reptilian Viviparity:Thermoregulation in Gravid and Nongravid Garter Snakes (Thamnophis). Journal of Herpetology,29 (3):383-390
Clausen, T., Van Hardeveld, C. and Everts, M.1991. Significance of cation transport in control of energy metabolism and thermogenesis. Physiological reviews,71(3):733-774
Conover, D.O. and Present, T.M.C.1990. Countergradient variation in growth rate:compensation for length of the growing season among Atlantic silversides from different latitudes. Oecologia,83(3):316-324
Coulson, R.A., and Hernandez, T.1980. Oxygen debt in reptiles:relationship between the time required for repayment and metabolic rate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 65:453-457
Cowles, R.B., and Bogert, C.M.1944. A preliminary study on the thermal requirements of desert reptiles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,83:261-296
Deeming, D.C., and Ferguson, M.W.J.1992. Egg Incubation:Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and reptiles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.147-171
DeMarco, V.1993. Metabolic rates of female viviparous lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) throughout the reproductive cycle:do pregnant lizards adhere to standard allometry? Physiological Zoology,66:166-180
DeMarco, V., and Guillette, L.J.1992. Physiological cost of pregnancy in a viviparous lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi). Journal of Experimental Zoology,262:383-390
Eckert, R., Randall, D., and Augustine, G.1988. Animal Physiology. Mechanisms and Adaptations, 3rd ed. Freeman, New York
Garland Jr, T. and Else, P.L.1987. Seasonal, sexual, and individual variation in endurance and activity metabolism in lizards. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology,252(3):R439-R449
Glanville, E. and Seebacher, F.2006. Compensation for environmental change by complementary shifts of thermal sensitivity and thermoregulatory behaviour in an ectotherm. Journal of experimental biology,209 (24):4869-4877
Grown, S.L. and Gaston, K.J.1999. Exploring links between physiology and ecology at macroscales:the role of respiratory metabolism in insects. Biological Reviews,74(1):87-120
Guderley, H. and Johnston, I.1996. Plasticity of fish muscle mitochondria with thermal acclimation. Journal of experimental biology,199(6):1311-1317
Guderley, H. and Seebacher, F.2011. Thermal acclimation, mitochondrial capacities and organ metabolic profiles in a reptile (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Comparative Physiology B,181:53-64
Hare, K.M., Pledger, S., Thompson, M.B., Miller, J.H. and Daugherty, C.H.2010. Nocturnal lizards from a cool-temperate environment have high metabolic rates at low temperatures. Journal of Comparative Physiology B,180(8):1173-1181
Hazel, J. and Prosser, C.L.1974. Molecular mechanisms of temperature compensation in poikilotherms. Physiological reviews,54(3):620
Hochachka, P. and Somero, G. 1984. Temperature adaptation. Biochemical adaptation:355-449
Huey, R.B.1982. Temperature, physiology, and the ecology of reptiles. In Biology of the reptilian, Vol 12, Physiological Ecology. Edited by C. Gans and F.H. Pough. Academic Press, New York. pp.25-91
Jungermann, K. and Keitzmann, T.1996. Zonation of parenchymal and nonparenchymal metabolism in liver. Annual review of nutrition,16(1):179-203
Koval, J.A., DeFronzo, R.A., O'Doherty, R.M., Printz, R., Ardehali, H., Granner, D.K. and Mandarino, L.J.1998. Regulation of hexokinase Ⅱ activity and expression in human muscle by moderate exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,274 (2):304-308
Kunz, T.H., and Orrell, K.S.2004. Energy costs of reproduction. Encyclopedia of Energy 5. Elsevier, New York. pp.423-442.
Ladyman, M., Bonnet, X., Lourdais, O., Bradshaw, D., and Naulleau, G.2003. Gestation, Thermoregulation, and Metabolism in a Viviparous Snake, Vipera aspis:Evidenc for Fecundity-Independent Costs. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,76(4):497-510
Lardies, M.A., Bacigalupe, L.D. and Bozinovic, F.2004. Testing the metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis:an intraspecific latitudinal comparison in the common woodlouse. Evolutionary Ecology Research,6(4):567-578.
Lawton, J.H.1991. From physiology to population dynamics and communities. Functional Ecology,5:155-161
Lin, C.X., Zhang, L., and Ji, X.2008. Influence of pregnancy on locomotor and feeding performances of the skink, Mabuya multifasciata:why do females shift thermal preferences when pregnant? Zoology,111:188-195
Nakatani, A., Han, D.H., Hansen, P.A., Nolte, L.A., Host, H.H., Hickner, R.C. and Holloszy, J.O. 1997. Effect of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats. Journal of applied physiology,82(2):711-715
Packard, G.C., and Boardman, T.J.1988. The misuse of ratios, indices, and percentages in ecophysiological research. Physiological Zoology,61:1-9
Pierce, V.A. and Crawford, D.L.1997. Phylogenetic analysis of thermal acclimation of the glycolytic enzymes in the genus Fundulus. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,70(6): 597-609
Pough, F.H.1989. Organismal performance and Darwinian fitness:Approaches and interpretations. Physiological Zoology,62:199-236.
Prentice, A.M., and Goldberg, G.R.2000. Energy adaptations in human pregnancy:limits and long-term consequences. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. (Supplement), 71:1226-1232
Quails, C.P., and Shine, R.1998. Costs of reproduction in conspecific oviparous and viviparous lizards, Lerista bougainvillii. Oikos,82:539-551
Robert, K.A., and Thompson, M.B.2000. Energy consumption by embryos of a viviparous lizard, Eulamprus tympanum, during development. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 127:481-486
Rock, J., Andrews, R.M., and Cree, A.2000. Effects of reproductive condition, season and site on selected temperatures of a viviparous gecko. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 73:344-355
Schultz, T.J., Webb, J.K., and Christian, K.A.2008. The physiological cost of pregnancy in a tropical viviparous snake. Copeia,3:637-642
Shine, R., and Harlow, P.1993. Maternal thermoregulation influences offspring viability in a viviparous lizard. Oecologia,96:122-127
Speakman, J.R.2008. The physiological costs of reproduction in small mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,363:375-398
Somero, G.N.2004. Adaptation of enzymes to temperature:searching for basic. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B,139(3):321-333.
Stearns, S.C.1992. The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, New York
Trullas, S.C., Terblanche, J.S., Wyk, J.H., and Spotila, J.R.2007. Low repeatability of preferred body temperature in four species of Cordylid lizards:temporal variation and implications for adaptive significance. Evolutionary Ecology Research,21:63-79
Van Doorslaer, W. and Stoks, R.2005. Growth rate plasticity to temperature in two damselfly species differing in latitude:contributions of behaviour and physiology. Oikos,111(3): 599-605
Weinstein, R. and Somero, G. 1998. Effects of temperature on mitochondrial function in the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Journal of Comparative Physiology,168(3):190-196
Yamahira, K. and Conover, D.O.2002. Intra-vs. interspecific latitudinal variation in growth: adaptation to temperature or seasonaliy? Ecology,83(5):1252-1262
Zhang, D.J., Tang, X.L., Yue, F., Chen, Z., Li, R.D., and Chen, Q.2010. Effect of gestation temperature on sexual and morphological phenotypes of offspring in a viviparous lizard, Eremias multiocellata. Journal of Thermal Biology,35:129-133
荣黎,曾维政,吴晓玲2009.高原缺氧与肝脏损伤.世界华人消化杂志,17(21)：2171-2178
闫雪峰2011.不同海拔高度密点麻蜥种群运动能力及其与温度关系的研究.兰州大学学位论文
Adolph, S. C. and Porter, W. P.1996. Growth, seasonality, and lizard life histories:age and size at maturity. Oikos,77:267-278
Agrawal, A. F., Brodie Ⅲ, E. D. and Brown, J.2001. Parent-offspring coadaptation and the dual genetic control of maternal care. Science,292:1710-1712
Anderson, R. A. and Vitt, L. J.1990. Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards. Oecologia,84:145-157
Ballinger, R.E.1983. Life-history variations. In:Huey R.B., Pianka E.R., Schoener T.W., eds. Lizard ecology:studies of a model organism. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press. 241-260
Beatson, R. R.1976. Environmental and genetical correlates of disruptive coloration in the water snake, Natrix s. sipedon. Evolution,30:241-252
Bernardo, J.1996. The particular maternal effect of propagule size, especially egg size:patterns, models, quality of evidence and interpretations. American Zoologist,36:216-236
Booth, D. T.2000. Incubation of eggs of the Australian broad-shelled turtle, Chelodina expansa (Testudinata:Chelidae), at different temperatures:effects on pattern of oxygen consumption and hatchling morphology. Australian Journal of Zoology,48:369-378
Booth, D. T.2006. Influence of Incubation Temperature on Hatchling Phenotype in Reptiles. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,79:274-281
Brana, F.1996. Sexual dimorphism in lacertid lizards:male head increase vs female abdomen increase? Oikos,511-523
Brana, F. and Ji, X.2000. Influence of incubation temperature on morphology, locomotor performance, and early growth of hatchling wall lizards (Podarcis muralis). Journal of Experimental Zoology,286:422-433
Buffrenil, V. and Rimblot-Baly, F.1999. Female reproductive output in exploited Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus L.) populations in Sahelian Africa. Canadian journal of zoology,77: 1530-1539
Cagle, K., Packard, G, Miller, K. and Packard, M.1993. Effects of the microclimate in natural nests on development of embryonic painted turtles, Chrysemys picta. Functional Ecology, 7:653-660
Case, T. J.1983. Niche overlap and the assembly of island lizard communities. Oikos,41:427-433
Caughley, G.1994. Directions in conservation biology. Journal of animal ecology,63:215-244.
