特高压输电线路继电保护问题研究
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摘要
为了满足未来持续增长的电力需求,提高我国能源开发和利用效率,国家电网公司提出了加快建设由百万伏级交流和正负800千伏级直流系统构成的特高压电网的发展目标。2009年初,我国第一条1000kV晋东南—南阳—荆门特高压交流试验示范工程建成投运,标志着我国在远距离、大容量、低损耗的特高压核心技术和设备国产化上取得了重大突破,对保障国家能源安全和电力可靠供应具有非常重要的意义。
特高压长距离输电线路具有输送功率大、波阻抗小、分布电容大等特点,线路上的分布电容电流会达到很高的水平,这将导致继电保护装置在某些情况下拒动、灵敏度下降等问题。解决这个问题可以采取两种措施：其一是采用电容电流补偿的方法来消除影响；另外就是采用受电容电流影响小或甚至不受电容电流影响的保护新原理、新判据和新算法。论文以解决电容电流对保护装置的影响作为核心内容展开深入研究,在对特高压试验示范工程进行暂态特性仿真分析的基础上,提出了基于Marti模型的特高压输电线路电流差动保护的新思路,有效地克服了分布电容电流的影响,提高了保护装置的可靠性和灵敏度。对于装设有并联电抗器的线路,提出了一种时域计算电抗器电流的方法,利用隐式梯形积分法与后退欧拉法相结合的处理方式,来获得稳定又精确的数值解。同时将基于Marti模型的电流差动保护原理应用于我国皖电东送特高压双回输电线路这一典型工程,最后提出了基于线路分布参数的同杆双回特高压输电线路电容电流补偿方法,获得了一些重要的研究成果。论文所做的工作主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)根据我国特高压试验示范工程的原始条件精确地计算线路参数,对短路故障及断路器操作过程中出现的各种暂态分量的特性进行仿真分析,为后续工作奠定了基础。
(2)提出了基于Marti模型的特高压输电线路电流差动保护原理,该原理既不受电容电流影响,又考虑了线路参数的频变特性,使计算结果更加精确,并且配合简单实用的保护判据,给出了动作电流的表达式。仿真计算表明该保护原理动作准确、可靠,同时具有较高的灵敏度及允许过渡电阻的能力。
(3)提出了基于Marti模型的电流差动保护原理应用于装有并联电抗器的特高压线路时的处理方法,该方法在时域中求取并联电抗器的电流,在一般时刻采用隐式梯形积分法计算,而在网络突变时刻采用后退欧拉法进行处理,这样既保证了暂态过程的精确度又能够消除数值振荡。
(4)以我国淮南-皖南(皖电东送)特高压同杆双回输电工程为背景,建立了双回线路的数学模型,计算了线路参数,对发生短路故障,特别是跨线故障时的暂态特性进行仿真,分析其对继电保护造成的影响。
(5)为了将基于Marti模型的电流差动保护原理应用于特高压双回线路,扩展了相模变换矩阵,将整个双回线作为一个统一的保护对象,给出了保护的工作过程,仿真结果验证了该保护原理应用于双回线的正确性。
(6)特高压双回线发生故障时,与故障相同名异线的非故障相动作电流畸变严重,使用传统的半波傅氏算法无法获得满意的效果。针对这一问题,本文采用一种改进的半波傅氏算法进行滤波,既满足保护快速性的要求,又能够得到较高的精度。
(7)提出了同杆双回特高压输电线路电容电流补偿方法,该方法建立在具有分布参数特性的输电线路模型的基础上,对于电流的瞬时采样值按模量进行补偿计算,能够有效地补偿暂态和稳态电流,且计算工作量小,不要求较高的采样频率,实用化程度高。
上述研究工作及成果表明,本文提出的基于Marti模型的电流差动保护新原理并使之应用于特高压单回和双回输电线路中,能够较好地解决传统保护应用于特高压线路时带来的问题,具有重要的理论和实际意义。
In order to meet the continued load growth in the future and improve the efficiency of energy utilization in our country, a development goal to accelerate the construction of a UHV backbone network, comprised by1000kV UHVAC transmission systems and±800kV UHVDC projects was proposed by the Sate Grid Corporation of China (SGCC). In early2009, the first1000kV UHVAC Jindongnan-nanyang-jingmen pilot demonstration project in China was put into operation, which indicated that China has achieved a breakthrough in the UHV core technologies and equipment localization, and had an important significance to ensure national energy safety and reliable power supply.
The UHVAC long distance transmission lines have characteristics of huge transmission capacity, small characteristic impedance and large distributed capacitance. The large capacitive current would cause malfunction, sensitivity decrease and other issues of relay protection devices in some cases. Two measures can be applied to solve these problems. One is a compensation of the capacitive current, and the other one is a new protection principle not affected by the capacitive current. A depth study on the solution of influences on the protection device caused by the capacitive current is carried on. On the basis of simulation and analysis on the transient characteristics for the UHVAC pilot demonstration project, a novel principle of current differential protection based on Marti model applying for the UHVAC transmission lines is presented. The proposed principle does hardly affected by the capacitive current. Moreover it ensures both sensitivity for internal faults and reliability for external faults of the protection devices. A method to calculate reactor current in the time domain is put forward when circuits are installed shunt rectors. The Implicit Trapezoidal Integration Method and the Backward Euler Method are integrated to obtain the stable and accurate numerical solution. Then the novel principle of current differential protection based on Marti model is applied in the double circuit UHVAC lines, and a capacitive current compensation algorithm for double circuit UHVAC transmission lines is also presented. The detailed research work is shown as follows:
(1) The line parameters of UHVAC pilot demonstration project in China are calculated according to the original conditions. Varieties of transient components emerging during faults and breakers operation are simulated and analyzed, which lay a firm foundation for the later research.
