风力发电机组雷电暂态效应的研究
|
摘要
随着风力发电机组单机容量和风电场规模的增大,风电机组的安全运行问题日益受到重视。雷击是影响风电机组安全运行的主要因素之一。当风电机组遭受雷击时,巨大的雷电流通常由机组的桨叶叶尖注入,沿桨叶内置导体注入叶尖根部,再经滑环、电刷或放电器等环节流过主轴和机舱导流路径进入塔筒顶部,由塔筒将雷电流导入接地装置并最终散入大地。在此暂态过程中,由于接地电阻的存在,地电位将被抬高,有可能对设备造成反击。同时,雷电流将在塔筒内部空间产生电磁场,通过辐射、感应和耦合等方式在塔内的信号线与电力线上以及机组控制系统内产生干扰和电涌过电压,损坏电力电子设备,对机组的安全可靠运行产生威胁。因此,本文旨在对风电机组遭受雷击情况下的暂态特性进行仿真分析,以期为机组的防雷保护提供可信的设计依据,从而降低机组的雷害损失。
本文根据雷电流的流动路径,建立了包括雷击、桨叶、机舱、塔筒及接地装置在内的一体化的风电机组暂态电路模型,计算了电路中的电阻、电感、电容、电导(R、L、C、G)参数,将风电机组等效为由一系列π型电路组成的电网络,雷击被视为注入此电网络的电流源。通过对机组电路方程的求解便可得到机组受直接雷击时的暂态响应。文中考虑了土壤电离的非线性特征,将土壤电离的作用等效为接地导体尺寸的增加,在计算过程中根据土壤电离情况修正接地导体的电路参数,动态地求解电路响应。分别提出了计算理想大地情况下常参数电路的暂态响应和非理想大地条件下频变参数电路的有效方法。论文考察了雷电流波形、耦合参数、计算步长、分段方式、雷击方式和接地装置参数等因素对暂态响应的影响,设计了对实际风机按比例缩小模型的雷击试验。
根据计算得到的塔筒上的暂态电流分布,采用偶极子法求解麦克斯韦方程,推导了塔筒内部空间任意点处的电场和磁场分布的时域计算公式,通过对时间和空间的离散化处理,得到了电场和磁场的数值解法;分析了雷电流波形、雷电流注入方式等因素对电磁场的影响,根据电磁感应定律计算了回路感应电动势。
以塔内空间的电磁场作为入射场,用暂态等值电路法求解传输线方程,对电缆屏蔽层上的感应电压和电流进行了数值计算。根据电路理论利用转移阻抗计算了电缆芯线上的差模感应电涌过电压,并考察了电缆屏蔽层在塔底长距离路径上的单端与两端接地方式、电缆转移阻抗、雷电流波形及电缆敷设方式对过电压的影响。文中的计算结果和分析结论为实际风电机组的雷电防护设计提供了很好的参考依据,根据文中所建立的模型及相应的求解方法,研究者可对不同的风电机组进行暂态分析,并对敏感设备、元件、电缆等采取适当的保护措施。更进一步,在本论文的指导下,设计者可以从根本上优化风电机组的设计。
With the increase of wind turbine capacity and wind farm dimension, the security of wind turbine operation is more and more important. Lightning is one of the mainest factors to affect the security of wind turbine operation. When a wind turbine is struck by lighting, the large impulse current is usually injected from the top of blade and flows through the inner conductor to the blade root. The lightning current then flows through the main shaft, bearing and nacelle conducting path to the tower top and injected into the grounding system by the tower foundation which is finally dissipated into the ground. In the transient process, the ground potential will be raised for the existence of grounding resistance which may cause backflash to the devices installed inside the tower. At the same time, electromagnetic fields will be produced inside the tower by lightning current and surge overvoltages will be induced on the signal lines and power lines by means of radiation, induction and coupling, which will destroy electric and electronic devices and hinder the safe operation of the wind turbine. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to predict and analysis the transient characteristics of the wind turbine struck by lighting and to provide guidelines for lighting protection design to reduce losses of lightning damage for wind turbines.
An integrative transient circuit model of wind turbine including lightning stroke, blade, bearing, tower and grounding system is established according to the lightning flowing path and the R, L, C and G parameters in the model are calculated. The wind turbine is equivalent to an electric network composed of series ofπtype circuits and the lightning stroke is considered to be the current source injected to the network. The transient responses of the wind turbine can be obtained by solving the circuit equation of the network. The nonlinear characteristic of soil ionization is taken into account and the influence of soil ionization is equivalent to the dimension increase of grounding electrodes. The grounding parameters are amended according to the situation of soil ionization and the transient grounding responses are solved dynamically. The effective methods of calculating the transient responses are proposed respectively for the circuits with constant parameters in case of perfect ground and with frequency-dependent parameters in case of imperfect ground. An investigation is made on the influences of lightning current waveform, coupling parameter, calculation step length, discretization manner, lightning stroke manner and grounding parameter on transient responses. An experimental study on lightning transient responses of a wind turbine system using a reduced-size wind turbine model is presented in this paper.
Based on the transient current responses along the tower conductors, Maxwell's equations are solved by dipole technique. The formulas for calculating electric and magnetic fields are derived directly in time domain and the numerical solutions of electromagnetic fields are obtained by the discrete time and space. The influences of lightning current waveform and lightning current injected manner on electromagnetic fields are analyzed and the transient overvoltage induced in a loop is also calculated according to the law of electromagnetic induction.