Charnov, E. L. and Krebs, J. R.1974. On clutch-size and fitness. Ibis,116:217-219
Cody, M. L.1966. A general theory of clutch size. Evolution,20:174-184
Congdon, J. and Gibbons, J.1990. Turtle eggs:their ecology and evolution. Life history and ecology of the slider turtle,109-123
Damme, R. V., Aerts, P. and Vanhooydonck, B.1998. Variation in morphology, gait characteristics and speed of locomotion in two populations of lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,63:409-427
Du, W. G. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits induced by food availability in a lacertid lizard, Takydromus septentrionalis. Oikos,112:363-369
Dunham, A. E.1981. Populations in a fluctuating environment:the comparative population ecology of the iguanid lizards Sceloporus merriami and Urosaurus ornatus. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,158,1-62
Elphick, M. J. and Shine, R.1998. Longterm effects of incubation temperatures on the morphology and locomotor performance of hatchling lizards (Bassiana duperreyi, Scincidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,63:429-447
Finkler, M. S., Knickerbocker, D. L. and Claussen, D. L.2000. Influence of hydric conditions during incubation and population on overland movement of neonatal snapping turtles. Journal of Herpetology,34:452-455
Ford, N. B. and Killebrew, D. W.1983. Reproductive tactics and female body size in Butler's garter snake, Thamnophis butleri. Journal of Herpetology,17:271-275
Ford, N. B. and Seigel, R. A.1989. Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits:evidence from a viviparous snake. Ecology,70:1768-1774
Forsman, A. and Shine, R.1995. Parallel geographic variation in body shape and reproductive life history within the Australian scincid lizard Lampropholis delicata. Functional Ecology, 9:818-828
Garland Jr, T., Hankins, E. and Huey, R.1990. Locomotor capacity and social dominance in male lizards. Functional Ecology,4:243-250
Gibbons, J. W. and Lovich, J. E.1990. Sexual dimorphism in turtles with emphasis on the slider turtle (Trachemys scripta). Herpetological monographs,4:1-29
Grant, B. W. and Dunham, A. E.1990. Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard Sceloporus merriami. Ecology,71.1765-1776
Gvozdik, L. and Damme, R.2003. Evolutionary maintenance of sexual dimorphism in head size in the lizard Zootoca vivipara:a test of two hypotheses. Journal of Zoology,259:7-13
Haenel, G. J., Smith, L. C. and John-Alder, H. B.2003. Home-range analysis in Sceloporus undulatus (eastern fence lizard). I. Spacing patterns and the context of territorial behavior. Copeia,1:99-112
Herrel, A., De Grauw, E. and Lemos-Espinal, J. A.2001. Head shape and bite performance in xenosaurid lizards. Journal of Experimental Zoology,290:101-107
Herrel, A., Spithoven, L., Van Damme, R. and de Vree, F.1999. Sexual dimorphism of head size in Gallotia galloti:testing the niche divergence hypothesis by functional analyses. Functional Ecology,13:289-297
Ji, X. and Brana, F.2000. Among clutch variation in reproductive output and egg size in the wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) from a lowland population of northern Spain. Journal of Herpetology,34:54-60
Ji, X., Qiu, Q. B. and Diong, C. H.2002. Sexual dimorphism and female reproductive characteristics in the oriental garden lizard, Calotes versicolor, from Hainan, Southern China. Journal of Herpetology,36:1-8
Losos, J. B.1990. Ecomorphology, performance capability, and scaling of West Indian Anolis lizards:an evolutionary analysis. Ecological Monographs,60:369-388
Madsen, T. and Shine, R.1992. Determinants of reproductive success in female adders, Vipera berus. Oecologia,92:40-47
Madsen, T. and Shine, R.1996. Determinants of reproductive output in female water pythons (Liasis fuscus:Pythonidae). Herpetologica,53:146-159
Madsen, T. and Shine, R.2000. Silver spoons and snake body sizes:prey availability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free-ranging pythons. Journal of Animal Ecology,69: 952-958
Merrell, D.J. (1981). Ecological genetics, Univ of Minnesota Pr.
Morris, K. A., Packard, G. C., Boardman, T. J., Paukstis, G. L. and Packard, M. J.1983. Effect of the hydric environment on growth of embryonic snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Herpetologica,39:272-285
Olsson, M. and Shine, R.1997. The limits to reproductive output:offspring size versus number in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis). The American Naturalist,149:179-188
Olsson, M., Shine, R., Wapstra, E., Ujvari, B. and Madsen, T.2002. Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape:the roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection. Evolution,56:1538-1542
Packard, G. C.1999. Water relations of chelonian eggs and embryos:is wetter better? American Zoologist,39:289-303
Qu, Y. F., Gao, J. F., Mao, L. X. and Ji, X.2011. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in two sympatric toad-headed lizards, Phrynocephalus frontalis and P. versicolor (Agamidae). Animal Biology,61:139-151
Qualls, C. P. and Shine, R.1995. Maternal body-volume as a constraint on reproductive output in lizards:evidence from the evolution of viviparity. Oecologia,103:73-78
Roff, D. A.1992. The evolution of life histories:theory and analysis, Springer.
Roff, D.A. (2002). Life history evolution. Sinauer Associates; Sunderland, MA.
