东北地区主要城市土壤和松针中重金属污染研究
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摘要
重金属污染是人们普遍关注地环境问题之一。城市环境是影响城市居民生活质量和人体健康的关键因素。为了解东北地区主要城市重金属污染水平，本论文研究了东北地区主要城市的整体污染状况，并以大连市为例，对重金属污染水平、分布、来源、重金属污染的环境生态风险评价进行了研究。研究结果表明：
(1) 松针是一种有效环境污染指示物。通过对东北三省主要城市松针重金属污染研究，污染指数表明除了沈阳是中度污染外，其它城市污染指数并不高，表明大部分城市重金属污染并不严重。大连地区大部分松针中Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni浓度未超过临界值，但是，部分雪松松针中Pb浓度超标，因此，Pb污染应引起重视；相关分析和聚类分析结果表明Pb、Ba、Zn、Cu、V、Fe、Ti、Cr、K、Na和Y可能主要来源于交通，Cd、Mg、Sr、Li、Co、Mn、Ni、Al、Ce和Ca可能主要来源于土壤。
(2) 对东北地区主要城市土壤中重金属研究发现，部分城市土壤中Cd可能会对居民健康造成潜在危害；污染指数评价结果表明东北三省主要城市中78％的城市土壤污染较轻；除沈阳总潜在危害指数达到中度污染外，其余均为低生态风险。大连地区土壤中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni浓度分别为47.5～360、9.4～97.1、13.2～72.9、0～8.68、13.2～55.1、2.0～41.2 mg／kg不等；污染指数法评价结果显示大连地区土壤主要污染物为Cd，部分地区土壤Zn和Pb污染严重；聚类分析结果表明土壤金属污染与大连地区工业、交通等功能区分布基本一致，交通繁忙、商业发达地区金属污染严重，偏远郊区污染较轻。
通过对东北三省主要城市松针和土壤的研究，表明东北三省重金属整体污染水平并不严重，但需要对部分元素如Cd、Pb等潜在风险引起重视。各城市中沈阳污染最严重，建议采取一定的污染控制措施，防止污染加剧。
The pollution of heavy metals is a widespread environmental problem all over the world. The environmental quality of cities is one of the important factors to the health of residents. Soils and pines needles were analysis to survey the heavy metal contamination in the main cities of northeast China. Dalian was introduced as a model in this studies, the level of heavy metal pollution was assessed by the integrated pollution index and potential ecological risk assessemnts. The sources of heavy metals were identified by the correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The main results were presented as follows.
(1) Pine needles are a good bioindicator plant for heavy metal in environmet. By analysis of pine samples, the integrated pollution index in the most of cities in northeast China were not high, except of Shenyang, which suggested that heavy metal pollution was not serious. Most of heavy metal concentrations in pine needles were not beyond the critical level, but it was possible that lead pose the potential threat in Dalian. Correlation analysis and cluster analysis identified that traffic was thepossible source for Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba, V, Fe, Ti, Cr, K, Na and Y, and other metals were from the soil.
(2) 78% cities in 14 cities of northeast region were polluted slightly by heavy metals according to the integrated pollution index. High concentration of Cd in some cities might be harmful for human health. The ecological risk was low in most cities of northeast China, except Shenyang. The range of total concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Cr in soils in Dalian was 47.5 ～ 360、 9.4～97.1、 13.2～72.9、 0～8.68、 13.2～55.1、 2.0～41.2 mg/kg, respectively. The results of integrated pollution index and the potential ecological risk assessment were indicated that Cd was the main pollutant in soil in Dalian, and pollution of Zn and Pb was serious in some locations. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the distribution of heavy metal in soils agreed with the distribution of industrial, traffic, residential of Dalian. Heavy metal concentrations in traffic and industrial centre were higher, while those in rural area were lower.
By the investigation of soils and pine needles, it was shown that the level of heavy metals was not high in most cities in northeast China. Cd and Pb could be the potential environmental risk in some cities. Shenyang was the city with the most serious pollution. It was suggested that some measures should be taken to control the pollution.
(1) 松针是一种有效环境污染指示物。通过对东北三省主要城市松针重金属污染研究，污染指数表明除了沈阳是中度污染外，其它城市污染指数并不高，表明大部分城市重金属污染并不严重。大连地区大部分松针中Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni浓度未超过临界值，但是，部分雪松松针中Pb浓度超标，因此，Pb污染应引起重视；相关分析和聚类分析结果表明Pb、Ba、Zn、Cu、V、Fe、Ti、Cr、K、Na和Y可能主要来源于交通，Cd、Mg、Sr、Li、Co、Mn、Ni、Al、Ce和Ca可能主要来源于土壤。
(2) 对东北地区主要城市土壤中重金属研究发现，部分城市土壤中Cd可能会对居民健康造成潜在危害；污染指数评价结果表明东北三省主要城市中78％的城市土壤污染较轻；除沈阳总潜在危害指数达到中度污染外，其余均为低生态风险。大连地区土壤中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni浓度分别为47.5～360、9.4～97.1、13.2～72.9、0～8.68、13.2～55.1、2.0～41.2 mg／kg不等；污染指数法评价结果显示大连地区土壤主要污染物为Cd，部分地区土壤Zn和Pb污染严重；聚类分析结果表明土壤金属污染与大连地区工业、交通等功能区分布基本一致，交通繁忙、商业发达地区金属污染严重，偏远郊区污染较轻。
通过对东北三省主要城市松针和土壤的研究，表明东北三省重金属整体污染水平并不严重，但需要对部分元素如Cd、Pb等潜在风险引起重视。各城市中沈阳污染最严重，建议采取一定的污染控制措施，防止污染加剧。
The pollution of heavy metals is a widespread environmental problem all over the world. The environmental quality of cities is one of the important factors to the health of residents. Soils and pines needles were analysis to survey the heavy metal contamination in the main cities of northeast China. Dalian was introduced as a model in this studies, the level of heavy metal pollution was assessed by the integrated pollution index and potential ecological risk assessemnts. The sources of heavy metals were identified by the correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The main results were presented as follows.
(1) Pine needles are a good bioindicator plant for heavy metal in environmet. By analysis of pine samples, the integrated pollution index in the most of cities in northeast China were not high, except of Shenyang, which suggested that heavy metal pollution was not serious. Most of heavy metal concentrations in pine needles were not beyond the critical level, but it was possible that lead pose the potential threat in Dalian. Correlation analysis and cluster analysis identified that traffic was thepossible source for Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba, V, Fe, Ti, Cr, K, Na and Y, and other metals were from the soil.
(2) 78% cities in 14 cities of northeast region were polluted slightly by heavy metals according to the integrated pollution index. High concentration of Cd in some cities might be harmful for human health. The ecological risk was low in most cities of northeast China, except Shenyang. The range of total concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Cr in soils in Dalian was 47.5 ～ 360、 9.4～97.1、 13.2～72.9、 0～8.68、 13.2～55.1、 2.0～41.2 mg/kg, respectively. The results of integrated pollution index and the potential ecological risk assessment were indicated that Cd was the main pollutant in soil in Dalian, and pollution of Zn and Pb was serious in some locations. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the distribution of heavy metal in soils agreed with the distribution of industrial, traffic, residential of Dalian. Heavy metal concentrations in traffic and industrial centre were higher, while those in rural area were lower.
By the investigation of soils and pine needles, it was shown that the level of heavy metals was not high in most cities in northeast China. Cd and Pb could be the potential environmental risk in some cities. Shenyang was the city with the most serious pollution. It was suggested that some measures should be taken to control the pollution.
引文
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