鳄蜥（Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.）的生态、濒危现状及保育
摘要
鳄蜥为我国特有的珍稀濒危动物，是第四纪冰川后期残留在我国华南地区的原始爬行动物，分布范围相当狭窄，并具有许多原始特征，它对于爬行纲动物的起源和演化，蜥蜴目各科分类的研究，有着重要的学术价值。近年来，由于人类的破坏，鳄蜥面临着即将灭绝的危险。为了拯救鳄蜥，开展对鳄蜥生态学的研究意义重大。2001年~2003年，对鳄蜥的生态、濒危现状及保育进行了系统研究，旨在通过对鳄蜥的研究，为相关部门和科学界提供理论依据和数据基础，为鳄蜥的保护尽一份力。
本论文分为综述、研究地的自然概况、生态、濒危现状和保育四个部分。
综述部分简要介绍了行为生态学的起源、发展和前景，动物的生物节律及其机制，动物的生境选择以及鳄蜥的研究概况。研究地的自然概况主要介绍了金秀大瑶山、昭平县两地的地理位置、地形地貌、气候、土壤、水文和植被等情况。生态部分，主要探讨了鳄蜥的活动节律、行为以及行为的时间分配、鳄蜥的冬眠、鳄蜥对生境的选择等内容。濒危现状和保育部分，对鳄蜥现阶段种群分布、数量进行了报道，分析了鳄蜥的濒危机制，并在此基础上提出了保护建议。
鳄蜥的活动节律采用野外直接观察法，对同一生境内的目标种群进行持续多天观察。每天24小时连续观察鳄蜥的活动情况，统计一天中不同时间内出洞外活动的鳄蜥数量以及不同季节、气候条件下的数量变化，以观察到的不同时间内活动个体的多少来表示鳄蜥的活动节律变化。比较了不同季节和不同天气对鳄蜥活动节律的影响，结果显示其差异明显。影响鳄蜥活动节律变化的主要外界因素为环境温度和光照。
对鳄蜥的行为及行为时间分配研究，采用目标取样法（Focal sampling）、连续记录法（continuous recording）和扫描取样法对鳄蜥的行为活动作全日统计观察比较，连续记录行为发生的所有频次、时间和内容，从而得出鳄蜥的行为活动规律。文中报道了鳄蜥的摄食行为（ingestive behaviour）、防御与攻击行为、繁殖行为（reproductive behaviour）以及鳄蜥在繁殖期日活动的行为时间分配。比较了不同性别、年龄鳄蜥行为时间分配的差异。鳄蜥的主要行为活动的时间比例分别为移动10.27%、静栖52.92%（其中静栖于树上占35.38%，静栖于地面上占17.54%）、晒太阳4.08%、捕食3.81%、在穴28.27%、其它行为0.65%。
结合室内观察，对鳄蜥的冬眠时间、越冬状态及洞穴特点、冬眠期代谢情况进行了详细的报道。鳄蜥的冬眠时间从11月至次年3月，喜集群越冬、选择深遂弯曲的石缝或树洞中越冬。冬眠期间鳄蜥的代谢非常低下，深眠期间主要依靠脂肪代谢。
鳄蜥对生境选择的研究采用样方法对鳄蜥的生境因子进行取样，选用多元统计分析方法的系统聚类分析对鳄蜥的生境选择的调查数据进行分析和处理，通过连续的聚类分析，构成一个系统聚类图，从而分析出各种生态因子对鳄蜥的生境选择的影响作用。
通过标志重捕法、小区样线数量统计法和访问法对现阶段鳄蜥的种群分布、数量进行了全面普查，结果发现现阶段鳄蜥的分布面积大大缩小，多处鳄蜥已绝迹，种群数量急剧下降，调查结果显示，广西境内鳄蜥总数仅为499~664只。鳄蜥的贸易猖獗，人类乱捕滥抓现象严重。针对此情况，笔者提出了几点保护建议。
Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. is the rare and facing a crisis reptiles which is especially exist in China. It is the leftover of the late Ice Age of the Primitive Reptile of South China. Its distributive area is rather narrow. Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. has many primitive characteristic. It has important research value to the origin and evolution of riptide, and the research on lizard order and family classification of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.. Recently, owing to the destroy of human beings, the Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. is facing the danger of extinction. It is important to study the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's ecology in order to save Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.. From 2001' to 2003',we did a systematic research on the ecosystem, current danger and protection, aimed at providing a theoretical basis and data basis to the section concerned and the scientific field. We do our bit for the protection of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.