The electromagnetic field inside the tower is treated as incident field and the induced voltages and currents on the cable sheath are calculated numerically by solving the transmission line equations using the equivalent circuit method. According to circuit theory, the transfer impedance is applied to evaluate the difference voltage in the cable and the influence of grounding manner of cable sheath, transfer impedance, lightning current waveform and installation manner of the cable on the induced voltage is discussed. The results and conclusions obtained in this paper can provide the design references for lightning protection of practical wind turbine. According to the models and calculating methods presented in this paper, researchers can analyze the transient characteristics of the wind turbines and adopt the suitable protection measures for sensitive devices, elements and cables et al. Furthermore, according to the methods and results in this paper, the designers can optimize the lightning protection design of wind turbine system radically.
本文根据雷电流的流动路径,建立了包括雷击、桨叶、机舱、塔筒及接地装置在内的一体化的风电机组暂态电路模型,计算了电路中的电阻、电感、电容、电导(R、L、C、G)参数,将风电机组等效为由一系列π型电路组成的电网络,雷击被视为注入此电网络的电流源。通过对机组电路方程的求解便可得到机组受直接雷击时的暂态响应。文中考虑了土壤电离的非线性特征,将土壤电离的作用等效为接地导体尺寸的增加,在计算过程中根据土壤电离情况修正接地导体的电路参数,动态地求解电路响应。分别提出了计算理想大地情况下常参数电路的暂态响应和非理想大地条件下频变参数电路的有效方法。论文考察了雷电流波形、耦合参数、计算步长、分段方式、雷击方式和接地装置参数等因素对暂态响应的影响,设计了对实际风机按比例缩小模型的雷击试验。
根据计算得到的塔筒上的暂态电流分布,采用偶极子法求解麦克斯韦方程,推导了塔筒内部空间任意点处的电场和磁场分布的时域计算公式,通过对时间和空间的离散化处理,得到了电场和磁场的数值解法;分析了雷电流波形、雷电流注入方式等因素对电磁场的影响,根据电磁感应定律计算了回路感应电动势。
以塔内空间的电磁场作为入射场,用暂态等值电路法求解传输线方程,对电缆屏蔽层上的感应电压和电流进行了数值计算。根据电路理论利用转移阻抗计算了电缆芯线上的差模感应电涌过电压,并考察了电缆屏蔽层在塔底长距离路径上的单端与两端接地方式、电缆转移阻抗、雷电流波形及电缆敷设方式对过电压的影响。文中的计算结果和分析结论为实际风电机组的雷电防护设计提供了很好的参考依据,根据文中所建立的模型及相应的求解方法,研究者可对不同的风电机组进行暂态分析,并对敏感设备、元件、电缆等采取适当的保护措施。更进一步,在本论文的指导下,设计者可以从根本上优化风电机组的设计。
With the increase of wind turbine capacity and wind farm dimension, the security of wind turbine operation is more and more important. Lightning is one of the mainest factors to affect the security of wind turbine operation. When a wind turbine is struck by lighting, the large impulse current is usually injected from the top of blade and flows through the inner conductor to the blade root. The lightning current then flows through the main shaft, bearing and nacelle conducting path to the tower top and injected into the grounding system by the tower foundation which is finally dissipated into the ground. In the transient process, the ground potential will be raised for the existence of grounding resistance which may cause backflash to the devices installed inside the tower. At the same time, electromagnetic fields will be produced inside the tower by lightning current and surge overvoltages will be induced on the signal lines and power lines by means of radiation, induction and coupling, which will destroy electric and electronic devices and hinder the safe operation of the wind turbine. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to predict and analysis the transient characteristics of the wind turbine struck by lighting and to provide guidelines for lighting protection design to reduce losses of lightning damage for wind turbines.
An integrative transient circuit model of wind turbine including lightning stroke, blade, bearing, tower and grounding system is established according to the lightning flowing path and the R, L, C and G parameters in the model are calculated. The wind turbine is equivalent to an electric network composed of series ofπtype circuits and the lightning stroke is considered to be the current source injected to the network. The transient responses of the wind turbine can be obtained by solving the circuit equation of the network. The nonlinear characteristic of soil ionization is taken into account and the influence of soil ionization is equivalent to the dimension increase of grounding electrodes. The grounding parameters are amended according to the situation of soil ionization and the transient grounding responses are solved dynamically. The effective methods of calculating the transient responses are proposed respectively for the circuits with constant parameters in case of perfect ground and with frequency-dependent parameters in case of imperfect ground. An investigation is made on the influences of lightning current waveform, coupling parameter, calculation step length, discretization manner, lightning stroke manner and grounding parameter on transient responses. An experimental study on lightning transient responses of a wind turbine system using a reduced-size wind turbine model is presented in this paper.
Based on the transient current responses along the tower conductors, Maxwell's equations are solved by dipole technique. The formulas for calculating electric and magnetic fields are derived directly in time domain and the numerical solutions of electromagnetic fields are obtained by the discrete time and space. The influences of lightning current waveform and lightning current injected manner on electromagnetic fields are analyzed and the transient overvoltage induced in a loop is also calculated according to the law of electromagnetic induction.
The electromagnetic field inside the tower is treated as incident field and the induced voltages and currents on the cable sheath are calculated numerically by solving the transmission line equations using the equivalent circuit method. According to circuit theory, the transfer impedance is applied to evaluate the difference voltage in the cable and the influence of grounding manner of cable sheath, transfer impedance, lightning current waveform and installation manner of the cable on the induced voltage is discussed. The results and conclusions obtained in this paper can provide the design references for lightning protection of practical wind turbine. According to the models and calculating methods presented in this paper, researchers can analyze the transient characteristics of the wind turbines and adopt the suitable protection measures for sensitive devices, elements and cables et al. Furthermore, according to the methods and results in this paper, the designers can optimize the lightning protection design of wind turbine system radically.