Seigel, R. A. and Ford, N. B.1991. Phenotypic plasticity in the reproductive characteristics of an oviparous snake, Elaphe guttata:implications for life history studies. Herpetologica, 47:301-307
Shine, R.1980. "Costs" of reproduction in reptiles. Oecologia,46:92-100
Shine, R.1988. The evolution of large body size in females:a critique of Darwin's" fecundity advantage" model. The American Naturalist,131:124-131
Shine, R.1992. Relative clutch mass and body shape in lizards and snakes:is reproductive investment constrained or optimized? Evolution,46:828-833
Shine, R.1994. Sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited. Copeia,1.326-346
Shine, R.1995. A new hypothesis for the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. American Naturalist, 145:809-823
Shine, R.2003. Reproductive strategies in snakes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,270:995-1004
Shine, R. and Schwarzkopf, L.1992. The evolution of reproductive effort in lizards and snakes. Evolution,46:62-75
Shine, R. and Seigel, R.1996. A neglected life-history trait:clutch-size variance in snakes. Journal of Zoology,239:209-223
Sinervo, B.1990. The evolution of maternal investment in lizards:an experimental and comparative analysis of egg size and its effects on offspring performance. Evolution, 44:279-294
Smith, C. C. and Fretwell, S. D.1974. The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. American Naturalist,108:499-506
Stamps, J.1983. Sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and territoriality. Lizard ecology:studies of a model organism,169-204
Stearns, S. C.1992. The evolution of life histories, Oxford University Press Oxford
Van Damme, R., Bauwens, D., Brana, F. and Verheyen, R. F.1992. Incubation temperature differentially affects hatching time, egg survival, and hatchling performance in the lizard Podarcis muralis. Herpetologica,48:220-228
Vitt, L. J. and Cooper Jr, W. E.1985. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the skink Eumeces laticeps:an example of sexual selection. Canadian Journal of Zoology,63:995-1002
Wang, Y.J., Ji, W.H., Zhao W., Yu, N.N. and Liu, N.F.2011. Geographic Variation in Clutch and Egg Size for the Lizard Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Squamata:Agamidae). Asian Herpetological Research,2(2):97-102
Williams, G. C.1966. Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack's principle. The American Naturalist,100:687-690
Zhang, X. D., Ji, X., Luo, L. G., Gao, J. and Zhang, L.2005. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai Toad-Headed Lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. Acta Zoologica Sinica,51:1006-1012
陈慧丽和计翔2002.热环境对虎斑颈槽蛇卵孵化期,孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响.生态学报,22：1850-1858
陈雪君,林植华和计翔2003.浙江丽水中国石龙子卵孵化温度效应的进一步研究.动物学研究,1：21-25
杜卫国和计翔2001.蓝尾石龙子的生长,两性异形及雌性繁殖.动物学研究,22：279-286
杜卫国和计翔2002.孵化温度对灰鼠蛇卵孵化期,孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响.生态学报,22：548-548
杜卫国和郑荣泉2004.不同孵化湿度下的乌龟卵孵化成功率及新生幼体特征.动物学报,50：133-136
郭砺和赵洪友2009.内蒙古乌拉特后旗荒漠蜥蜴种间关系研究.内蒙古大学学报：自然科学版,40：694-698
计翔和杜卫国2000.蝘蜓头,体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖动物学研究,5：349-354
计翔,杜卫国和许雪峰2001.孵化水热环境对渔异色蛇孵化卵和孵出幼体的影响.动物学报,47：45-52
林植华和计翔2000.浙江丽水中国石龙子的食性,两性异形和雌性繁殖.生态学报,20：304-310
林植华和计翔2004.滑鼠蛇的繁殖输出及孵化热环境对孵出幼体表型特征的影响动物学报,50：541-550
许雪峰,吴义莲和张建龙2005.温湿度对山地麻蜥孵化卵,孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响.动物学研究,1：55-60
赵伟2011.荒漠沙蜥的生活史进化.兰州大学学位论文
Almeida-Val, V. M. F., Oliveira, A. R., da Silva, M. N. P., Ferreira-Nozawa, M. S., Araujo, R. M., Val, A. L., Nozawa, S. R., Almeida-Val, V, Oliveira, A. and de Nazare Paula da Silva, M. 2011. Anoxia-and hypoxia-induced expression of LDH-A* in the Amazon Oscar, Astronotus crassipinis. Genetics and molecular biology,34:315-322
Alonso, J. C., Magana, M., Alonso, J. A., Palacin, C., Martin, C. A. and Martin, B.2009. The most extreme sexual size dimorphism among birds:allometry, selection, and early juvenile development in the great bustard(Otis tarda). The Auk,126:657-665
Anderson, R. A. and Vitt, L. J.1990. Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards. Oecologia,84:145-157
Andersson, M. B.1994. Sexual selection, Princeton Univ Pr
Angilletta, M. and Sears, M.2000. The metabolic cost of reproduction in an oviparous lizard. Functional Ecology,14:39-45
Arak, A.1988. Sexual dimorphism in body size:a model and a test. Evolution,42:820-825
Arnett, A. E. and Gotelli, N. J.1999. Geographic variation in life-history traits of the ant lion, Myrmeleon immaculatus:evolutionary implications of Bergmann's rule. Evolution, 1180-1188
Ashmore, G. M. and Janzen, F. J.2003. Phenotypic variation in smooth softshell turtles (Apalone mutica) from eggs incubated in constant versus fluctuating temperatures. Oecologia,134: 182-188
Ashton, K. G. 2002. Do amphibians follow Bergmann's rule? Canadian Journal of Zoology,80: 708-716
Ashton, K. G. and Feldman, C. R.2003. Bergmann's rule in nonavian reptiles:turtles follow it, lizards and snakes reverse it. Evolution,57:1151-1163
Ashton, K. G., Tracy, M. C. and de Queiroz, A.2000. Is Bergmann's rule valid for mammals? The American Naturalist,156:390-415
Atkinson, D.1994. Temperature and Organism Size--A Biological Law for Ectotherms? Advances in ecological research,25:1-58
Atkinson, D. and Sibly, R. M.1997. Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,12:235-239
Bennett, A. F., Dawson, W.R. (1976) Metabolism in Biology of the Reptilia. Physiology Londonand New York, Academic Press.
Bergmann, C.1847. On the relations of size and thermo-economy in animals. Gottinger Studien,3: 595-708
Berry, J. F. and Shine, R.1980. Sexual size dimorphism and sexual selection in turtles(Order Testudines). Oecologia,44:185-191
Bickler, P. E. and Buck, L. T.2007. Hypoxia tolerance in reptiles, amphibians, and fishes:life with variable oxygen availability. Annu. Rev. Physiol.,69:145-170
Blanckenhorn, W. U.2005. Behavioral causes and consequences of sexual size dimorphism. Ethology,111:977-1016
Bleu, J., Massot, M., Haussy, C. and Meylan, S.2012. Experimental litter size reduction reveals costs of gestation and delayed effects on offspring in a viviparous lizard. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,279:489-498
Blouin-Demers, G., Weatherhead, P. J. and Row, J. R.2004. Phenotypic consequences of nest-site selection in black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta). Canadian Journal of Zoology,82:449-456
Bontzorlos, V. A., Peris, S. J., Vlachos, C. G. and Bakaloudis, D. E.2009. Barn Owl Tyto alba prey in Thessaly, and evaluation of Barn Owl diets throughout Greece. Ardea,97:625-630
Brana, F.1996. Sexual dimorphism in lacertid lizards:male head increase vs female abdomen increase? Oikos,511-523
Bulte, G. and Blouin-Demers, G.2010. Implications of extreme sexual size dimorphism for thermoregulation in a freshwater turtle. Oecologia,162:313-322
Cagle, K., Packard, G., Miller, K. and Packard, M.1993. Effects of the microclimate in natural nests on development of embryonic painted turtles, Chrysemys picta. Functional Ecology,653-660
Caughley, G. 1994. Directions in conservation biology. Journal of animal ecology,215-244
Charnier, M.1966. Action de la temperature sur la sex-ratio chez I'embryon d'Agama agama (Agamidae, Lacertilien). Soci6t6 de Biologie de l'Ouest Africain 160:620-622
Christens, E., and JR Bider.1987. Nesting activity and hatching success of the painted turtle (Chrysemyspicta marginata) in southwestern Quebec. Herpetologica,43:55-65
Cox, R. M., Butler, M. A. and John-Alder, H. B.2007. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in reptiles. Sex, Size and Gender Roles:Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size Dimorphism,38-49
Cox, R. M., Parker, E. U., Cheney, D. M., Liebl, A. L., Martin, L. B. and Calsbeek, R.2010. Experimental evidence for physiological costs underlying the trade-off between reproduction and survival. Functional Ecology,24:1262-1269
Crowley, S. R.1985. Thermal sensitivity of sprint-running in the lizard Sceloporus undulatus: support for a conservative view of thermal physiology. Oecologia,66:219-225
Davis, C. M. and Roth, V. L.2008. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus, Leporidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,95:141-156
Du, W. G. and Lii, D.2010. An experimental test of body volume constraint on female reproductive output. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A:Ecological Genetics and Physiology,313:123-128
Du, W. G. and Ji, X.2006. Effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on egg survival and hatchling traits in the northern grass lizard (Takydromus septentrionalis, Lacertidae). Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A:Comparative Experimental Biology,305:47-54
DU, W. G. and SHINE, R.2010. Why do the eggs of lizards(Bassiana duperreyi:Scincidae) hatch sooner if incubated at fluctuating rather than constant temperatures? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,101:642-650
Du, W.G., Shou, L., Shen, J.Y. and Lu, Y.W.2005. Influence of fluctuating incubation temperatures on hatchling traits in a Chinese skink, Eumeces chinensis. The Herpetological Journal,15:139-142
Du, W. G., Yan, S. J. and Ji, X.2000. Selected body temperature, thermal tolerance and thermal dependence of food assimilation and locomotor performance in adult blue-tailed skinks, Eumeces elegans. Journal of Thermal Biology,25:197-202
Dunham, A. E.1981. Populations in a fluctuating environment:the comparative population ecology of the iguanid lizards Sceloporus merriami and Urosaurus ornatus. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,158,1-62.