This thesis is divided into four parts: abstract, the general natural condition of research spot, ecosystem, and the current situation of danger and protection.
The abstract introduces the origin, development and foreground of behaviorism ecology. It also includes the animal biologic rhythm and their mechanism, the choice of habitat, and the general research on Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.. The general condition mainly introduce the geographical position, topography, land forms, climate, soil, hydrology and plants of the Jingxiu County Dayao Mountain and Zhaoping County. The ecology part is mainly discuss the activity rhythm, behavior and the time distribution on activity. Shinisaurus crocodilurus's hibernation, the choice of habitat etc. The current danger condition and protection part report the current sort distribution and the number. It also analysis the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's severe danger mechanism. Based on this, we present the suggestion of protection.
Shinisaurus crocodilurus's activity rhythm is adopted the straight observation and a continuous observation to a focal sort in the same habitat. A 24 hours continuous research of Shinisaurus crocodilurus's movement. We add up the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's outing activities according to different time of a day. We also add up the influence of different seasons and climate on the number of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.. And we use the number of individual to indicate the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's movement rhythm changing. The result shows it has distinctive differences. The main outside factor is environment temperature and sunshine.
We adopt the focal sampling, continuous recording and scanner sampling to the research of behavior and time on behavior distribution and do a all-day long comparison on statistics observation. We continuously record the frequently, time and content. Thereby we conclude the behavior activity rhythm. This thesis introduces the ingestive behavior, defence and attach behavior, reproductive behavior and the daily time distribution during the reproductive period. Compared the discrepancy of time distribution between different sex, age. The Shinisaurus crocodilurus's main behavior activities time ratio is : shift 10.27%, stationary 59.52%, (among the total, state on the tree is 35.3% and state on the ground is 17.54% ), bask in the sun , prey on
3.81%, stay in cave 28.27%, other behavior 0.65%.
Combined with the indoor observation, we develop a specific report on the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's hibernation, its state during winter and cave characteristic, metabolism during hibernation. The hibernation time of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. is from November to next March. The like passing winter collectively. Some of them chose the deep curved cave or holes in the tree to pass winter. During the hibernation, the metabolism of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. is very low. And in the deep hibernation, its metabolism is mainly based on its fat.
The research on the choice of habitat is adopt the sampling method. We develop some example on Shinisaurus crocodilurus's habitat fact
本论文分为综述、研究地的自然概况、生态、濒危现状和保育四个部分。
综述部分简要介绍了行为生态学的起源、发展和前景，动物的生物节律及其机制，动物的生境选择以及鳄蜥的研究概况。研究地的自然概况主要介绍了金秀大瑶山、昭平县两地的地理位置、地形地貌、气候、土壤、水文和植被等情况。生态部分，主要探讨了鳄蜥的活动节律、行为以及行为的时间分配、鳄蜥的冬眠、鳄蜥对生境的选择等内容。濒危现状和保育部分，对鳄蜥现阶段种群分布、数量进行了报道，分析了鳄蜥的濒危机制，并在此基础上提出了保护建议。
鳄蜥的活动节律采用野外直接观察法，对同一生境内的目标种群进行持续多天观察。每天24小时连续观察鳄蜥的活动情况，统计一天中不同时间内出洞外活动的鳄蜥数量以及不同季节、气候条件下的数量变化，以观察到的不同时间内活动个体的多少来表示鳄蜥的活动节律变化。比较了不同季节和不同天气对鳄蜥活动节律的影响，结果显示其差异明显。影响鳄蜥活动节律变化的主要外界因素为环境温度和光照。
对鳄蜥的行为及行为时间分配研究，采用目标取样法（Focal sampling）、连续记录法（continuous recording）和扫描取样法对鳄蜥的行为活动作全日统计观察比较，连续记录行为发生的所有频次、时间和内容，从而得出鳄蜥的行为活动规律。文中报道了鳄蜥的摄食行为（ingestive behaviour）、防御与攻击行为、繁殖行为（reproductive behaviour）以及鳄蜥在繁殖期日活动的行为时间分配。比较了不同性别、年龄鳄蜥行为时间分配的差异。鳄蜥的主要行为活动的时间比例分别为移动10.27%、静栖52.92%（其中静栖于树上占35.38%，静栖于地面上占17.54%）、晒太阳4.08%、捕食3.81%、在穴28.27%、其它行为0.65%。
结合室内观察，对鳄蜥的冬眠时间、越冬状态及洞穴特点、冬眠期代谢情况进行了详细的报道。鳄蜥的冬眠时间从11月至次年3月，喜集群越冬、选择深遂弯曲的石缝或树洞中越冬。冬眠期间鳄蜥的代谢非常低下，深眠期间主要依靠脂肪代谢。
鳄蜥对生境选择的研究采用样方法对鳄蜥的生境因子进行取样，选用多元统计分析方法的系统聚类分析对鳄蜥的生境选择的调查数据进行分析和处理，通过连续的聚类分析，构成一个系统聚类图，从而分析出各种生态因子对鳄蜥的生境选择的影响作用。
通过标志重捕法、小区样线数量统计法和访问法对现阶段鳄蜥的种群分布、数量进行了全面普查，结果发现现阶段鳄蜥的分布面积大大缩小，多处鳄蜥已绝迹，种群数量急剧下降，调查结果显示，广西境内鳄蜥总数仅为499~664只。鳄蜥的贸易猖獗，人类乱捕滥抓现象严重。针对此情况，笔者提出了几点保护建议。
Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. is the rare and facing a crisis reptiles which is especially exist in China. It is the leftover of the late Ice Age of the Primitive Reptile of South China. Its distributive area is rather narrow. Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. has many primitive characteristic. It has important research value to the origin and evolution of riptide, and the research on lizard order and family classification of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.. Recently, owing to the destroy of human beings, the Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. is facing the danger of extinction. It is important to study the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's ecology in order to save Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.. From 2001' to 2003',we did a systematic research on the ecosystem, current danger and protection, aimed at providing a theoretical basis and data basis to the section concerned and the scientific field. We do our bit for the protection of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.
This thesis is divided into four parts: abstract, the general natural condition of research spot, ecosystem, and the current situation of danger and protection.
The abstract introduces the origin, development and foreground of behaviorism ecology. It also includes the animal biologic rhythm and their mechanism, the choice of habitat, and the general research on Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.. The general condition mainly introduce the geographical position, topography, land forms, climate, soil, hydrology and plants of the Jingxiu County Dayao Mountain and Zhaoping County. The ecology part is mainly discuss the activity rhythm, behavior and the time distribution on activity. Shinisaurus crocodilurus's hibernation, the choice of habitat etc. The current danger condition and protection part report the current sort distribution and the number. It also analysis the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's severe danger mechanism. Based on this, we present the suggestion of protection.
Shinisaurus crocodilurus's activity rhythm is adopted the straight observation and a continuous observation to a focal sort in the same habitat. A 24 hours continuous research of Shinisaurus crocodilurus's movement. We add up the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's outing activities according to different time of a day. We also add up the influence of different seasons and climate on the number of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl.. And we use the number of individual to indicate the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's movement rhythm changing. The result shows it has distinctive differences. The main outside factor is environment temperature and sunshine.
We adopt the focal sampling, continuous recording and scanner sampling to the research of behavior and time on behavior distribution and do a all-day long comparison on statistics observation. We continuously record the frequently, time and content. Thereby we conclude the behavior activity rhythm. This thesis introduces the ingestive behavior, defence and attach behavior, reproductive behavior and the daily time distribution during the reproductive period. Compared the discrepancy of time distribution between different sex, age. The Shinisaurus crocodilurus's main behavior activities time ratio is : shift 10.27%, stationary 59.52%, (among the total, state on the tree is 35.3% and state on the ground is 17.54% ), bask in the sun , prey on
3.81%, stay in cave 28.27%, other behavior 0.65%.
Combined with the indoor observation, we develop a specific report on the Shinisaurus crocodilurus's hibernation, its state during winter and cave characteristic, metabolism during hibernation. The hibernation time of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. is from November to next March. The like passing winter collectively. Some of them chose the deep curved cave or holes in the tree to pass winter. During the hibernation, the metabolism of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl. is very low. And in the deep hibernation, its metabolism is mainly based on its fat.
The research on the choice of habitat is adopt the sampling method. We develop some example on Shinisaurus crocodilurus's habitat fact
引文
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