(2) The current differential protection principle based on Marti line model applied in the UHVAC transmission lines is proposed, which does not affected by the capacitive current. More accurate results will be obtained by way of the principle taking account of frequency-dependent characteristics of line parameters. A simple and practical criterion is also given. The expressions of operating current at the conditions of various short-circuit faults are deduced. The high sensitivity and allowable transition resistance ability of the proposed protection principle are verified by simulations.
(3) A method to use current differential protection principle based on Marti model into the UHV transmission lines equipped with the shunt reactors is put forward. The reactor current is calculated in the time domain by way of Implicit Trapezoidal Integration Method on the normal time, and the Backward Euler Method on the network jumping moment. This disposal can not only avoid the oscillation of numerical calculation, but also improve the simulating accuracy as much as possible. At last the modified reactor current will be counted into the protective criterion.
(4) The simulation model of the Huainan-Wannan UHVAC double circuit lines in China are constructed after the calculations of line parameters. Simulation on the conditions of various short-circuit faults, especially faults between differential lines are carried out. At the same time the impact on the relaying protection is also analyzed.
(5) In order to use the aforementioned current differential protection in the UHVAC double circuit lines, the phase-mode transformation matrix is extended firstly. In the operation, the double-circuit six lines are regarded as a unified protected object. The working steps are also listed in the dissertation. The simulation results verify the correctness of the protection principle applied to the double circuit lines.
(6) When an internal fault occurs on the double circuit lines, the transient current of non-fault-phase distorts greatly. At this time the traditional half-wave Fourier Transform Algorithm does not function properly. For these reasons, an improved half-wave Fourier Transform Algorithm is applied to filter. Simulations show the algorithm has good precision and speediness.
(7) A capacitive current compensation algorithm for double circuit UHVAC lines is presented. On the basis of the transmission line model with distributed parameters, the current sample values are compensated after calculating the capacitive currents. The algorithm does not require excessive high sample frequency and has a wide practical value.
The above researches and results show that the proposed current differential protection principle based on Marti model is suitable for the UHVAC single circuit or double circuit transmission lines. This principle can solve the difficulties in the traditional relay protection, and related study has more significance in theory and practice.
特高压长距离输电线路具有输送功率大、波阻抗小、分布电容大等特点,线路上的分布电容电流会达到很高的水平,这将导致继电保护装置在某些情况下拒动、灵敏度下降等问题。解决这个问题可以采取两种措施：其一是采用电容电流补偿的方法来消除影响；另外就是采用受电容电流影响小或甚至不受电容电流影响的保护新原理、新判据和新算法。论文以解决电容电流对保护装置的影响作为核心内容展开深入研究,在对特高压试验示范工程进行暂态特性仿真分析的基础上,提出了基于Marti模型的特高压输电线路电流差动保护的新思路,有效地克服了分布电容电流的影响,提高了保护装置的可靠性和灵敏度。对于装设有并联电抗器的线路,提出了一种时域计算电抗器电流的方法,利用隐式梯形积分法与后退欧拉法相结合的处理方式,来获得稳定又精确的数值解。同时将基于Marti模型的电流差动保护原理应用于我国皖电东送特高压双回输电线路这一典型工程,最后提出了基于线路分布参数的同杆双回特高压输电线路电容电流补偿方法,获得了一些重要的研究成果。论文所做的工作主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)根据我国特高压试验示范工程的原始条件精确地计算线路参数,对短路故障及断路器操作过程中出现的各种暂态分量的特性进行仿真分析,为后续工作奠定了基础。
(2)提出了基于Marti模型的特高压输电线路电流差动保护原理,该原理既不受电容电流影响,又考虑了线路参数的频变特性,使计算结果更加精确,并且配合简单实用的保护判据,给出了动作电流的表达式。仿真计算表明该保护原理动作准确、可靠,同时具有较高的灵敏度及允许过渡电阻的能力。
(3)提出了基于Marti模型的电流差动保护原理应用于装有并联电抗器的特高压线路时的处理方法,该方法在时域中求取并联电抗器的电流,在一般时刻采用隐式梯形积分法计算,而在网络突变时刻采用后退欧拉法进行处理,这样既保证了暂态过程的精确度又能够消除数值振荡。
(4)以我国淮南-皖南(皖电东送)特高压同杆双回输电工程为背景,建立了双回线路的数学模型,计算了线路参数,对发生短路故障,特别是跨线故障时的暂态特性进行仿真,分析其对继电保护造成的影响。
(5)为了将基于Marti模型的电流差动保护原理应用于特高压双回线路,扩展了相模变换矩阵,将整个双回线作为一个统一的保护对象,给出了保护的工作过程,仿真结果验证了该保护原理应用于双回线的正确性。
(6)特高压双回线发生故障时,与故障相同名异线的非故障相动作电流畸变严重,使用传统的半波傅氏算法无法获得满意的效果。针对这一问题,本文采用一种改进的半波傅氏算法进行滤波,既满足保护快速性的要求,又能够得到较高的精度。
(7)提出了同杆双回特高压输电线路电容电流补偿方法,该方法建立在具有分布参数特性的输电线路模型的基础上,对于电流的瞬时采样值按模量进行补偿计算,能够有效地补偿暂态和稳态电流,且计算工作量小,不要求较高的采样频率,实用化程度高。
上述研究工作及成果表明,本文提出的基于Marti模型的电流差动保护新原理并使之应用于特高压单回和双回输电线路中,能够较好地解决传统保护应用于特高压线路时带来的问题,具有重要的理论和实际意义。
In order to meet the continued load growth in the future and improve the efficiency of energy utilization in our country, a development goal to accelerate the construction of a UHV backbone network, comprised by1000kV UHVAC transmission systems and±800kV UHVDC projects was proposed by the Sate Grid Corporation of China (SGCC). In early2009, the first1000kV UHVAC Jindongnan-nanyang-jingmen pilot demonstration project in China was put into operation, which indicated that China has achieved a breakthrough in the UHV core technologies and equipment localization, and had an important significance to ensure national energy safety and reliable power supply.
The UHVAC long distance transmission lines have characteristics of huge transmission capacity, small characteristic impedance and large distributed capacitance. The large capacitive current would cause malfunction, sensitivity decrease and other issues of relay protection devices in some cases. Two measures can be applied to solve these problems. One is a compensation of the capacitive current, and the other one is a new protection principle not affected by the capacitive current. A depth study on the solution of influences on the protection device caused by the capacitive current is carried on. On the basis of simulation and analysis on the transient characteristics for the UHVAC pilot demonstration project, a novel principle of current differential protection based on Marti model applying for the UHVAC transmission lines is presented. The proposed principle does hardly affected by the capacitive current. Moreover it ensures both sensitivity for internal faults and reliability for external faults of the protection devices. A method to calculate reactor current in the time domain is put forward when circuits are installed shunt rectors. The Implicit Trapezoidal Integration Method and the Backward Euler Method are integrated to obtain the stable and accurate numerical solution. Then the novel principle of current differential protection based on Marti model is applied in the double circuit UHVAC lines, and a capacitive current compensation algorithm for double circuit UHVAC transmission lines is also presented. The detailed research work is shown as follows:
(1) The line parameters of UHVAC pilot demonstration project in China are calculated according to the original conditions. Varieties of transient components emerging during faults and breakers operation are simulated and analyzed, which lay a firm foundation for the later research.
(2) The current differential protection principle based on Marti line model applied in the UHVAC transmission lines is proposed, which does not affected by the capacitive current. More accurate results will be obtained by way of the principle taking account of frequency-dependent characteristics of line parameters. A simple and practical criterion is also given. The expressions of operating current at the conditions of various short-circuit faults are deduced. The high sensitivity and allowable transition resistance ability of the proposed protection principle are verified by simulations.
(3) A method to use current differential protection principle based on Marti model into the UHV transmission lines equipped with the shunt reactors is put forward. The reactor current is calculated in the time domain by way of Implicit Trapezoidal Integration Method on the normal time, and the Backward Euler Method on the network jumping moment. This disposal can not only avoid the oscillation of numerical calculation, but also improve the simulating accuracy as much as possible. At last the modified reactor current will be counted into the protective criterion.
(4) The simulation model of the Huainan-Wannan UHVAC double circuit lines in China are constructed after the calculations of line parameters. Simulation on the conditions of various short-circuit faults, especially faults between differential lines are carried out. At the same time the impact on the relaying protection is also analyzed.
(5) In order to use the aforementioned current differential protection in the UHVAC double circuit lines, the phase-mode transformation matrix is extended firstly. In the operation, the double-circuit six lines are regarded as a unified protected object. The working steps are also listed in the dissertation. The simulation results verify the correctness of the protection principle applied to the double circuit lines.
(6) When an internal fault occurs on the double circuit lines, the transient current of non-fault-phase distorts greatly. At this time the traditional half-wave Fourier Transform Algorithm does not function properly. For these reasons, an improved half-wave Fourier Transform Algorithm is applied to filter. Simulations show the algorithm has good precision and speediness.
(7) A capacitive current compensation algorithm for double circuit UHVAC lines is presented. On the basis of the transmission line model with distributed parameters, the current sample values are compensated after calculating the capacitive currents. The algorithm does not require excessive high sample frequency and has a wide practical value.
The above researches and results show that the proposed current differential protection principle based on Marti model is suitable for the UHVAC single circuit or double circuit transmission lines. This principle can solve the difficulties in the traditional relay protection, and related study has more significance in theory and practice.
引文
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