Einum, S. and Fleming, I. A.2000. Highly fecund mothers sacrifice offspring survival to maximize fitness. Nature,405:565-567
Fairbairn, D. J., Blanckenhorn, W. U. and Szekely, T.2009. Sex, size and gender roles: evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism, Oxford University Press, USA
Finkler, M. S., Knickerbocker, D. L. and Claussen, D. L.2000. Influence of hydric conditions during incubation and population on overland movement of neonatal snapping turtles. Journal of Herpetology,34:452-455
Fisher, R. A.1915. The evolution of sexual preference. The Eugenics Review,7:184
Germano, D. J., Smith, P. T. and Tabor, S. P.2007. Food habits of the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). The Southwestern Naturalist,52:318-323
Goutner, V. and Alivizatos, H.2003. Diet of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) and Little Owl (Athene noctua) in wetlands of northeastern Greece. Belgian journal of zoology,133:15-22
Gutzke, W. H. N. and Packard, G. C.1987. The influence of temperature on eggs and hatchlings of Blanding's Turtles, Emydoidea blandingii. Journal of Herpetology,21:161-163
Herczeg, G, Gonda, A. and Merila, J.2010. Rensch's rule inverted-female-driven gigantism in nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius. Journal of Animal Ecology,79:581-588
Hirai, T. and Matsui, M.2001. Food habits of an endangered Japanese frog, Rana porosa brevipoda. Ecological Research,16:737-743
Hochkirch, A. and Groning, J.2008. Sexual size dimorphism in Orthoptera (sens. str.)-a review. Journal of Orthoptera Research,17:189-196
Houston, D. and Shine, R.1993. Sexual dimorphism and niche divergence:feeding habits of the Arafura filesnake. Journal of Animal Ecology,62:737-748
Howland, H. C.1974. Optimal strategies for predator avoidance:the relative importance of speed and manoeuvrability. Journal of theoretical Biology,47:333-350
Huey, R.1983. Natural variation in body temperature and physiological performance in a lizard (Anolis cristatellus). Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology:Essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams,484-490
Ilmonen, P., Hasselquist, D., Langefors, A. and Wiehn, J.2003. Stress, immunocompetence and leukocyte profiles of pied flycatchers in relation to brood size manipulation. Oecologia,136: 148-154
James, F. C.1970. Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate. Ecology,365-390
Ji, X., Qiu, Q. B. and Diong, C. H.2002. Sexual dimorphism and female reproductive characteristics in the oriental garden lizard, Calotes versicolor, from Hainan, Southern China. Journal of Herpetology,36:1-8
Jin, Y., Liu, N. and Li, J.2007. Elevational variation in body size of Phrynocephalus vlangalii in the North Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Belgian journal of zoology,137:197-202
Jin, Y. T. and Liu, N. F.2007. Altitudinal variation in reproductive strategy of the toad-headed lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii in North Tibet Plateau (Qinghai). Amphibia-Reptilia,28: 509-515
Li, H., Zhou, Z. S., Ding, G. H. and Ji, X.2011. Fluctuations in incubation temperature affect incubation duration but not morphology, locomotion and growth of hatchlings in the sand lizard Lacerta agilis (Lacertidae). Acta Zoologica,94:11-18
Lindsey, C.1966. Body sizes of poikilotherm vertebrates at different latitudes. Evolution,456-465
Liu, C.B. and Li, R.D.2005. Electrocardiogram and heart rate in response to temperature acclimation in three representative vertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Molecular & Integrative Physiology,142:416-421
Liu, C.B, Li, R.D, Liu, Z., Yin, S. and Wang, Z.2006. The role of prostaglandins and the hypothalamus in thermoregulation in the lizard, Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Agamidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology B,176:321-328
Lovich, J. E., Znari, M., Baamrane, M. A. A., Naimi, M. and Mostalih, A.2010. Biphasic geographic variation in sexual size dimorphism of turtle (Mauremys leprosa) populations along an environmental gradient in Morocco. Chelonian Conservation and Biology,9:45-53
Luo, L., Qu, Y. and Ji, X.2006. Thermal dependence of food assimilation and sprint speed in a lacertid lizard Eremias argus from northern China. Acta Zoologica Sinica,52:256-262
Madsen, T. and Shine, R.1993. Phenotypic plasticity in body sizes and sexual size dimorphism in European grass snakes. Evolution,47:321-325
Marsh, R. L. and Bennett, A. F.1985. Thermal dependence of isotonic contractile properties of skeletal muscle and sprint performance of the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology B:Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology,155: 541-551
Meiri, S. and Dayan, T.2003. On the validity of Bergmann's rule. Journal of Biogeography,30: 331-351
Miles D.B., Sinervo B., Frankino W.A.2000 Reproductive burden, locomotor performance, and the cost of reproduction in free ranging lizards. Evolution 54:1386-1395
Miller, K.1993. The improved performance of snapping turtles(Chelydra serpentina) hatched from eggs incubated on a wet substrate persists through the neonatal period. Journal of Herpetology,27:228-233
Muth, A.1977. Body temperatures and associated postures of the zebra-tailed lizard, Callisaurus draconoides. Copeia,122-125
Olsson, M., Shine, R., Wapstra, E., Ujvari, B. and Madsen, T.2002. Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape:the roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection. Evolution,56:1538-1542
Packard, G. C.1991. Physiological and ecological importance of water to embryos of oviparous reptiles. Egg incubation:its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles,213-228
Packard, G. C.1999. Water relations of chelonian eggs and embryos:is wetter better? American Zoologist,39:289-303
Packard, G. C., Packard, M. J. and Birchard, G. F.1989. Sexual differentiation and hatching success by painted turtles incubating in different thermal and hydric environments. Herpetologica,385-392
Parker, G. 1992. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in fish. Journal of Fish Biology,41: 1-20
Phillips, K. L., NicholsOP, P. D. and Jackson, G. D.2003. Dietary variation of the squid Moroteuthis ingens at four sites in the Southern Ocean:stomach contents, lipid and fatty acid proc les. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK,83:523-534
Porter, E. E. and Hawkins, B. A.2001. Latitudinal gradients in colony size for social insects: termites and ants show different patterns. The American Naturalist,157:97-106
Precht H., Christophersen, J., Hensel H., Larcher W. (Eds.). (1973) Temperature and Life, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp.60-77
Qiu, Q., Zeng, X., Lin, L. and Ji, X.2009. Selected body temperature, thermal tolerance and influence of temperature on food assimilation in the oriental garden lizard, Calotes versicolor (Agamidae). Acta Ecologica Sinica,29:1738-1744
Qu, Y. F., Li, H., Gao, J. F. and Ji, X.2011. Embryonic thermosensitivity and hatchling morphology differ between two coexisting lizards. Acta Oecologica,37(4):375-380.
Qualls, C. P. and Shine, R.1998. Costs of reproduction in conspecific oviparous and viviparous lizards, Lerista bougainvillii. Oikos,539-551
Roff, D.2002. Life history evolution. Sinauer Associates; Sunderland, MA.