引文
[1]IEC TR 61400-24.Wind Turbine Generator System-Part 24:Lightning Protection.2002.
[2]IEC 62305-1,Protection against lightning-Part 1:General principles.2006.
[3]IEC 62305-2,Protection against lightning-Part 2:Risk management.2006.
[4]IEC 62305-3,Protection against lightning-Part 3:Physical damages to structures and life hazard.2006.
[5]IEC 62305-4,Protection against lightning-Part 4:Electrical and electronic systems within structures.2006.
[6]IEC 62305-5,Protection against lightning-Part 5:Services.2006.
[7]Kazuo Yamamoto,Taku Noda,Shigeru Yokoyama,et al.An experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation system using a reduced-sized model.Electrical Engineering in Japan,2007,158(4):22-29.
[8]Sebastian G M Kr(a丨¨)mer,Fernando Puente Leon,Bastian Lewke.Use of fiber-optic sensor system to review distributed magnetic field simulation of a wind turbine.Proceedings of 2008Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and 19th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2008,192-195.
[9]赵海翔,王晓蓉.风电机组的雷击过电压分析.电网技术,2004,28(4):27-29,72.
[10]Lewke B,Kindersberger J,Stromberger J,et al.MoM based EMI analysis on large wind turbines.Proceedings of 2008 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and 19~(th) International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2008,196-199.
[11]John M.Prousalidis,Maria P.Philippakou.The effects of ionization in wind turbine grounding modeling.Proceedings of 10th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference,2000,940-943.
[12]赵海翔,王晓蓉.雷击引起风电场的地电位升高问题.高电压技术,2003,29(3):13-15,29.
[13]Hatziargyriou N D,Lorentzou M I,Cotton I et al.Wind farm earthing.Proceedings of IEE Half-Day Colloquium on Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines,1997,6/1-6/3.
[14]Cotton I.Windfarm earthing.Proceedings of 11th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering,1999,288-291.
[15]Yasuda Yoh,Ueda Toshiaki.FDTD transient analysis of ring earth electrode.Proceedings of the 41st International Universities Power Engineering Conference,2006,1:133-136.
[16]Yasuda Yoh,Fujii Toshiaki,Ueda Toshiaki.How does ring earth electrode effect to wind turbine.Proceedings of the 42st International Universities Power Engineering Conference,2007,796-799.
[17]Lorentzou M I,Hatziargyriou N D.Papadias B C.Analysis of wind turbine grounding systems.Proceedings of 10th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference,2000,936-939.
[18]王长贵,崔容强,周篁.新能源发电技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2003.
[19]Ametani A,Kasai Y,Sawada J,et al.Frequency-dependent Impedance of Vertical Conductors and a Multiconductor Tower Model.IEE Proceedings of Generation Transaction Distribution,1994,141(4):339-345.
[20]Gutierrez R J A,Mareno P,Naredo J L,et al.Nonuniform Transmission Tower Model for Lightning Transient Studies.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2004,19(2):490-496.
[21]Menemenlis C,Chun Z T.Wave Propagation on Nonuniform Lines.IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems,1982,PAS-101(4):833-839.
[22]Wagner C F,Hileman A R.A new approach to the calculation of lightning performance of transmission lines Ⅲ-a simplified method stroke to tower.AIEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems,1960,79:589-603.
[23]Ishii M,Kawamura T,Kouno T,et al.Multistory Transmission Tower Model for Lightning Surge Analysis.IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1991,6(3):1327-1335.
[24]王东举,周浩,陈稼苗,等.特高杆塔的多波阻抗模型及雷击暂态特性分析.电网技术,2007,3l(23):11-16.
[25]Behzad Kordi,Rouzbeh Moini,Wasyl Janischewskyj et al.Application of the antenna theory model to a tall tower struck by lightning.Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D17):ACL 7-1-ACL 7-5.
[26]Hintamai S,Hokierti J.Lightning surge response analysis of concrete pole using the electromagnetic field method.Proceedings of Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition(2003 IEEE PES),2003,568-573.
[27]Buccella C,Feliziani M.A hybrid model to compute the effects of a direct lightning stroke on three-dimensional structures.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2003,39(3):1586-1589.
[28]Buccella C.Computation of the transient voltage distribution caused by direct lightning on flammable liquid containers.Proceedings of IEEE Industry Applications Society annual meeting,1999,421-428.
[29]Buccella C,Orlandi A.An efficient technique for the evaluation of lightning-induced voltage in a cylindrical vessel containing charged oil.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2003,39(2):368-373.
[30]Buccella C.Calculation of current distribution in a lightning stroked metal structure considering the non-linear ground impedance.Proceedings of IEEE Industry Applications Society annual meeting,2001,4:2703-2708.
[31]张小青.建筑物内电子设备的防雷保护.北京:电子工业出版社,2000.
[32]Buccella C,Cristina S,Orlandi A.Frequency analysis of the induced effects due to the lightning stroke radiated electromagnetic field,IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1992,34:338-344.
[33]Antonini G,Cristina S,Orlandi A.PEEC modeling of lightning protection system and coupling to coaxial cables.IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1998,40(4):481-491.
[34]Clayton R P.Analysis of multiconduetor transmission lines(1~(st) edition).New York:John Wiley& Sons,1994.
[35]#12
[36]Zhou Q B.Lightning-induced impulse magnetic fields in high-rise buildings[Dissertation].Hong Kong:Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2007.
