钢筋混凝土结构损伤性能设计及整体抗震能力分析
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摘要
随着社会经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,人们对建筑结构的抗震性能提出了更高的要求。基于性能的抗震设计方法的提出,使人们对结构的抗震性能更加明确,符合了时代发展的要求。基于性能的抗震设计方法主要特点就是能够根据用户所提出的某个性能指标或多个性能指标的基础上进行相应的结构抗震设计,改变了以往传统的抗震设计思想中抗震性能不明确的特点,即“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的思想。如何选择一个合适的性能指标来评价结构的地震损伤,是结构基于性能抗震设计的关键问题。由于Park & Ang提出的双参数损伤模型能够综合考虑结构的最大位移响应和累积滞回耗能的耦合作用,在评估结构地震损伤具有一定的先进性,从而被各国学者广泛采用。本文在该模型基础上提出了直接基于地震损伤性能的结构抗震设计思想,并研究了基于该损伤模型的弹塑性反应谱(损伤谱)及其应用;围绕钢筋混凝土结构构件(梁、柱)和非结构构件(填充墙)的损伤特点,结合实际汶川地震的震害调查,分析了非结构填充墙的自身抗震性能和耗能能力以及其对结构整体抗震能力的影响,研究了填充墙的有限元简化分析模型,并采用有限元法对填充墙的面内开裂和面外倒塌进行了模拟和分析;最后提出了基于填充墙失效可控的结构整体抗震能力提升方法。
本论文具体研究内容如下:
首先,Park & Ang提出的双参数损伤模型,主要涉及到结构最大位移响应和累积滞回耗能的计算,尤其是累积滞回耗能的计算比较困难;文中从能量原理出发,寻找出结构累积滞回耗能与最大位移响应的关系,从而为损伤模型的简化计算提供了极大的方便;此外,改变了以往“规范设计+损伤验算”的损伤性能设计模式,即这种设计方法,实际上是将规范的弹塑性变形验算转换为损伤性能指标的验算;文中在此基础上,进一步研究了直接基于Park & Ang损伤模型的结构抗震设计方法,从而真正使损伤性能指标能够在结构抗震设计中就起到控制作用。
其次,在Park & Ang损伤模型的基础上,研究了基于损伤的弹塑性反应谱——损伤谱(简称“R_D谱”)。通过自编程序和大量的计算,回归得到了四类场地R_D谱的计算公式及其拟合参数。R_D谱综合考虑了结构的最大位移响应和结构累积滞回耗能的耦合作用,更加符合结构在实际罕遇地震作用下的行为,相对于以往的仅考虑单一位移(延性)指标或能量指标的弹塑性反应谱,具有一定的先进性。R_D谱与已有研究的R_μ谱定性比较,说明考虑地震动持时作用的重要性和必要性。另外,Pushover分析方法的提出使得弹塑性反应谱从理论研究走向了应用阶段。文中提出了基于R_D谱的能力谱方法,并结合模态Pushover分析,能够方便快速的求得结构的极限位移(延性)能力,可为结构的抗倒塌性能评估提供依据,从而使R_D谱在结构性能评估中得以应用。
第三,根据5.12汶川大地震的震害调查,结合钢筋混凝土结构的梁柱构件以及非结构构件填充墙的震害特点,分析了填充墙自身的抗震性能和耗能能力以及其对结构整体抗震性能的影响。研究了填充墙的简化计算模型,并针对填充墙的面外倒塌现象进行有限元模拟,说明了考虑填充墙构造措施的重要性。此外,对填充墙的面内开裂问题,同样进行了有限元分析,得到了各砌体强度的填充墙裂缝宽度与结构层间位移角的曲线,从而可为填充墙的抗震性能设计提供依据。
最后,根据填充墙自身的材料特性和功能需求,给出了失效填充墙的概念,即允许填充墙预先破坏吸收地震能量,保护重要的结构构件,从而增加结构的抗震设防能力;研究了基于填充墙失效的结构整体抗震能力提升方法;为避免填充墙的失效影响结构的使用功能,研究了失效填充墙的可控措施——铅剪切型阻尼器;由于布置了铅阻尼器,使得填充墙的失效得到了有效地保护,从而达到了既使失效填充墙可控又使结构的整体抗震能力得以提升。
With the development of social economy and increasing living level, seismic performance of buildings has been more and more requested by people. Performace-based seismic design (PBSD) theory is then put forwaR_D, and meets the development of times. The performance of buildings is clear accoR_Ding to PBSD theory. The main characteristic of this theory is that seismic design method is refered to one or more definite performance indices offered by the users of buildings, and then the performance of buildings is very definite after being designed. This idea changes the traditional one, i.e.“little earthquake should not damage, middle earthquake can be repaired, and large earthquake could not collapse”. Therefore, how to choose a reasonable performance index is a key problem in PBSD theory. Double-parameter damage model proposed by Park & Ang is widely used in the world because this model both consider the effect of maximum displacement response and the effect of cumulative hysteretic energy of buildings. In this paper, direct damage-based seismic design method is proposed on the basis of Park & Ang damage model. Also, nonlinear earthquake reponse spectra—damage spectra and its application are presented. Due to damaged characteristics of structural components (beams and columns) and nonconstructural components (infill walls), and combining with Wenchuan earthquake investigation, the analysis of infill walls affecting the global seismic capacity is carried out. A method of improving global seismic capacity based on failure of infill walls is also provided.
The main research contents of this dissertation are as follows:
Firstly, it is difficult to compute the maximum deformation response and hystertic energy of structure as concerned in Park & Ang damage model, especially for hystertic energy. The relationship between hysteretic energy and maximum deformation response is found on the basis of energy theory. Then, simplifed method of computing both parameters of Park & Ang damage model is presented. Furthermore, the former design mode as“designed by code and checked by damage index”is changed, which changed the check of the maximum deformation into damage index. Then, direct damage-based seismic design theory is advocated accoR_Ding to this damage theory, and indeed makes damage index functional during the seismic design.
Secondly, inelastic damage spectra based on Park & Ang damage model is researched, called“R_D spectra”. AccoR_Ding to the matlab program and a large amount of computing, the formula and regressive parameters of four kinds of R_D spectra are obtained. R_D spectra can consider both the effect of maximum displacement response and the effect of cumulative hysteretic energy of buildings. It is more advanced than the former response spectra which either considers effect of the maximum deformation (ductility) or energy effect, and more suitable for the inelastic behavior of buildings subjected to rare earthquake action. It is very important to consider the duration of ground motion by comparing R_D spectra with R_μspectra. Furthermore, inelastic response spectra can be used to estimate the deformation performance of buildings combining with the pushover analysis. Therefore, R_D spectra can be conveniently used to estimate the ultimate deformation (ductility) capacity of buildings with pushover analysis in the PBSD theroy, referred as collapse performance.
ThiR_Dly, accoR_Ding to 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake investigation and combining with typical damaged characteristics of structural components (beams and columns) and nonconstructural components (infill walls), the analysis of infill walls affecting the global seismic capacity is carried out. Simplified FE analytical model of infill walls is also presented. After that, collapse process is simulated by Ansys/Lsdyna software as for out-of-plane problems of infilled frame. The results show that it is very important to consider the construction measures of infill walls to prevent from collapse. Furthermore, as for in-plane cracking problems, FE method is also conducted and the curves of cracking width of different kinds of masonry infills vs. storey drift angle of frame are obtained. The obtained results can be applied to
PBSD for infilled frames in the future. Finally, the concept of allowed failure of infills (AFIs) is provided accoR_Ding to the fragile material character of infill walls and the function of buildings. AFIs are damaged and absort the earthquake energy first to protect the important structural components, and then increase the seismic fortification capacity of buildings. Hence, a method of improving the global seismic capacity of buildings is advocated by considering the function of AFIs. Also, damage control measure is researched in oR_Der to avoid the bad function of buildings due to damage of AFIs, i.e. Lead shearing damper is used to protect AFIs. After putting lead dampers, not only AFIs are protected, but also the global seismic capacity of buildings is improved.
本论文具体研究内容如下:
首先,Park & Ang提出的双参数损伤模型,主要涉及到结构最大位移响应和累积滞回耗能的计算,尤其是累积滞回耗能的计算比较困难;文中从能量原理出发,寻找出结构累积滞回耗能与最大位移响应的关系,从而为损伤模型的简化计算提供了极大的方便;此外,改变了以往“规范设计+损伤验算”的损伤性能设计模式,即这种设计方法,实际上是将规范的弹塑性变形验算转换为损伤性能指标的验算;文中在此基础上,进一步研究了直接基于Park & Ang损伤模型的结构抗震设计方法,从而真正使损伤性能指标能够在结构抗震设计中就起到控制作用。
其次,在Park & Ang损伤模型的基础上,研究了基于损伤的弹塑性反应谱——损伤谱(简称“R_D谱”)。通过自编程序和大量的计算,回归得到了四类场地R_D谱的计算公式及其拟合参数。R_D谱综合考虑了结构的最大位移响应和结构累积滞回耗能的耦合作用,更加符合结构在实际罕遇地震作用下的行为,相对于以往的仅考虑单一位移(延性)指标或能量指标的弹塑性反应谱,具有一定的先进性。R_D谱与已有研究的R_μ谱定性比较,说明考虑地震动持时作用的重要性和必要性。另外,Pushover分析方法的提出使得弹塑性反应谱从理论研究走向了应用阶段。文中提出了基于R_D谱的能力谱方法,并结合模态Pushover分析,能够方便快速的求得结构的极限位移(延性)能力,可为结构的抗倒塌性能评估提供依据,从而使R_D谱在结构性能评估中得以应用。
第三,根据5.12汶川大地震的震害调查,结合钢筋混凝土结构的梁柱构件以及非结构构件填充墙的震害特点,分析了填充墙自身的抗震性能和耗能能力以及其对结构整体抗震性能的影响。研究了填充墙的简化计算模型,并针对填充墙的面外倒塌现象进行有限元模拟,说明了考虑填充墙构造措施的重要性。此外,对填充墙的面内开裂问题,同样进行了有限元分析,得到了各砌体强度的填充墙裂缝宽度与结构层间位移角的曲线,从而可为填充墙的抗震性能设计提供依据。
最后,根据填充墙自身的材料特性和功能需求,给出了失效填充墙的概念,即允许填充墙预先破坏吸收地震能量,保护重要的结构构件,从而增加结构的抗震设防能力;研究了基于填充墙失效的结构整体抗震能力提升方法;为避免填充墙的失效影响结构的使用功能,研究了失效填充墙的可控措施——铅剪切型阻尼器;由于布置了铅阻尼器,使得填充墙的失效得到了有效地保护,从而达到了既使失效填充墙可控又使结构的整体抗震能力得以提升。
With the development of social economy and increasing living level, seismic performance of buildings has been more and more requested by people. Performace-based seismic design (PBSD) theory is then put forwaR_D, and meets the development of times. The performance of buildings is clear accoR_Ding to PBSD theory. The main characteristic of this theory is that seismic design method is refered to one or more definite performance indices offered by the users of buildings, and then the performance of buildings is very definite after being designed. This idea changes the traditional one, i.e.“little earthquake should not damage, middle earthquake can be repaired, and large earthquake could not collapse”. Therefore, how to choose a reasonable performance index is a key problem in PBSD theory. Double-parameter damage model proposed by Park & Ang is widely used in the world because this model both consider the effect of maximum displacement response and the effect of cumulative hysteretic energy of buildings. In this paper, direct damage-based seismic design method is proposed on the basis of Park & Ang damage model. Also, nonlinear earthquake reponse spectra—damage spectra and its application are presented. Due to damaged characteristics of structural components (beams and columns) and nonconstructural components (infill walls), and combining with Wenchuan earthquake investigation, the analysis of infill walls affecting the global seismic capacity is carried out. A method of improving global seismic capacity based on failure of infill walls is also provided.
The main research contents of this dissertation are as follows:
Firstly, it is difficult to compute the maximum deformation response and hystertic energy of structure as concerned in Park & Ang damage model, especially for hystertic energy. The relationship between hysteretic energy and maximum deformation response is found on the basis of energy theory. Then, simplifed method of computing both parameters of Park & Ang damage model is presented. Furthermore, the former design mode as“designed by code and checked by damage index”is changed, which changed the check of the maximum deformation into damage index. Then, direct damage-based seismic design theory is advocated accoR_Ding to this damage theory, and indeed makes damage index functional during the seismic design.
Secondly, inelastic damage spectra based on Park & Ang damage model is researched, called“R_D spectra”. AccoR_Ding to the matlab program and a large amount of computing, the formula and regressive parameters of four kinds of R_D spectra are obtained. R_D spectra can consider both the effect of maximum displacement response and the effect of cumulative hysteretic energy of buildings. It is more advanced than the former response spectra which either considers effect of the maximum deformation (ductility) or energy effect, and more suitable for the inelastic behavior of buildings subjected to rare earthquake action. It is very important to consider the duration of ground motion by comparing R_D spectra with R_μspectra. Furthermore, inelastic response spectra can be used to estimate the deformation performance of buildings combining with the pushover analysis. Therefore, R_D spectra can be conveniently used to estimate the ultimate deformation (ductility) capacity of buildings with pushover analysis in the PBSD theroy, referred as collapse performance.
ThiR_Dly, accoR_Ding to 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake investigation and combining with typical damaged characteristics of structural components (beams and columns) and nonconstructural components (infill walls), the analysis of infill walls affecting the global seismic capacity is carried out. Simplified FE analytical model of infill walls is also presented. After that, collapse process is simulated by Ansys/Lsdyna software as for out-of-plane problems of infilled frame. The results show that it is very important to consider the construction measures of infill walls to prevent from collapse. Furthermore, as for in-plane cracking problems, FE method is also conducted and the curves of cracking width of different kinds of masonry infills vs. storey drift angle of frame are obtained. The obtained results can be applied to
PBSD for infilled frames in the future. Finally, the concept of allowed failure of infills (AFIs) is provided accoR_Ding to the fragile material character of infill walls and the function of buildings. AFIs are damaged and absort the earthquake energy first to protect the important structural components, and then increase the seismic fortification capacity of buildings. Hence, a method of improving the global seismic capacity of buildings is advocated by considering the function of AFIs. Also, damage control measure is researched in oR_Der to avoid the bad function of buildings due to damage of AFIs, i.e. Lead shearing damper is used to protect AFIs. After putting lead dampers, not only AFIs are protected, but also the global seismic capacity of buildings is improved.
引文
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