Ruwe, W. and Myers, R.1982.5-HT receptors and hyper-or hypothermia:elucidation by catecholamine antagonists injected into the cat hypothalamus. Brain research bulletin,8: 79-86
Seibel, B. A. and Childress, J. J.2000. Metabolism of benthic octopods (Cephalopoda) as a function of habitat depth and oxygen concentration. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers,47:1247-1260
Shelton, G.1970. The regulation of breathing. Fish physiology,4:293-359
Shine, R.1979. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in the Amphibia. Copeia,297-306
Shine, R.1983. Reptilian viviparity in cold climates:testing the assumptions of an evolutionary hypothesis. Oecologia,57:397-405
Shine, R.1994. Sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited. Copeia,326-346
Shine, R.2004. Does viviparity evolve in cold climate reptiles because pregnant females maintain stable (not high) body temperatures? Evolution,58:1809-1818
Shine, R. and Downes, S. J.1999. Can pregnant lizards adjust their offspring phenotypes to environmental conditions? Oecologia,119:1-8
Shine, R., Elphick, M. J. and Harlow, P. S.1997. The influence of natural incubation environments on the phenotypic traits of hatchling lizards. Ecology,78:2559-2568
Shine, R. and Lambeck, R.1985. A radiotelemetric study of movements, thermoregulation and habitat utilization of Arafura filesnakes (Serpentes:Acrochordidae). Herpetologica,351-361
Stearns, S. C.1992. The evolution of life histories, Oxford University Press Oxford
Tang, X. L., Yue, F., Yan, X. F., Zhang, D. J., Xin, Y., Wang, C. and Chen, Q.2012. Effects of gestation temperature on offspring sex and maternal reproduction in a viviparous lizard (Eremias multiocellata) living at high altitude. Journal of Thermal Biology,
Tsuji, J. S.1988. Thermal acclimation of metabolism in Sceloporus lizards from different latitudes. Physiological Zoology,61:241-253
Vanhooydonck, B., Van Damme, R., Van Dooren, T. J. M. and Bauwens, D.2001. Proximate causes of intraspecific variation in locomotor performance in the lizard Gallotia galloti. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,74:937-945
Wang, Y., Ji, W., Zhao, W, Yu, N. and Liu, N.2011. Geographic Variation in Clutch and Egg Size for the Lizard Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Squamata:Agamidae). Asian Herpetological Research 02(2):97-102
Wapstra, E., Olsson, M., Shine, R., Edwards, A., Swain, R. and Joss, J. M. P.2004. Maternal basking behaviour determines offspring sex in a viviparous reptile. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,271:S230-S232
Woolbright, L. L.1983. Sexual selection and size dimorphism in anuran amphibia. American Naturalist,121:110-119
Xin, Y., Tang, X., Yue, F., Zhang, D., Yan, X., Wang, C. and Chen, Q. (2012). Isolation and sequence analysis of Sox genes from lizard Eremias multiocellata. Russian Journal of Genetics 48(1):79-85.
Xu, X. F. and Ji, X.2006. Ontogenetic shifts in thermal tolerance, selected body temperature and thermal dependence of food assimilation and locomotor performance in a lacertid lizard, Eremias brenchleyi. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A:Molecular & Integrative Physiology,143:118-124
Yan, X. F., Tang, X. L., Yue, F., Zhang, D. J., Xin, Y., Wang, C. and Chen, Q.2011. Influence of ambient temperature on maternal thermoregulation and neonate phenotypes in a viviparous lizard, Eremias multiocellata, during the gestation period. Journal of Thermal Biology,36: 187-192
Yang, J., Sun, Y. Y., An, H. and Ji, X.2008. Northern grass lizards (Takydromus septentrionalis) from different populations do not differ in thermal preference and thermal tolerance when acclimated under identical thermal conditions. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology,178:343-349
Yang, J., Sun, Y.Y., Fu, T.B., Xu, D.D. and Ji, X.2012. Selection for increased maternal body volume does not differ between two Scincella lizards with different reproductive modes. Zoology,115:199-206
Yue F., Tang X.L., Zhang D.J., Yan X.F., Xin Y., and Chen Q.2012. Body temperature and standard metabolic rate of female viviparous lizard Eremias multiocellata during reproduction. Canadian Journal of Zoology,90:79-84.
Zhang, D. J., Tang, X. L., Yue, F., Chen, Z., Li, R. D. and Chen, Q.2010. Effect of gestation temperature on sexual and morphological phenotypes of offspring in a viviparous lizard, Eremias multiocellata. Journal of Thermal Biology,35:129-133
Zhang, X. D., Ji, X., Luo, L. G., Gao, J. and Zhang, L.2005. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai Toad-Headed Lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. Acta Zoologica Sinica,51:1006-1012
Zhang, Y.H., Yanase-Fujiwara, M., Hosono, T. and Kanosue, K.1995. Warm and cold signals from the preoptic area:which contribute more to the control of shivering in rats? The Journal of Physiology,485:195-202
Zhang, Y. P. and Ji, X.2004. The thermal dependence of food assimilation and locomotor performance in southern grass lizards, Takydromus sexlineatus (Lacertidae). Journal of Thermal Biology,29:45-53
陈强1995.丽斑麻蜥和草原沙蜥静止代谢率的研究.兰州大学学报：自然科学版,31：68-71
陈强和韩昭雪1993.变色沙蜥繁殖的研究.兰州大学学报：自然科学版,29：199-203
陈秋生,冯霞和姜生成2006.牦牛肺脏高原适应性的结构研究.中国农业科学,39：2107-2113
董丙君,王晶琦,周正彦,陆宇燕和李丕鹏2007.桓仁滑蜥生殖行为及生殖策略的研究.四川动物,26：302-304
董丙君,赵文阁,刘志涛和刘鹏2004.胎生蜥蜴(Lacerta vivipara)生殖行为及生殖策略的研究.哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,20：74-78
杜卫国和计翔2001.蓝尾石龙子的生长,两性异形及雌性繁殖.动物学研究,22：279-286
郝琦蕾,刘红霞和计翔2007.恒定和波动温度下丽斑麻蜥孵出幼体的表型变异.动物学报,52：1049-1057
计翔1994.中国石龙子头,体大小的性二态.杭州师范学院学报(自然科学版),6：79-84
计翔和杜卫国2000.蝘蜓头,体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖动物学研究,5：349-354
计翔,王培潮和洪卫星1991.多疣壁虎的繁殖生态研究.动物学报,37：185-192
计翔和章朝华2001.水热环境对中国石龙子孵化卵,孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响.动物学报,47：256-265
计翔和郑向忠1995.中国石龙子热生物学的研究.动物学报,41：268-274
金园庭,田仁荣和刘迺发2006.四种沙蜥的形态地理变异Bergmann和Allen规律的检验.动物学报,52：838-845
黎道洪和罗蓉1996.黑线姬鼠,锡金小家鼠和高山姬鼠洞穴结构研究.贵州师范大学学报：自然科学版,14：10-16
李仁德和刘迺发1992.环境温度对荒漠沙蜥和密点麻蜥体温的影响及其对环境温度的选择.动物学研究,13：47-52
李仁德,刘迺发1994.温度对蜥蜴腓肠肌ATP酶活性影响的研究.动物学报01：45-50
李仁德和宋志明1990.温度对荒漠沙蜥能量代谢,呼吸和水分蒸发的影响.兰州大学学报：自然科学版,26：107-112
林炽贤,邱清波,林隆慧和计翔2004.蜡皮蜥的两性异形和繁殖输出.动物学研究,25：477-483
林植华和计翔1998.孵化温湿度对北草蜥孵化卵和孵出幼体的影响.动物学研究,19：439-445
林植华和计翔2000.浙江丽水中国石龙子的食性,两性异形和雌性繁殖.生态学报,20：304-310
刘迺发,陈强,解雪梅.1996.荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究.生态学报16：276-282
刘迺发和耿稚蓉1995.密点麻蜥的食性及摄食的季节性变化.应用生态学报,6：74-78
齐新章,王晓君,朱世海,饶鑫峰,魏莲和魏登邦2008.高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应.生理学报,60：348-354
乔洪海,刘伟,杨维康,徐文轩和夏参军2011.大沙鼠行为生态学研究现状.生态学杂志,30：603-610
邱清波,马小梅和计翔2001.海南变色树蜥个体发育中形态和食性的变化.动物学研究,22：367-374
屈彦福2006.草原沙晰和变色沙蜥生活史特征与热生态学的比较研究,南京师范大学
任宝平,李保国,李明和魏辅文2010.川金丝猴食谱的地域性差异比较.兽类学报,357-364
舒霖和杜卫国2006.浙江舟山北草蜥的野外活动体温及体温调节.应用与环境生物学报,11：471-473
舒霖,张群利,屈彦福和计翔2010.青海沙蜥的热耐受性,选择体温及摄食和运动表现的热依赖性.生态学报,30：2036-2042
吐米尔艾尼瓦尔,阿不力孜吾玛尔和哈力克马合木提2005.温度对新疆鬣蜥热能代谢及甲状腺素含量的影响.干旱区研究,22：201-204
王培潮,陆厚基1985.黑尾锦蛇的热量代谢与体温调节.两栖爬行动物学报5(1)：10-16.