[37]陈水明.雷击建筑物时室内电子系统过电压防护研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,1997.
[38]哈林顿R F著,王尔杰等译.计算电磁学的矩量法.北京:国防工业出版社,1981.
[39]Rao S M,Sarkar T K,Harrington R F.The electrostatic field of conducting bodies in multiple dielectric media.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1984,Mtt-32(11):1441-1448.
[40]吴维韩,张芳榴.电力系统过电压数值计算.北京:科学出版社,1989.
[41]Heppe J.Computation of potential at surface above an energized grid or other electrode,allowing for nonuniform current distribution.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System,1979,98(6):1978-1989.
[42]施围.电力系统过电压计算.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1988.
[43]Cortina R,Pordno A.Calculation of impulse current distributions and magnetic fields in lightning protection structures:a computer program and its laboratory validation.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.1992.28(2):1134-1137.
[44]冯慈璋.电磁场(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[45]Grover F W.Inductance Calculations.New York:Dover,1998.
[46]Deri A,Tevan G,Semlyen A,et al.The complex ground return plane:a simplified model for homogeneous and multi-layer earth return.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,PAS-100:3686-3693.
[47]Rachidi F,Rubinstein M,Montanya J et al.A review of current issues in lightning protection of new-generation wind-turbine blades.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2008,55(6):2489-2496.
[48]Paolone M,Napolitano F,Borghetti A,et al.Models of Wind-Turbine Main Shaft Bearings for the Development of Specific Lightning Protection Systems.Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Lausanne PowerTech,2007,783-789.
[49]Smythe W R.Static and dynamic electricity.New York:Hemisphere publishing corporation,1989.
[50]Cristina S,Orlandi A.Lightning channel's influence on currents and electromagnetic fields in a building struck by lightning.Proceedings of 1990 IEEE International Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium,1990,338-342.
[51]Golde R H著,周诗健,孙景群译.雷电.北京:电力工业出版社,1982.
[52]Uman M A,Mclain D K.Magnetic field of lightning return stroke.Journal of Geophysical Research,1969,74:6899-6910.
[53]Chen Yazhou,Liu Shanghe,Wu Xiaorong,et al.A new kind of lightning channel-base current function.Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2002,304-307.
[54]Heidler F,Cvetic J M,Stanic B V.Calculation of lightning current parameters.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1999,14(2):399-404.
[55]Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee of the T&D Committee.Parameters of lightning strokes:a review.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(1):346-358.
[56]IEC 61312-1,Protection against Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse,Part 1:General principles.1995
[57]中华人民共和国机械部主编.中华人民共和国国家标准GB50057-94建筑物防雷设计规范(2000年版).北京:中国计划出版社,2000.
[58]中华人民共和国电力工业部.DL/T 620-1997,交流电气装置的过电压保护和绝缘配合.北 京:中国电力出版社,1997.
[59]He H B,Zhou B H,Chen J Q.Influence of Parameters of the Transient Grounding Model on Numerical Analysis and Experimental Verification.Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2007,27-30.
[60]He J L,Zeng R,Tu Y P,et al.Laboratory Investigation of Impulse Characteristics of Transmission Tower Grounding Devices.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2003,18(3):994-1001.
[61]Oettle E E.A New General Estimation Curve for Predicting the Impulse Impedance of Concentrated Earth Electrodes.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1988,3(4):2020-2029.
[62]Geri A.Behaviour of grounding systems excited by high impulse currents:the model and its validation.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1999,14(3):1008-1017.
[63]Zeng R,Kang P,He J L,et al.Lightning Transient Performance Analysis of Substation Based on Complete Transmission Line Model of Power Network and Grounding Systems.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2006,42(4):875-878.
[64]Liu Y Q,Theethayi N,Yhottappillil R.An Engineering Model for Transient Analysis of Grounding System under Lightning Strikes:Nonunifrom Transmission-Line Approach.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):722-730.
[65]Grcev L,Dawalibi F.An electromagnetic model for transients in grounding systems.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):1773-1781.
[66]Grcev L.Computer analysis of transient voltages in large grounding systems.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,11(2):815-823.
[67]Nekhoul B,Guerin C,Labie P,et al.A finite element method for calculating the electromagnetic fields generated by substation grounding systems.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1995,31(3):2150-2153.
[68]He H B,Zhou B H,Yu T B,et al.Analysis of transient grounding resistance under pulsed discharging current.Asia-Pacific Conference on Environment Electromagnetics,2003,554-557.
[69]郭剑,邹军,何金良,等.基于EMTP的地网暂态计算模型.高电压技术,2004,30(9):44-57.
[70]张小青.风电机组的防雷与接地.北京:中国电力出版社,2009.
[71]Stojkovic Z,Savich M S.A practical method for determining the lightning resistance of high-voltage power lines taking into account the impulse characteristics of grounding systems.Electrical Technology Russia,1999,(1):112-123.
[72]Velazquez R,Mukhedkar D.Analytical modeling of grounding electrodes transient behavior.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1984,103(6):1314-1321.
[73]高延庆.土壤冲击击穿机理及接地系统暂态特性研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2003.
[74]#12
[75]Liu Y Q,Theethayi N,Yhottappillil R,et al.An improved model for soil ionization around grounding system and its application to stratified soil.Journal of Electrostatics,2004,60:203-209.
[76]Stojkovic Z.The soil ionization influence on the lightning performance of transmission lines. Electrical Engineering,1999,82(1):49-58.