王培潮,钱国桢1983.蝮蛇生理生态的研究.两栖爬行动物学报2(1)：21-32.
王培潮,徐宏发1987.温度对北草蜥体温与热代谢的影响.两栖爬行动物学报6(2)：10-15.
王跃招,曾晓茂和刘志君1995.西藏沙蜥(Phrynocephalus theobaldi)生殖决策生殖行为的初步研究.两栖爬行动物学研究,157-162
吴义莲和张著元2011.安徽宿州山地麻蜥卵孵化温度效应.动物学杂志,46：120-125
许雪峰和计翔2003.山地麻蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形和食性的变化.应用生态学报, 14：557-561
许雪峰,吴义莲和张建龙2004.山地麻蜥的雌性繁殖和孵出幼体特征.生物学杂志,21：23-25
许雪峰,吴义莲和张建龙2005.温湿度对山地麻蜥孵化卵,孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响.动物学研究,1：55-60
闫雪峰2011.不同海拔高度密点麻蜥种群运动能力及其与温度关系的研究.兰州大学学位论文
曾志锋2003.鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.)的生态,濒危现状及保育,广西师范大学
张建红,侯天德,王小龙,张建萍,程昉,姚美仙,马莉萍和苏蒙莎2009.密点麻蜥几种组织SDH和LDH活性对温度的适应.四川动物,28：94-95
张永普和计翔2000.北草蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形及食性的变化.动物学研究,21：181-186
章熙东,计翔,罗来高,高建芳和章玲2005.青海沙蜥的两性异型和雌性繁殖.动物学报,51：1006-1012
赵尔宓,赵肯堂和周开亚1999.中国动物志爬行纲第二卷有鳞目蜥蜴亚目,北京：科学出版社
赵肯堂1997.中国的沙蜥属研究.动物学杂志32(001)：15-19
赵伟2011.荒漠沙蜥的生活史进化.兰州大学学位论文
赵伟民,侯天德和程昉2010.温度对白条锦蛇代谢率和不同组织ATP酶活性的影响.四川动物,29：971-974
赵伟民,侯天德和程防2011.温度对白条锦蛇不同发育期琥珀酸脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性的影响.黑龙江畜牧兽医,164-165
Ackerman, R.A.1981. Oxygen consumption by sea turtle (Chelonia, Caretta) eggs during development. Physiological Zoology,54:316-324
Allert, S., Ernest, I., Poliszczak, A., Opperdoes, F.R. and Michels, P.A.M.1991. Molecular cloning and analysis of two tandemly linked genes for pyruvate kinase of Trypanosoma brucei. European journal of biochemistry,200(1):19-27
Angilletta, M.J.2001. Thermal and physiological constraints on energy assimilation in a widespread lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). Ecology,82(11):3044-3056
Angilletta, M.J., Niewiarowski, P.H. and Navas, C.A.2002. The evolution of thermal physiology in ectotherms. Journal of Thermal Biology,27(4):249-268
Angilletta, M.J., Oufiero, C.E., and Sears, M.W.2004. Thermal adaptation of maternal and embryonic phenotypes in a geographically widespread ectotherm. International Congress Series,1275:258-266
Antonutto, G. and Di Prampero, P.1995. The concept of lactate threshold. A short review. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness,35(1):6-12
Ashby, P.D.1998. The effect of standard metabolic rate on egg production in the acridid grasshopper, Xanthippus corallipes. American zoologist,38:561-568
Atkinson, D., Morley, S.A., Weetman, D., and Hughes, R.N.2001. Offspring size responses to maternal temperature in ectotherms. In Environment and Animal Development:Genes, Life Histories and Plasticity. Edited by D. Atkinson and M. Thorndyke. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, pp.269-286
Avivi, A., Resnick, M., Nevo, E., Joel, A. and Levy, A.1999. Adaptive hypoxic tolerance in the subterranean mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi:the role of vascular endothelial growth factor. FEBS letters 452(3):133-140
Bacila, M.1997. Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria from tissues and organs of Antarctic fish. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology,10:145-152
Barger, J.L., Brand, M.D., Barnes, B.M. and Boyer, B.B.2003. Tissue-specific depression of mitochondrial proton leak and substrate oxidation in hibernating arctic ground squirrels. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology,284(5): 1306-1313
Berner, N.J.1999. Oxygen consumption by mitochondria from an endotherm and an ectotherm. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B,124(1):25-31
Beuchat, C.A., and Vleck, D.1990. Metabolic consequences of viviparity in a lizard, Sceloporus jarrovi. Physiological Zoology,63:555-570
Birchard, G.F., Black, C.P., Schuett, G.W., and Black, V.D.1984. Influence of pregnancy on oxygen consumption, heart rate and haematology in the garter snake:implications for the "cost of reproduction" in live bearing reptiles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A,77:519-523
Blier, P.U. and Lemieux, H.2001. The impact of the thermal sensitivity of cytochrome c oxidase on the respiration rate of Arctic charr red muscle mitochondria. Journal of Comparative Physiology B,171(3):247-253
Brooks, G.A.1991. Current concepts in lactate exchange. Medicine and science in sports and exercise,23(8):895.
Bullock, T.H.1955. Compensation for temperature in the metabolism and activity of poikilotherms. Biological Reviews,30(3):311-342
Burelle, Y. and Hochachka, P.W.2002. Endurance training induces muscle-specific changes in mitochondrial function in skinned muscle fibers. Journal of applied physiology,92(6): 2429-2438
Clarke, A.2003. Costs and consequences of evolutionary temperature adaptation. Trends in ecology & evolution,18:573-581
Charland, M.B.1995. Thermal Consequences of Reptilian Viviparity:Thermoregulation in Gravid and Nongravid Garter Snakes (Thamnophis). Journal of Herpetology,29 (3):383-390
Clausen, T., Van Hardeveld, C. and Everts, M.1991. Significance of cation transport in control of energy metabolism and thermogenesis. Physiological reviews,71(3):733-774
Conover, D.O. and Present, T.M.C.1990. Countergradient variation in growth rate:compensation for length of the growing season among Atlantic silversides from different latitudes. Oecologia,83(3):316-324
Coulson, R.A., and Hernandez, T.1980. Oxygen debt in reptiles:relationship between the time required for repayment and metabolic rate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 65:453-457
Cowles, R.B., and Bogert, C.M.1944. A preliminary study on the thermal requirements of desert reptiles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,83:261-296
Deeming, D.C., and Ferguson, M.W.J.1992. Egg Incubation:Its Effects on Embryonic Development in Birds and reptiles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.147-171
DeMarco, V.1993. Metabolic rates of female viviparous lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) throughout the reproductive cycle:do pregnant lizards adhere to standard allometry? Physiological Zoology,66:166-180
DeMarco, V., and Guillette, L.J.1992. Physiological cost of pregnancy in a viviparous lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi). Journal of Experimental Zoology,262:383-390
Eckert, R., Randall, D., and Augustine, G.1988. Animal Physiology. Mechanisms and Adaptations, 3rd ed. Freeman, New York
Garland Jr, T. and Else, P.L.1987. Seasonal, sexual, and individual variation in endurance and activity metabolism in lizards. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology,252(3):R439-R449
Glanville, E. and Seebacher, F.2006. Compensation for environmental change by complementary shifts of thermal sensitivity and thermoregulatory behaviour in an ectotherm. Journal of experimental biology,209 (24):4869-4877
Grown, S.L. and Gaston, K.J.1999. Exploring links between physiology and ecology at macroscales:the role of respiratory metabolism in insects. Biological Reviews,74(1):87-120
Guderley, H. and Johnston, I.1996. Plasticity of fish muscle mitochondria with thermal acclimation. Journal of experimental biology,199(6):1311-1317
Guderley, H. and Seebacher, F.2011. Thermal acclimation, mitochondrial capacities and organ metabolic profiles in a reptile (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Comparative Physiology B,181:53-64
Hare, K.M., Pledger, S., Thompson, M.B., Miller, J.H. and Daugherty, C.H.2010. Nocturnal lizards from a cool-temperate environment have high metabolic rates at low temperatures. Journal of Comparative Physiology B,180(8):1173-1181
Hazel, J. and Prosser, C.L.1974. Molecular mechanisms of temperature compensation in poikilotherms. Physiological reviews,54(3):620
Hochachka, P. and Somero, G. 1984. Temperature adaptation. Biochemical adaptation:355-449
Huey, R.B.1982. Temperature, physiology, and the ecology of reptiles. In Biology of the reptilian, Vol 12, Physiological Ecology. Edited by C. Gans and F.H. Pough. Academic Press, New York. pp.25-91
Jungermann, K. and Keitzmann, T.1996. Zonation of parenchymal and nonparenchymal metabolism in liver. Annual review of nutrition,16(1):179-203
Koval, J.A., DeFronzo, R.A., O'Doherty, R.M., Printz, R., Ardehali, H., Granner, D.K. and Mandarino, L.J.1998. Regulation of hexokinase Ⅱ activity and expression in human muscle by moderate exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,274 (2):304-308
Kunz, T.H., and Orrell, K.S.2004. Energy costs of reproduction. Encyclopedia of Energy 5. Elsevier, New York. pp.423-442.
Ladyman, M., Bonnet, X., Lourdais, O., Bradshaw, D., and Naulleau, G.2003. Gestation, Thermoregulation, and Metabolism in a Viviparous Snake, Vipera aspis:Evidenc for Fecundity-Independent Costs. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,76(4):497-510
Lardies, M.A., Bacigalupe, L.D. and Bozinovic, F.2004. Testing the metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis:an intraspecific latitudinal comparison in the common woodlouse. Evolutionary Ecology Research,6(4):567-578.
Lawton, J.H.1991. From physiology to population dynamics and communities. Functional Ecology,5:155-161
Lin, C.X., Zhang, L., and Ji, X.2008. Influence of pregnancy on locomotor and feeding performances of the skink, Mabuya multifasciata:why do females shift thermal preferences when pregnant? Zoology,111:188-195
Nakatani, A., Han, D.H., Hansen, P.A., Nolte, L.A., Host, H.H., Hickner, R.C. and Holloszy, J.O. 1997. Effect of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats. Journal of applied physiology,82(2):711-715
Packard, G.C., and Boardman, T.J.1988. The misuse of ratios, indices, and percentages in ecophysiological research. Physiological Zoology,61:1-9
Pierce, V.A. and Crawford, D.L.1997. Phylogenetic analysis of thermal acclimation of the glycolytic enzymes in the genus Fundulus. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,70(6): 597-609
Pough, F.H.1989. Organismal performance and Darwinian fitness:Approaches and interpretations. Physiological Zoology,62:199-236.
Prentice, A.M., and Goldberg, G.R.2000. Energy adaptations in human pregnancy:limits and long-term consequences. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. (Supplement), 71:1226-1232
Quails, C.P., and Shine, R.1998. Costs of reproduction in conspecific oviparous and viviparous lizards, Lerista bougainvillii. Oikos,82:539-551
Robert, K.A., and Thompson, M.B.2000. Energy consumption by embryos of a viviparous lizard, Eulamprus tympanum, during development. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 127:481-486
Rock, J., Andrews, R.M., and Cree, A.2000. Effects of reproductive condition, season and site on selected temperatures of a viviparous gecko. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 73:344-355
Schultz, T.J., Webb, J.K., and Christian, K.A.2008. The physiological cost of pregnancy in a tropical viviparous snake. Copeia,3:637-642
Shine, R., and Harlow, P.1993. Maternal thermoregulation influences offspring viability in a viviparous lizard. Oecologia,96:122-127
Speakman, J.R.2008. The physiological costs of reproduction in small mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,363:375-398
Somero, G.N.2004. Adaptation of enzymes to temperature:searching for basic. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B,139(3):321-333.
Stearns, S.C.1992. The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, New York
Trullas, S.C., Terblanche, J.S., Wyk, J.H., and Spotila, J.R.2007. Low repeatability of preferred body temperature in four species of Cordylid lizards:temporal variation and implications for adaptive significance. Evolutionary Ecology Research,21:63-79
Van Doorslaer, W. and Stoks, R.2005. Growth rate plasticity to temperature in two damselfly species differing in latitude:contributions of behaviour and physiology. Oikos,111(3): 599-605
Weinstein, R. and Somero, G. 1998. Effects of temperature on mitochondrial function in the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Journal of Comparative Physiology,168(3):190-196
Yamahira, K. and Conover, D.O.2002. Intra-vs. interspecific latitudinal variation in growth: adaptation to temperature or seasonaliy? Ecology,83(5):1252-1262
Zhang, D.J., Tang, X.L., Yue, F., Chen, Z., Li, R.D., and Chen, Q.2010. Effect of gestation temperature on sexual and morphological phenotypes of offspring in a viviparous lizard, Eremias multiocellata. Journal of Thermal Biology,35:129-133
荣黎,曾维政,吴晓玲2009.高原缺氧与肝脏损伤.世界华人消化杂志,17(21)：2171-2178
闫雪峰2011.不同海拔高度密点麻蜥种群运动能力及其与温度关系的研究.兰州大学学位论文
Adolph, S. C. and Porter, W. P.1996. Growth, seasonality, and lizard life histories:age and size at maturity. Oikos,77:267-278
Agrawal, A. F., Brodie Ⅲ, E. D. and Brown, J.2001. Parent-offspring coadaptation and the dual genetic control of maternal care. Science,292:1710-1712
Anderson, R. A. and Vitt, L. J.1990. Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards. Oecologia,84:145-157
Ballinger, R.E.1983. Life-history variations. In:Huey R.B., Pianka E.R., Schoener T.W., eds. Lizard ecology:studies of a model organism. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press. 241-260
Beatson, R. R.1976. Environmental and genetical correlates of disruptive coloration in the water snake, Natrix s. sipedon. Evolution,30:241-252
Bernardo, J.1996. The particular maternal effect of propagule size, especially egg size:patterns, models, quality of evidence and interpretations. American Zoologist,36:216-236
Booth, D. T.2000. Incubation of eggs of the Australian broad-shelled turtle, Chelodina expansa (Testudinata:Chelidae), at different temperatures:effects on pattern of oxygen consumption and hatchling morphology. Australian Journal of Zoology,48:369-378
Booth, D. T.2006. Influence of Incubation Temperature on Hatchling Phenotype in Reptiles. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,79:274-281
Brana, F.1996. Sexual dimorphism in lacertid lizards:male head increase vs female abdomen increase? Oikos,511-523
Brana, F. and Ji, X.2000. Influence of incubation temperature on morphology, locomotor performance, and early growth of hatchling wall lizards (Podarcis muralis). Journal of Experimental Zoology,286:422-433
Buffrenil, V. and Rimblot-Baly, F.1999. Female reproductive output in exploited Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus L.) populations in Sahelian Africa. Canadian journal of zoology,77: 1530-1539
Cagle, K., Packard, G, Miller, K. and Packard, M.1993. Effects of the microclimate in natural nests on development of embryonic painted turtles, Chrysemys picta. Functional Ecology, 7:653-660
Case, T. J.1983. Niche overlap and the assembly of island lizard communities. Oikos,41:427-433
Caughley, G.1994. Directions in conservation biology. Journal of animal ecology,63:215-244.