[77]#12
[78]#12
[79]Mousa M A.The soil ionization gradient associated with discharge of high currents into concentrated electrodes.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,9(3):1669-1677.
[80]Savic M S,Stojkovic Z.An expert system for high-voltage substation lightning performance estimation.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,7(3):1223-1231.
[8l]Dommel H W著,李永庄,林集明,曾昭华译.电力系统电磁暂态计算理论.北京:水利电力出版社,1991.
[82]Dommel H W.Digital Computer Solution of Electromagnetic Transients in Single- and Multi-Phase Networks.IEEE transactions on power apparatus and systems,1969,88(4):388-399.
[83]邱关源.电路(第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[84]李福寿.电力系统过电压计算.北京:水利电力出版社,1988.
[85]Orlandi A,Piparo G B Lo,Mazzetti C.Analytical expressions for current share in lightning protection systems.European Transactions on Electrical Power Engineering,1995,5(2):107-114.
[86]谢广润.电力系统接地技术.北京:中国电力出版社,1996.
[87]Elsherbiny M M,Chow Y L,Salama M M A.A fast and accurate analysis of grounding resistance of a driven rodbed in a two-layer soil.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,11(2):808-814.
[88]谢广润,电力系统过电压.北京:水利电力出版社,1985.
[89]IEC1024-1,Protection of structures against lightning-Part 1:General Principles.1990.
[90]赵海翔,王晓蓉.风电机组的雷击机理与防雷技术.电网技术,2003.27(7):12-15,39.
[91]Romero D,Montanya J,Candela A.Behaviour of the wind-turbines under lightning strikes including nonlinear grounding system,ICREPQ 04,2004.
[92]Brandwajn V.Damping of numerical noise in the EMTP solution.EMTP Newsletter,1982,2(3):10-19.
[93]Alvarado F.Eliminating numerical oscillations in trapezoidal integration.EMTP Newsletter,1982,20):20-32.
[94]刘继,王秀英,李小玲.大型现代电子计算机对雷电的防护及其接地系统的电磁兼容问题.电力技术,1985,18(2):46-56.
[95]Zhang Xiaoqing.Simulation of lightning transients in a class of multiconductor systems.Electric Machines and Power Systems,1998,26(5):545-556.
[96]Standler R B.Protection of electronio circuits from overvoltages.New York:John Wiley &Sons Inc.,1989.
[97]张小青,陈水明,吴维韩.建筑物钢筋结构中考虑参数频变特性的雷电暂态响应.清华大学学报(自然科学版),1997,37(6):103-107.
[98]Glushakow B.Effective lightning protection for wind turbine generators.IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2007,22(1):214-222.
[99]张冬平.苍南风电场Vestas风电机运行报告.风力发电,2004,2:9-11,20.
[100]张仁豫,陈昌渔,王昌长.高电压实验技术(第2版).北京:清华大学出版社,2002.
[101]电气学会绝缘试验方法手册修订委员会编,陈琴生译.绝缘试验方法手册(修订版).北京:水利电力出版社,1987.
[102]Rubinstein M,Uman M A.Methods for Calculating the Electromagnetic Fields from a Known Source Distribution:Application to Lightning.IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility,1989,31(2):183-189.
[103]Thottappillil R,Rakov V A.On different approaches to calculating lightning electric fields.Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(D13):14191-14205.
[104]Thottappillil R,Rakov V A.On the computation of electric fields from a lightning discharge in time domain.2001 IEEE EMC International Symposium,2001,1030-1035.
[105]Uman M A,McLain D K,Krider E P.The electromagnetic radiation from a finite antenna.American Journal of Physics,1975,43:33-38.
[106]Fesche F M,Ianoz M,Karlsson T.EMC analysis methods and computational models.New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1997.
[107]IEC 61000-4-9,Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)-part 4:testing and measurement techniques-section 9:pulse magnetic immunity tests;Basic EMC Publication.1993.
[108]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.电子信息系统防雷接地技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.
[109]Grcev L.Software Methods for Analysis of Transient Voltages Coupled to Shielded Cables in HV Substations.IEE CIRED,2001,paper 2.2.
[110]Albert A Smith Jr著,翟启明,张贵元译.外界电磁场对传输线的干扰.太原:山西科学教育出版社,1986.
[111]Taylor C D,Satterwhite R S,Harrison C W.The response of a terminated two-wire transmission line excited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field.IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation,1965,AP-13:987-989.
[112]林福昌.雷击建筑物时对室内二次电缆感应干扰的研究[博士学位论文].武汉:华中理工大学,1996.
[113]万斯 爱 弗著,高攸纲,吕英华译.电磁场对屏蔽电缆的影响.北京:人民邮电出版社,1988.
[114]Sekioka S.An equivalent circuit for analysis of lightning-induced voltages on multiconductor system using an analytical expression.Proceedings of International Conference on Power Systems Transients(IPST'05),2005.
[115]Ashok K.Agrawal,Harold J.Price,Shyam H.Gurbaxani.Transient response of muiticonductor transmission lines excited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field.IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1980,EMC-22(2):119-129.
[116]高本庆.时域有限差分法.北京:国防工业出版社,1995.
[117]Tigner J E.Inductive coupling in a multiconductor cable.IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1983,436-440.
[118]Tigner J E.Electromagnetic coupling through multiconductor cable shields.1982,NS-29(6):1914-1919.
[119]Hofstra J S,Dinallo M A,Hoeft L O.Measured transfer impedance of braid and convoluted shields.IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1982,482-488.
[120]Anzanel P,Kouteynikoff P.Voltages induced by lightning strokes and ground-faults on a coaxial telecom circuit enclosed inside a composite earthwire-Part Ⅱ:Lightning induced voltages and composite earthwire technical design.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1985,PAS-104(2):250-256.
[2]IEC 62305-1,Protection against lightning-Part 1:General principles.2006.
[3]IEC 62305-2,Protection against lightning-Part 2:Risk management.2006.
[4]IEC 62305-3,Protection against lightning-Part 3:Physical damages to structures and life hazard.2006.
[5]IEC 62305-4,Protection against lightning-Part 4:Electrical and electronic systems within structures.2006.
[6]IEC 62305-5,Protection against lightning-Part 5:Services.2006.
[7]Kazuo Yamamoto,Taku Noda,Shigeru Yokoyama,et al.An experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation system using a reduced-sized model.Electrical Engineering in Japan,2007,158(4):22-29.
[8]Sebastian G M Kr(a丨¨)mer,Fernando Puente Leon,Bastian Lewke.Use of fiber-optic sensor system to review distributed magnetic field simulation of a wind turbine.Proceedings of 2008Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and 19th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2008,192-195.
[9]赵海翔,王晓蓉.风电机组的雷击过电压分析.电网技术,2004,28(4):27-29,72.
[10]Lewke B,Kindersberger J,Stromberger J,et al.MoM based EMI analysis on large wind turbines.Proceedings of 2008 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and 19~(th) International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2008,196-199.
[11]John M.Prousalidis,Maria P.Philippakou.The effects of ionization in wind turbine grounding modeling.Proceedings of 10th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference,2000,940-943.
[12]赵海翔,王晓蓉.雷击引起风电场的地电位升高问题.高电压技术,2003,29(3):13-15,29.
[13]Hatziargyriou N D,Lorentzou M I,Cotton I et al.Wind farm earthing.Proceedings of IEE Half-Day Colloquium on Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines,1997,6/1-6/3.
[14]Cotton I.Windfarm earthing.Proceedings of 11th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering,1999,288-291.
[15]Yasuda Yoh,Ueda Toshiaki.FDTD transient analysis of ring earth electrode.Proceedings of the 41st International Universities Power Engineering Conference,2006,1:133-136.
[16]Yasuda Yoh,Fujii Toshiaki,Ueda Toshiaki.How does ring earth electrode effect to wind turbine.Proceedings of the 42st International Universities Power Engineering Conference,2007,796-799.
[17]Lorentzou M I,Hatziargyriou N D.Papadias B C.Analysis of wind turbine grounding systems.Proceedings of 10th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference,2000,936-939.
[18]王长贵,崔容强,周篁.新能源发电技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2003.
[19]Ametani A,Kasai Y,Sawada J,et al.Frequency-dependent Impedance of Vertical Conductors and a Multiconductor Tower Model.IEE Proceedings of Generation Transaction Distribution,1994,141(4):339-345.
[20]Gutierrez R J A,Mareno P,Naredo J L,et al.Nonuniform Transmission Tower Model for Lightning Transient Studies.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2004,19(2):490-496.
[21]Menemenlis C,Chun Z T.Wave Propagation on Nonuniform Lines.IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems,1982,PAS-101(4):833-839.
[22]Wagner C F,Hileman A R.A new approach to the calculation of lightning performance of transmission lines Ⅲ-a simplified method stroke to tower.AIEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems,1960,79:589-603.
[23]Ishii M,Kawamura T,Kouno T,et al.Multistory Transmission Tower Model for Lightning Surge Analysis.IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1991,6(3):1327-1335.
[24]王东举,周浩,陈稼苗,等.特高杆塔的多波阻抗模型及雷击暂态特性分析.电网技术,2007,3l(23):11-16.
[25]Behzad Kordi,Rouzbeh Moini,Wasyl Janischewskyj et al.Application of the antenna theory model to a tall tower struck by lightning.Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D17):ACL 7-1-ACL 7-5.
[26]Hintamai S,Hokierti J.Lightning surge response analysis of concrete pole using the electromagnetic field method.Proceedings of Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition(2003 IEEE PES),2003,568-573.
[27]Buccella C,Feliziani M.A hybrid model to compute the effects of a direct lightning stroke on three-dimensional structures.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2003,39(3):1586-1589.
[28]Buccella C.Computation of the transient voltage distribution caused by direct lightning on flammable liquid containers.Proceedings of IEEE Industry Applications Society annual meeting,1999,421-428.
[29]Buccella C,Orlandi A.An efficient technique for the evaluation of lightning-induced voltage in a cylindrical vessel containing charged oil.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2003,39(2):368-373.
[30]Buccella C.Calculation of current distribution in a lightning stroked metal structure considering the non-linear ground impedance.Proceedings of IEEE Industry Applications Society annual meeting,2001,4:2703-2708.
[31]张小青.建筑物内电子设备的防雷保护.北京:电子工业出版社,2000.
[32]Buccella C,Cristina S,Orlandi A.Frequency analysis of the induced effects due to the lightning stroke radiated electromagnetic field,IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1992,34:338-344.
[33]Antonini G,Cristina S,Orlandi A.PEEC modeling of lightning protection system and coupling to coaxial cables.IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1998,40(4):481-491.
[34]Clayton R P.Analysis of multiconduetor transmission lines(1~(st) edition).New York:John Wiley& Sons,1994.
[35]#12
[36]Zhou Q B.Lightning-induced impulse magnetic fields in high-rise buildings[Dissertation].Hong Kong:Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2007.
[37]陈水明.雷击建筑物时室内电子系统过电压防护研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,1997.
[38]哈林顿R F著,王尔杰等译.计算电磁学的矩量法.北京:国防工业出版社,1981.
[39]Rao S M,Sarkar T K,Harrington R F.The electrostatic field of conducting bodies in multiple dielectric media.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1984,Mtt-32(11):1441-1448.
[40]吴维韩,张芳榴.电力系统过电压数值计算.北京:科学出版社,1989.
[41]Heppe J.Computation of potential at surface above an energized grid or other electrode,allowing for nonuniform current distribution.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System,1979,98(6):1978-1989.
[42]施围.电力系统过电压计算.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1988.
[43]Cortina R,Pordno A.Calculation of impulse current distributions and magnetic fields in lightning protection structures:a computer program and its laboratory validation.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.1992.28(2):1134-1137.
[44]冯慈璋.电磁场(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[45]Grover F W.Inductance Calculations.New York:Dover,1998.
[46]Deri A,Tevan G,Semlyen A,et al.The complex ground return plane:a simplified model for homogeneous and multi-layer earth return.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,PAS-100:3686-3693.
[47]Rachidi F,Rubinstein M,Montanya J et al.A review of current issues in lightning protection of new-generation wind-turbine blades.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2008,55(6):2489-2496.
[48]Paolone M,Napolitano F,Borghetti A,et al.Models of Wind-Turbine Main Shaft Bearings for the Development of Specific Lightning Protection Systems.Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Lausanne PowerTech,2007,783-789.
[49]Smythe W R.Static and dynamic electricity.New York:Hemisphere publishing corporation,1989.
[50]Cristina S,Orlandi A.Lightning channel's influence on currents and electromagnetic fields in a building struck by lightning.Proceedings of 1990 IEEE International Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium,1990,338-342.
[51]Golde R H著,周诗健,孙景群译.雷电.北京:电力工业出版社,1982.
[52]Uman M A,Mclain D K.Magnetic field of lightning return stroke.Journal of Geophysical Research,1969,74:6899-6910.
[53]Chen Yazhou,Liu Shanghe,Wu Xiaorong,et al.A new kind of lightning channel-base current function.Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2002,304-307.
[54]Heidler F,Cvetic J M,Stanic B V.Calculation of lightning current parameters.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1999,14(2):399-404.
[55]Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee of the T&D Committee.Parameters of lightning strokes:a review.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(1):346-358.
[56]IEC 61312-1,Protection against Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse,Part 1:General principles.1995
[57]中华人民共和国机械部主编.中华人民共和国国家标准GB50057-94建筑物防雷设计规范(2000年版).北京:中国计划出版社,2000.
[58]中华人民共和国电力工业部.DL/T 620-1997,交流电气装置的过电压保护和绝缘配合.北 京:中国电力出版社,1997.
[59]He H B,Zhou B H,Chen J Q.Influence of Parameters of the Transient Grounding Model on Numerical Analysis and Experimental Verification.Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,2007,27-30.
[60]He J L,Zeng R,Tu Y P,et al.Laboratory Investigation of Impulse Characteristics of Transmission Tower Grounding Devices.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2003,18(3):994-1001.
[61]Oettle E E.A New General Estimation Curve for Predicting the Impulse Impedance of Concentrated Earth Electrodes.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1988,3(4):2020-2029.
[62]Geri A.Behaviour of grounding systems excited by high impulse currents:the model and its validation.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1999,14(3):1008-1017.
[63]Zeng R,Kang P,He J L,et al.Lightning Transient Performance Analysis of Substation Based on Complete Transmission Line Model of Power Network and Grounding Systems.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2006,42(4):875-878.
[64]Liu Y Q,Theethayi N,Yhottappillil R.An Engineering Model for Transient Analysis of Grounding System under Lightning Strikes:Nonunifrom Transmission-Line Approach.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2005,20(2):722-730.
[65]Grcev L,Dawalibi F.An electromagnetic model for transients in grounding systems.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):1773-1781.
[66]Grcev L.Computer analysis of transient voltages in large grounding systems.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,11(2):815-823.
[67]Nekhoul B,Guerin C,Labie P,et al.A finite element method for calculating the electromagnetic fields generated by substation grounding systems.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1995,31(3):2150-2153.
[68]He H B,Zhou B H,Yu T B,et al.Analysis of transient grounding resistance under pulsed discharging current.Asia-Pacific Conference on Environment Electromagnetics,2003,554-557.
[69]郭剑,邹军,何金良,等.基于EMTP的地网暂态计算模型.高电压技术,2004,30(9):44-57.
[70]张小青.风电机组的防雷与接地.北京:中国电力出版社,2009.
[71]Stojkovic Z,Savich M S.A practical method for determining the lightning resistance of high-voltage power lines taking into account the impulse characteristics of grounding systems.Electrical Technology Russia,1999,(1):112-123.
[72]Velazquez R,Mukhedkar D.Analytical modeling of grounding electrodes transient behavior.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1984,103(6):1314-1321.
[73]高延庆.土壤冲击击穿机理及接地系统暂态特性研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2003.
[74]#12
[75]Liu Y Q,Theethayi N,Yhottappillil R,et al.An improved model for soil ionization around grounding system and its application to stratified soil.Journal of Electrostatics,2004,60:203-209.
[76]Stojkovic Z.The soil ionization influence on the lightning performance of transmission lines. Electrical Engineering,1999,82(1):49-58.
[77]#12
[78]#12
[79]Mousa M A.The soil ionization gradient associated with discharge of high currents into concentrated electrodes.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,9(3):1669-1677.
[80]Savic M S,Stojkovic Z.An expert system for high-voltage substation lightning performance estimation.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1994,7(3):1223-1231.
[8l]Dommel H W著,李永庄,林集明,曾昭华译.电力系统电磁暂态计算理论.北京:水利电力出版社,1991.
[82]Dommel H W.Digital Computer Solution of Electromagnetic Transients in Single- and Multi-Phase Networks.IEEE transactions on power apparatus and systems,1969,88(4):388-399.
[83]邱关源.电路(第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[84]李福寿.电力系统过电压计算.北京:水利电力出版社,1988.
[85]Orlandi A,Piparo G B Lo,Mazzetti C.Analytical expressions for current share in lightning protection systems.European Transactions on Electrical Power Engineering,1995,5(2):107-114.
[86]谢广润.电力系统接地技术.北京:中国电力出版社,1996.
[87]Elsherbiny M M,Chow Y L,Salama M M A.A fast and accurate analysis of grounding resistance of a driven rodbed in a two-layer soil.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,11(2):808-814.
[88]谢广润,电力系统过电压.北京:水利电力出版社,1985.
[89]IEC1024-1,Protection of structures against lightning-Part 1:General Principles.1990.
[90]赵海翔,王晓蓉.风电机组的雷击机理与防雷技术.电网技术,2003.27(7):12-15,39.
[91]Romero D,Montanya J,Candela A.Behaviour of the wind-turbines under lightning strikes including nonlinear grounding system,ICREPQ 04,2004.
[92]Brandwajn V.Damping of numerical noise in the EMTP solution.EMTP Newsletter,1982,2(3):10-19.
[93]Alvarado F.Eliminating numerical oscillations in trapezoidal integration.EMTP Newsletter,1982,20):20-32.
[94]刘继,王秀英,李小玲.大型现代电子计算机对雷电的防护及其接地系统的电磁兼容问题.电力技术,1985,18(2):46-56.
[95]Zhang Xiaoqing.Simulation of lightning transients in a class of multiconductor systems.Electric Machines and Power Systems,1998,26(5):545-556.
[96]Standler R B.Protection of electronio circuits from overvoltages.New York:John Wiley &Sons Inc.,1989.
[97]张小青,陈水明,吴维韩.建筑物钢筋结构中考虑参数频变特性的雷电暂态响应.清华大学学报(自然科学版),1997,37(6):103-107.
[98]Glushakow B.Effective lightning protection for wind turbine generators.IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2007,22(1):214-222.
[99]张冬平.苍南风电场Vestas风电机运行报告.风力发电,2004,2:9-11,20.
[100]张仁豫,陈昌渔,王昌长.高电压实验技术(第2版).北京:清华大学出版社,2002.
[101]电气学会绝缘试验方法手册修订委员会编,陈琴生译.绝缘试验方法手册(修订版).北京:水利电力出版社,1987.
[102]Rubinstein M,Uman M A.Methods for Calculating the Electromagnetic Fields from a Known Source Distribution:Application to Lightning.IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility,1989,31(2):183-189.
[103]Thottappillil R,Rakov V A.On different approaches to calculating lightning electric fields.Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(D13):14191-14205.
[104]Thottappillil R,Rakov V A.On the computation of electric fields from a lightning discharge in time domain.2001 IEEE EMC International Symposium,2001,1030-1035.
[105]Uman M A,McLain D K,Krider E P.The electromagnetic radiation from a finite antenna.American Journal of Physics,1975,43:33-38.
[106]Fesche F M,Ianoz M,Karlsson T.EMC analysis methods and computational models.New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1997.
[107]IEC 61000-4-9,Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)-part 4:testing and measurement techniques-section 9:pulse magnetic immunity tests;Basic EMC Publication.1993.
[108]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.电子信息系统防雷接地技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.
[109]Grcev L.Software Methods for Analysis of Transient Voltages Coupled to Shielded Cables in HV Substations.IEE CIRED,2001,paper 2.2.
[110]Albert A Smith Jr著,翟启明,张贵元译.外界电磁场对传输线的干扰.太原:山西科学教育出版社,1986.
[111]Taylor C D,Satterwhite R S,Harrison C W.The response of a terminated two-wire transmission line excited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field.IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation,1965,AP-13:987-989.
[112]林福昌.雷击建筑物时对室内二次电缆感应干扰的研究[博士学位论文].武汉:华中理工大学,1996.
[113]万斯 爱 弗著,高攸纲,吕英华译.电磁场对屏蔽电缆的影响.北京:人民邮电出版社,1988.
[114]Sekioka S.An equivalent circuit for analysis of lightning-induced voltages on multiconductor system using an analytical expression.Proceedings of International Conference on Power Systems Transients(IPST'05),2005.
[115]Ashok K.Agrawal,Harold J.Price,Shyam H.Gurbaxani.Transient response of muiticonductor transmission lines excited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field.IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1980,EMC-22(2):119-129.
[116]高本庆.时域有限差分法.北京:国防工业出版社,1995.
[117]Tigner J E.Inductive coupling in a multiconductor cable.IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1983,436-440.
[118]Tigner J E.Electromagnetic coupling through multiconductor cable shields.1982,NS-29(6):1914-1919.
[119]Hofstra J S,Dinallo M A,Hoeft L O.Measured transfer impedance of braid and convoluted shields.IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,1982,482-488.
[120]Anzanel P,Kouteynikoff P.Voltages induced by lightning strokes and ground-faults on a coaxial telecom circuit enclosed inside a composite earthwire-Part Ⅱ:Lightning induced voltages and composite earthwire technical design.IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1985,PAS-104(2):250-256.