Charnov, E. L. and Krebs, J. R.1974. On clutch-size and fitness. Ibis,116:217-219
Cody, M. L.1966. A general theory of clutch size. Evolution,20:174-184
Congdon, J. and Gibbons, J.1990. Turtle eggs:their ecology and evolution. Life history and ecology of the slider turtle,109-123
Damme, R. V., Aerts, P. and Vanhooydonck, B.1998. Variation in morphology, gait characteristics and speed of locomotion in two populations of lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,63:409-427
Du, W. G. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits induced by food availability in a lacertid lizard, Takydromus septentrionalis. Oikos,112:363-369
Dunham, A. E.1981. Populations in a fluctuating environment:the comparative population ecology of the iguanid lizards Sceloporus merriami and Urosaurus ornatus. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,158,1-62
Elphick, M. J. and Shine, R.1998. Longterm effects of incubation temperatures on the morphology and locomotor performance of hatchling lizards (Bassiana duperreyi, Scincidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,63:429-447
Finkler, M. S., Knickerbocker, D. L. and Claussen, D. L.2000. Influence of hydric conditions during incubation and population on overland movement of neonatal snapping turtles. Journal of Herpetology,34:452-455
Ford, N. B. and Killebrew, D. W.1983. Reproductive tactics and female body size in Butler's garter snake, Thamnophis butleri. Journal of Herpetology,17:271-275
Ford, N. B. and Seigel, R. A.1989. Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits:evidence from a viviparous snake. Ecology,70:1768-1774
Forsman, A. and Shine, R.1995. Parallel geographic variation in body shape and reproductive life history within the Australian scincid lizard Lampropholis delicata. Functional Ecology, 9:818-828
Garland Jr, T., Hankins, E. and Huey, R.1990. Locomotor capacity and social dominance in male lizards. Functional Ecology,4:243-250
Gibbons, J. W. and Lovich, J. E.1990. Sexual dimorphism in turtles with emphasis on the slider turtle (Trachemys scripta). Herpetological monographs,4:1-29
Grant, B. W. and Dunham, A. E.1990. Elevational covariation in environmental constraints and life histories of the desert lizard Sceloporus merriami. Ecology,71.1765-1776
Gvozdik, L. and Damme, R.2003. Evolutionary maintenance of sexual dimorphism in head size in the lizard Zootoca vivipara:a test of two hypotheses. Journal of Zoology,259:7-13
Haenel, G. J., Smith, L. C. and John-Alder, H. B.2003. Home-range analysis in Sceloporus undulatus (eastern fence lizard). I. Spacing patterns and the context of territorial behavior. Copeia,1:99-112
Herrel, A., De Grauw, E. and Lemos-Espinal, J. A.2001. Head shape and bite performance in xenosaurid lizards. Journal of Experimental Zoology,290:101-107
Herrel, A., Spithoven, L., Van Damme, R. and de Vree, F.1999. Sexual dimorphism of head size in Gallotia galloti:testing the niche divergence hypothesis by functional analyses. Functional Ecology,13:289-297
Ji, X. and Brana, F.2000. Among clutch variation in reproductive output and egg size in the wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) from a lowland population of northern Spain. Journal of Herpetology,34:54-60
Ji, X., Qiu, Q. B. and Diong, C. H.2002. Sexual dimorphism and female reproductive characteristics in the oriental garden lizard, Calotes versicolor, from Hainan, Southern China. Journal of Herpetology,36:1-8
Losos, J. B.1990. Ecomorphology, performance capability, and scaling of West Indian Anolis lizards:an evolutionary analysis. Ecological Monographs,60:369-388
Madsen, T. and Shine, R.1992. Determinants of reproductive success in female adders, Vipera berus. Oecologia,92:40-47
Madsen, T. and Shine, R.1996. Determinants of reproductive output in female water pythons (Liasis fuscus:Pythonidae). Herpetologica,53:146-159
Madsen, T. and Shine, R.2000. Silver spoons and snake body sizes:prey availability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free-ranging pythons. Journal of Animal Ecology,69: 952-958
Merrell, D.J. (1981). Ecological genetics, Univ of Minnesota Pr.
Morris, K. A., Packard, G. C., Boardman, T. J., Paukstis, G. L. and Packard, M. J.1983. Effect of the hydric environment on growth of embryonic snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Herpetologica,39:272-285
Olsson, M. and Shine, R.1997. The limits to reproductive output:offspring size versus number in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis). The American Naturalist,149:179-188
Olsson, M., Shine, R., Wapstra, E., Ujvari, B. and Madsen, T.2002. Sexual dimorphism in lizard body shape:the roles of sexual selection and fecundity selection. Evolution,56:1538-1542
Packard, G. C.1999. Water relations of chelonian eggs and embryos:is wetter better? American Zoologist,39:289-303
Qu, Y. F., Gao, J. F., Mao, L. X. and Ji, X.2011. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in two sympatric toad-headed lizards, Phrynocephalus frontalis and P. versicolor (Agamidae). Animal Biology,61:139-151
Qualls, C. P. and Shine, R.1995. Maternal body-volume as a constraint on reproductive output in lizards:evidence from the evolution of viviparity. Oecologia,103:73-78
Roff, D. A.1992. The evolution of life histories:theory and analysis, Springer.
Roff, D.A. (2002). Life history evolution. Sinauer Associates; Sunderland, MA.
Seigel, R. A. and Ford, N. B.1991. Phenotypic plasticity in the reproductive characteristics of an oviparous snake, Elaphe guttata:implications for life history studies. Herpetologica, 47:301-307
Shine, R.1980. "Costs" of reproduction in reptiles. Oecologia,46:92-100
Shine, R.1988. The evolution of large body size in females:a critique of Darwin's" fecundity advantage" model. The American Naturalist,131:124-131
Shine, R.1992. Relative clutch mass and body shape in lizards and snakes:is reproductive investment constrained or optimized? Evolution,46:828-833
Shine, R.1994. Sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited. Copeia,1.326-346
Shine, R.1995. A new hypothesis for the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. American Naturalist, 145:809-823
Shine, R.2003. Reproductive strategies in snakes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,270:995-1004
Shine, R. and Schwarzkopf, L.1992. The evolution of reproductive effort in lizards and snakes. Evolution,46:62-75
Shine, R. and Seigel, R.1996. A neglected life-history trait:clutch-size variance in snakes. Journal of Zoology,239:209-223
Sinervo, B.1990. The evolution of maternal investment in lizards:an experimental and comparative analysis of egg size and its effects on offspring performance. Evolution, 44:279-294
Smith, C. C. and Fretwell, S. D.1974. The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. American Naturalist,108:499-506
Stamps, J.1983. Sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and territoriality. Lizard ecology:studies of a model organism,169-204
Stearns, S. C.1992. The evolution of life histories, Oxford University Press Oxford
Van Damme, R., Bauwens, D., Brana, F. and Verheyen, R. F.1992. Incubation temperature differentially affects hatching time, egg survival, and hatchling performance in the lizard Podarcis muralis. Herpetologica,48:220-228
Vitt, L. J. and Cooper Jr, W. E.1985. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the skink Eumeces laticeps:an example of sexual selection. Canadian Journal of Zoology,63:995-1002
Wang, Y.J., Ji, W.H., Zhao W., Yu, N.N. and Liu, N.F.2011. Geographic Variation in Clutch and Egg Size for the Lizard Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Squamata:Agamidae). Asian Herpetological Research,2(2):97-102
Williams, G. C.1966. Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack's principle. The American Naturalist,100:687-690
Zhang, X. D., Ji, X., Luo, L. G., Gao, J. and Zhang, L.2005. Sexual dimorphism and female reproduction in the Qinghai Toad-Headed Lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. Acta Zoologica Sinica,51:1006-1012
陈慧丽和计翔2002.热环境对虎斑颈槽蛇卵孵化期,孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响.生态学报,22：1850-1858
陈雪君,林植华和计翔2003.浙江丽水中国石龙子卵孵化温度效应的进一步研究.动物学研究,1：21-25
杜卫国和计翔2001.蓝尾石龙子的生长,两性异形及雌性繁殖.动物学研究,22：279-286
杜卫国和计翔2002.孵化温度对灰鼠蛇卵孵化期,孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响.生态学报,22：548-548
杜卫国和郑荣泉2004.不同孵化湿度下的乌龟卵孵化成功率及新生幼体特征.动物学报,50：133-136
郭砺和赵洪友2009.内蒙古乌拉特后旗荒漠蜥蜴种间关系研究.内蒙古大学学报：自然科学版,40：694-698
计翔和杜卫国2000.蝘蜓头,体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖动物学研究,5：349-354
计翔,杜卫国和许雪峰2001.孵化水热环境对渔异色蛇孵化卵和孵出幼体的影响.动物学报,47：45-52
林植华和计翔2000.浙江丽水中国石龙子的食性,两性异形和雌性繁殖.生态学报,20：304-310
林植华和计翔2004.滑鼠蛇的繁殖输出及孵化热环境对孵出幼体表型特征的影响动物学报,50：541-550
许雪峰,吴义莲和张建龙2005.温湿度对山地麻蜥孵化卵,孵化成功率及孵出幼体特征的影响.动物学研究,1：55-60
赵伟2011.荒漠沙蜥的生活史进化.兰州大学学位论文
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |