紫貂遗传多样性及貂类系统发育研究
摘要
紫貂是珍贵的毛皮兽类,被我国列为Ⅰ级保护动物,但由于具有高昂的经济价值而驱使人们对其进行大量捕杀,加之人类经济活动强度的大幅增加导致栖息地环境破坏和生境呈斑块状分布,目前野生种群已经处于濒危状态。紫貂主要分布于欧亚大陆,我国东北和新疆阿尔泰山区为其分布的南界,北欧地处紫貂分布区的西界,也有一个紫貂种群。由于我国和北欧分布的紫貂种群均属于边缘种群,对于它们的种群遗传结构及遗传多样性信息的研究将有助于探讨紫貂物种起源及演化历程。
现生种类黄喉貂仅分布于南亚次大陆,与其它貂属动物的分布区截然不同,不仅如此,黄喉貂在形态特征和化石记录等方面均表现出与其它貂类不同。正因为这种显著的差异导致黄喉貂的分类地位及起源问题一直存在争议。
鉴于此,本研究通过测定国内唯一一个具有18只个体的紫貂种群的线粒体DNA控制区全序列及紫貂和黄喉貂的线粒体基因组全序列,结合GenBank公布的近缘种序列数据,通过分析各序列的结构特征研究了该紫貂种群的遗传多样性和种群分化问题;鼬科动物线粒体DNA控制区序列的结构特点;紫貂和黄喉貂线粒体基因组结构特点以及它们的起源和进化史。得出如下结论:
1、18只紫貂包含7个单倍型。利用分子生物学手段验证了基于形态学特征划分的亚种分类系统的正确性,即单倍型M3、M5是长白山亚种,单倍型M1、2、4和7是大兴安岭亚种,单倍型M6是阿尔泰亚种;当前,该紫貂种群的遗传多样性水平较高(Pi=3.94%),但自然条件下的各亚种群的遗传多样性水平均较低(Pi＜1%),据此提出了相应的紫貂物种保护措施。分析紫貂大兴安岭亚种、长白山亚种、阿尔泰亚种和北欧亚种间的基因流及进化历史得知:大兴安岭种群与新疆种群和长白山种群间的基因流水平最高(Nm=0.1260和0.1427),新疆与长白山种群间最低(Nm=0.0053);紫貂种群在进化过程中可能发生过种群膨胀,经历过种群增长过程。
2、对紫貂和黄喉貂的线粒体全基因组结构进行分析发现:全长分别为16 523bp和16549bp,均包含13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码序列区(D-Loop区),紫貂全序列中碱基组成为A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,黄喉貂为A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%;基因排列顺序与日本貂和貂熊的一致,但碱基组成、起始密码子和终止密码子的使用及控制区中串联重复序列模式等均存在一定差异。貂属物种的整个基因组密码子使用具有偏向性,编码蛋白基因第三位点利用A和C频率较高,推测可能与控制区A和C的含量具有一定的相关性,即与重复序列模式相关。将紫貂和黄喉貂线粒体基因组全序列提交到GenBank,并获得检索号分别为FJ429093和FJ719367。
3、结合GenBank中已公布的鼬科其它6种动物的线粒体基因组全序列及貂属6种D-loop区部分序列,分别以虎和狗獾为外类群,应用最大简约法构建鼬科和貂属物种的系统进化树,结果表明:鼬科7个物种分成三大支系,分别为水獭亚科和臭鼬亚科群,日本貂和貂熊群以及紫貂和狗獾群,说明鼬科并非是一个单系群,紫貂与鼬科中的獾亚科亲缘关系较近,而与貂属中的美洲貂和石貂亲缘关系最近。而基于鼬亚科动物线粒体DNA12种重链编码蛋白基因序列及石貂和渔貂线粒体ND2和cyt b全序列,以狼、狗獾和水獭为外类群,应用NJ、MP和ML法构分别构建貂属和貂熊的系统进化树,结果表明:紫貂与日本貂亲缘关系较美洲貂近,石貂与真貂亚属亲缘关系较近,黄喉貂介于石貂和渔貂之间;渔貂是最早从貂属分化出的种类,其次是黄喉貂和石貂;结合化石记录分析,貂属起源于中欧地区,渔貂、黄喉貂和石貂属于一个向温带进化的分支,而真貂亚属为另外一个向寒冷环境进化的分支,建议将黄喉貂和渔貂分别定为单独的属。
4、比对并分析11种鼬科动物线粒体DNA控制区序列,识别出延长终止序列区、中央区和保守序列区3个区域,指出了一个终止相关序列ETAS1及8个保守序列(CSB-F、E、D、C、B、1、2和3),并给出了序列通式,在CSB1和CSB2之间发现具有不同形式的短串联重复序列。以狼为外类群,应用邻接法构建鼬科线粒体控制区全序列的系统进化树,结果表明:臭鼬亚科最先从鼬科中分化出来,随后剩余类群分为两大支系,即貂属种类与貂熊聚为一支,并与獾亚科的狗獾形成姐妹群;另一支为水獭亚科的物种与鼬属的林鼬形成姐妹群,再与虎鼬聚在一起,狗獾与貂属的紫貂亲缘关系最近,水獭亚科与鼬属亲缘关系最近。
Sable is the rare animal with fur,and was under I rank protection in China.People prey upon them largely for the high economic value.Because of people's economic activity increased largely,the environment of sable's habitats was destroyed and presented speckle appearance,so the wild sable has been in severe danger.Sable mainly distributed in Eurasia, The south finitude of its distributing is northeast and Altai of Sinkiang in our country.Northern Europe which located in the west finitude of sable's distributing,also has a sable population. China and northern Europe are borders of the distribution of Sable.So the study for the genetic frame and diversity information of sable will redound to discuss the sable's species origin and evolvement.
Yellow-throated Marten which is an exist species and different from other species martes in distributing.It only distributed India.Ney,there are other differences in shape and fossil.Because of these remarkable differences,there are always dissension in classifying status and origin of Yellow-throated Marten.
Whereas the actuality,based on the determining for the mtDNA control region sequences of the only sable population in captivity and the mitochondrial genome sequences of Sable and Yellow-throated Marten,and the sequence data of sibling species from GenBank,the author studied the genetic diversity and population differentiation of the sable in captivity,the structure of mtDNA control region sequences of weasel,the mitochondrial genetic structure and the origin and evolvement of sable and Yellow-throated Marten.So,we can got these conclusion:
1、there are 18 sable population which were in captivity in JinZhou of Dalian contain 7 haplotype.The legitimacy of assoeted system for subspecies which was plotted out by morphologic was validated with molecular biology method,namely,haplotypeM3、M5 are M.Z.hamgyenensis,haplotypeM1、M2、M4 and M7 are M.Z.princeps,haplotype M6 is M.Z.averini;Presently,there was higher level in the genetic diversity of the captived sable in JinZhou(Pi=3.94%),but the mean level of genetic diversity for every subspecies is lower in nature.Relevant protection measures were put forward for sable in the article.Based on the analysis for the gene flow between the four subspecies and the evolvement history,we know that the gene flow among the M.Z.princeps and M.Z.hamgyenensis has the highest level(Nm= 0.1427),the one between M.Z.averini and M.Z.hamgyenensis has the lowest level(Nm=0.0053).The sable population expanded in the evolution progress and the number increased.
2、Based on analyzing the mitochondrial genome structure of sable and Yellow-throated Marten,we can find that the span of two animals were 16 523bp and 16549bp respectively. They all contain 13 protein coding gene,2 rRNA gene,22 tRNA gene and 1 D-Loop.The base composition for the four nucleotides is A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,And it is A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%for Yellow-throated Marten.But there are some definite differences in base composition,the using of Initiation codon and Stop codon,and the mode of repeat sequences in control region.
The codon usages of Manes have bias,and the ttiird locations of codon of protein-coding genes have the higher frequency in using A and C.There may be some relativity with the content of A and C in D-loop,namely,it has relation with the mode of repeat sequences.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sable and Yellow-throated Marten were submitted to GenBank,and the accession number are FJ429093 and FJ719367 respectively.
3、The complete mitochondrial genome of 6 other species of Mustelidae from GenBank and some sequences of D-loop from the 6 species were aligned.With tiger and Eurasian badger as the outgroup,the phylogenetic relationship of Mustelidae and Martes was analyzed using the maximum parsimony method.The results showed that 7 species of Mustelidae were divided into 3 branches,they were Lutrinae and Mephitinae,Japanese marten and Wolverine,sable and Eurasian badger.This situation also indicated that Mustelidae was not a monophly,Sable which has nearer relationship with Melinae of Mustelidae also has the closest relationship with American Marten and Stone Marten of Martes.Based on the 12 H-strand protein genes sequences of mtDNA of Mustelinae and the mitochondrial ND2 and cytb sequences of Stone marten and Fisher marten,with the wolf、Eurasian badger and European river otter as the outgroup,the phylogenetic relationship of Martes and Wolverine was analyzed respectively using NJ、MP and ML methods.The results showed that sable has the nearer relationship with Japanese marten than American marten.Stone marten and the boreal forest martens have near relationship.Yellow-throated marten's relationship is between Stone marten and Fisher marten.Fisher marten is the first species who was divided from Martes.The second one were Yellow-throated marten and Stone marten.Based on the analysis of the fossil note,Martes came from Central Europe,Fisher marten,Yellow-throated marten and Stone marten belonged to a branch which evolved to temperate zone.Boreal forest martens was another branch which evolved to cold environment.It is suggested that Yellow-throated marten and Fisher martenwere ascertained genus separately.
4、By contrasting and analyzing 11 complete mitochondrial control region gene sequences of Mustelidae,the extended termination associated sequence domain(ETAS)、the central domain(CD) and the conserved sequence block domain(CSB) were identified.A extended termination associated sequence(ETAS1) and eight conserved sequence(CSB-F、E、D、C、B、1、2、3) was indicated,and sequence mode was presented.Different kind of short repeat sequences were found between CSB1 and CSB2.With wolf as the outgroup,the phylogenetic evolution relationship of Mustelidae was analyzed using the neighbor-joining(NJ) method.The results showed that Mephitinae was divided from Mustelidae firstly,and then the remain were divided into two branches.Martes species and Wolverine were contained in one branch which was formed a sister group with Eurasian badger of Melinae;Lutrinae species and Polecat of Mustelidae formed a sister group,and Marbled polecat was sister to the clade of Lutrinae species and Polecat.They formed another branch.Eurasian badger has the closest relationship with the Sable of Martes,and Lutrinae has the closest relationship with Mustelidae.
现生种类黄喉貂仅分布于南亚次大陆,与其它貂属动物的分布区截然不同,不仅如此,黄喉貂在形态特征和化石记录等方面均表现出与其它貂类不同。正因为这种显著的差异导致黄喉貂的分类地位及起源问题一直存在争议。
鉴于此,本研究通过测定国内唯一一个具有18只个体的紫貂种群的线粒体DNA控制区全序列及紫貂和黄喉貂的线粒体基因组全序列,结合GenBank公布的近缘种序列数据,通过分析各序列的结构特征研究了该紫貂种群的遗传多样性和种群分化问题;鼬科动物线粒体DNA控制区序列的结构特点;紫貂和黄喉貂线粒体基因组结构特点以及它们的起源和进化史。得出如下结论:
1、18只紫貂包含7个单倍型。利用分子生物学手段验证了基于形态学特征划分的亚种分类系统的正确性,即单倍型M3、M5是长白山亚种,单倍型M1、2、4和7是大兴安岭亚种,单倍型M6是阿尔泰亚种;当前,该紫貂种群的遗传多样性水平较高(Pi=3.94%),但自然条件下的各亚种群的遗传多样性水平均较低(Pi＜1%),据此提出了相应的紫貂物种保护措施。分析紫貂大兴安岭亚种、长白山亚种、阿尔泰亚种和北欧亚种间的基因流及进化历史得知:大兴安岭种群与新疆种群和长白山种群间的基因流水平最高(Nm=0.1260和0.1427),新疆与长白山种群间最低(Nm=0.0053);紫貂种群在进化过程中可能发生过种群膨胀,经历过种群增长过程。
2、对紫貂和黄喉貂的线粒体全基因组结构进行分析发现:全长分别为16 523bp和16549bp,均包含13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码序列区(D-Loop区),紫貂全序列中碱基组成为A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,黄喉貂为A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%;基因排列顺序与日本貂和貂熊的一致,但碱基组成、起始密码子和终止密码子的使用及控制区中串联重复序列模式等均存在一定差异。貂属物种的整个基因组密码子使用具有偏向性,编码蛋白基因第三位点利用A和C频率较高,推测可能与控制区A和C的含量具有一定的相关性,即与重复序列模式相关。将紫貂和黄喉貂线粒体基因组全序列提交到GenBank,并获得检索号分别为FJ429093和FJ719367。
3、结合GenBank中已公布的鼬科其它6种动物的线粒体基因组全序列及貂属6种D-loop区部分序列,分别以虎和狗獾为外类群,应用最大简约法构建鼬科和貂属物种的系统进化树,结果表明:鼬科7个物种分成三大支系,分别为水獭亚科和臭鼬亚科群,日本貂和貂熊群以及紫貂和狗獾群,说明鼬科并非是一个单系群,紫貂与鼬科中的獾亚科亲缘关系较近,而与貂属中的美洲貂和石貂亲缘关系最近。而基于鼬亚科动物线粒体DNA12种重链编码蛋白基因序列及石貂和渔貂线粒体ND2和cyt b全序列,以狼、狗獾和水獭为外类群,应用NJ、MP和ML法构分别构建貂属和貂熊的系统进化树,结果表明:紫貂与日本貂亲缘关系较美洲貂近,石貂与真貂亚属亲缘关系较近,黄喉貂介于石貂和渔貂之间;渔貂是最早从貂属分化出的种类,其次是黄喉貂和石貂;结合化石记录分析,貂属起源于中欧地区,渔貂、黄喉貂和石貂属于一个向温带进化的分支,而真貂亚属为另外一个向寒冷环境进化的分支,建议将黄喉貂和渔貂分别定为单独的属。
4、比对并分析11种鼬科动物线粒体DNA控制区序列,识别出延长终止序列区、中央区和保守序列区3个区域,指出了一个终止相关序列ETAS1及8个保守序列(CSB-F、E、D、C、B、1、2和3),并给出了序列通式,在CSB1和CSB2之间发现具有不同形式的短串联重复序列。以狼为外类群,应用邻接法构建鼬科线粒体控制区全序列的系统进化树,结果表明:臭鼬亚科最先从鼬科中分化出来,随后剩余类群分为两大支系,即貂属种类与貂熊聚为一支,并与獾亚科的狗獾形成姐妹群;另一支为水獭亚科的物种与鼬属的林鼬形成姐妹群,再与虎鼬聚在一起,狗獾与貂属的紫貂亲缘关系最近,水獭亚科与鼬属亲缘关系最近。
Sable is the rare animal with fur,and was under I rank protection in China.People prey upon them largely for the high economic value.Because of people's economic activity increased largely,the environment of sable's habitats was destroyed and presented speckle appearance,so the wild sable has been in severe danger.Sable mainly distributed in Eurasia, The south finitude of its distributing is northeast and Altai of Sinkiang in our country.Northern Europe which located in the west finitude of sable's distributing,also has a sable population. China and northern Europe are borders of the distribution of Sable.So the study for the genetic frame and diversity information of sable will redound to discuss the sable's species origin and evolvement.
Yellow-throated Marten which is an exist species and different from other species martes in distributing.It only distributed India.Ney,there are other differences in shape and fossil.Because of these remarkable differences,there are always dissension in classifying status and origin of Yellow-throated Marten.
Whereas the actuality,based on the determining for the mtDNA control region sequences of the only sable population in captivity and the mitochondrial genome sequences of Sable and Yellow-throated Marten,and the sequence data of sibling species from GenBank,the author studied the genetic diversity and population differentiation of the sable in captivity,the structure of mtDNA control region sequences of weasel,the mitochondrial genetic structure and the origin and evolvement of sable and Yellow-throated Marten.So,we can got these conclusion:
1、there are 18 sable population which were in captivity in JinZhou of Dalian contain 7 haplotype.The legitimacy of assoeted system for subspecies which was plotted out by morphologic was validated with molecular biology method,namely,haplotypeM3、M5 are M.Z.hamgyenensis,haplotypeM1、M2、M4 and M7 are M.Z.princeps,haplotype M6 is M.Z.averini;Presently,there was higher level in the genetic diversity of the captived sable in JinZhou(Pi=3.94%),but the mean level of genetic diversity for every subspecies is lower in nature.Relevant protection measures were put forward for sable in the article.Based on the analysis for the gene flow between the four subspecies and the evolvement history,we know that the gene flow among the M.Z.princeps and M.Z.hamgyenensis has the highest level(Nm= 0.1427),the one between M.Z.averini and M.Z.hamgyenensis has the lowest level(Nm=0.0053).The sable population expanded in the evolution progress and the number increased.
2、Based on analyzing the mitochondrial genome structure of sable and Yellow-throated Marten,we can find that the span of two animals were 16 523bp and 16549bp respectively. They all contain 13 protein coding gene,2 rRNA gene,22 tRNA gene and 1 D-Loop.The base composition for the four nucleotides is A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,And it is A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%for Yellow-throated Marten.But there are some definite differences in base composition,the using of Initiation codon and Stop codon,and the mode of repeat sequences in control region.
The codon usages of Manes have bias,and the ttiird locations of codon of protein-coding genes have the higher frequency in using A and C.There may be some relativity with the content of A and C in D-loop,namely,it has relation with the mode of repeat sequences.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sable and Yellow-throated Marten were submitted to GenBank,and the accession number are FJ429093 and FJ719367 respectively.
3、The complete mitochondrial genome of 6 other species of Mustelidae from GenBank and some sequences of D-loop from the 6 species were aligned.With tiger and Eurasian badger as the outgroup,the phylogenetic relationship of Mustelidae and Martes was analyzed using the maximum parsimony method.The results showed that 7 species of Mustelidae were divided into 3 branches,they were Lutrinae and Mephitinae,Japanese marten and Wolverine,sable and Eurasian badger.This situation also indicated that Mustelidae was not a monophly,Sable which has nearer relationship with Melinae of Mustelidae also has the closest relationship with American Marten and Stone Marten of Martes.Based on the 12 H-strand protein genes sequences of mtDNA of Mustelinae and the mitochondrial ND2 and cytb sequences of Stone marten and Fisher marten,with the wolf、Eurasian badger and European river otter as the outgroup,the phylogenetic relationship of Martes and Wolverine was analyzed respectively using NJ、MP and ML methods.The results showed that sable has the nearer relationship with Japanese marten than American marten.Stone marten and the boreal forest martens have near relationship.Yellow-throated marten's relationship is between Stone marten and Fisher marten.Fisher marten is the first species who was divided from Martes.The second one were Yellow-throated marten and Stone marten.Based on the analysis of the fossil note,Martes came from Central Europe,Fisher marten,Yellow-throated marten and Stone marten belonged to a branch which evolved to temperate zone.Boreal forest martens was another branch which evolved to cold environment.It is suggested that Yellow-throated marten and Fisher martenwere ascertained genus separately.
4、By contrasting and analyzing 11 complete mitochondrial control region gene sequences of Mustelidae,the extended termination associated sequence domain(ETAS)、the central domain(CD) and the conserved sequence block domain(CSB) were identified.A extended termination associated sequence(ETAS1) and eight conserved sequence(CSB-F、E、D、C、B、1、2、3) was indicated,and sequence mode was presented.Different kind of short repeat sequences were found between CSB1 and CSB2.With wolf as the outgroup,the phylogenetic evolution relationship of Mustelidae was analyzed using the neighbor-joining(NJ) method.The results showed that Mephitinae was divided from Mustelidae firstly,and then the remain were divided into two branches.Martes species and Wolverine were contained in one branch which was formed a sister group with Eurasian badger of Melinae;Lutrinae species and Polecat of Mustelidae formed a sister group,and Marbled polecat was sister to the clade of Lutrinae species and Polecat.They formed another branch.Eurasian badger has the closest relationship with the Sable of Martes,and Lutrinae has the closest relationship with Mustelidae.
引文
[1]马逸清等.黑龙江省兽类志.哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1986.
[2]高耀亭等.中国动物志 兽纲 第八卷 食肉目.北京:科学出版社,1987.
[3]汪松.中国濒危动物红皮书 兽类.北京:科学出版社,1998.
[4]Yonezawa T,Nikaido M,Kohno N,Fukumoto Y,Okada N,Hasegawa M.Molecular phylogenetic study on the origin and evolution of Mustelidae.Gene,2007,396:1-12.
[5]Sato J J,Hosoda T,Wolsan M,Suzuki H.Molecular phylogeny of Arctoids(Mammalia:Carnivora) with emphasis on phylogenetic and taxonomic positions of the ferret-badgers and skunks.Zoological Science,2004,21(1):111-118.
[6]马建章,高忠信,罗泽珣,高继宏.貂类研究途径的探讨.野生动物,1994,3:13-16.
[7]施立明.遗传多样性及其保护.生物科学信息,1990,2(4):158-164.
[8]葛颂,洪德元.遗传多样性及其检测方法.见:钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的原理与方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994,123-140.
[9]施立明,贾旭,胡志昂.遗传多样性.见:陈灵芝主编.中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策.北京:科学出版社,1993,31-113.
[10]Merrell D J.1981.黄瑞复等 译.生态遗传学.北京:科学出版社,1991.
[11]邱芳,伏健民,金德敏,王斌.遗传多样性的分子检测.生物多样性,1998,2:143-150.
[12]Moritz C,Hillis D M.Molecular systematics:context and controversies.In Hillis D M,Moritz C(eds).Molecular Systematics.Sunderland:Sinauer,1990,1-11.
[13]Hamrick J L,Linhart Y B,Mitton J B.Relationships between life history characteristics and electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in plant.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1979,10:173-200.
[14]Grant V.The Evolutionary Process:A Critical Study of Evolutionary Theory.(2nd ed.).New York:Columbia University Press,1991.
[15]Millar Cl,Libby W J.Strategies for conserving clinal,ccotypic,and disjunct population diversity in widespread species.In Falk D A,Holsinger K E(eds.).Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants.New York:Oxford University Press,1991,149-170.
[16]葛颂.遗传多样性.见:蒋志刚、马克平、韩兴国(主编).保护生物学.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1997,11-19.
[17]Park P,Moran P.Developments in molecular genetic techniques,《Moleculargenetics in Fisheries》.Chapman&Hall(England,London),1995,1-28.
[18]陈省平.赤点石斑鱼种群遗传多样性研究.山东青岛:中国海洋大学博士学位论文,2007.
[19]刁英.染色体核型研究的方法及应用.渝西学院学报,2004,3(2):55-58.
[20]陈宜峰,郭健民.哺乳动物染色体研究.动物学研究,1984,5(1):52-63.
[21]Pasteur N,Pasteur G,Bonhomme F,Catalan J,Britton-Davidian J.Practical isozyme genetics.Ellis Horwood Limited.Chichester,1988,61-150.
[22]Botstein D,White R L,Skolnick M,Davis R W.Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphism.The American Journal of Human Genetics,1980,32:314-331.
[23]张亚平,Ryder O A,范志勇等.大熊猫DNA序列变异及其遗传多样性研究.中国科学(C辑),1997,27(2):139-144.
[24]王义权,朱伟铨,王朝林.扬子鳄饲养种群线粒体DNA控制区的序列多态性.遗传学报,2003,30(5):425-430.
[25]李明,蒙世杰,魏辅文,王静,雍严格.羚牛的遗传多样性及其种群遗传结构分析.兽类学报,2003,23(1):10-16.
[26]吕晓平,魏辅文,李明,杨光,刘海.中国梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)遗传多样性及与日本梅花鹿间的系统关系.科学通报,2006,51(3):292-298.
[27]蔡振媛,张同作,慈海鑫,唐利洲,连新明,刘建全,苏建平.高原鼢鼠线粒体谱系地理学和遗传多样性.兽类学报,2007,27(2):130-137.
[28]程宏毅,鲍毅新,陈良,周襄武,胡知渊,葛宝明.黑麂皖-浙分布中心种群遗传多样性.动物学报,2008,54(1):96-103.
[29]刘文娟,刘遁发.基于线粒体Cyt b基因的雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构.动物学报,2008,54(2):225-232.
[30]Brown W M.The mitochondrial genome of animals.In:Maclntyre R J,(eds.).Molecular Evolutionary Genetics.Plenum,New York,1985,95-130.
[31]Nei M,Kumar S.吕宝忠等译.分子进化与系统发育.北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[32]Nei M,Li W H.Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restrication endoncleases.Prodeedings of the National Academyof Sciences,1979,76(10):5269-5273.
[33]Nei M.Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided population.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1973,70:3321-3323.
[34]Kimura M.A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.Journal of Molecular Evolution,1980,16:111-120.
[35]何大乾.中国主要地方鸭种线粒体DNA部分序列的遗传多样性及其起源进化研究.四川雅安:四川农业大学博士学位论文,2007.
[36]杨金权.鮈亚科鱼类分子系统发育、演化过程及生物地理学研究.湖北武汉:中科院水产所博士学位论文,2005.
[37]Farris J S.Aprobability model for inferring evolutionary trees.Systematic Zoology,1973,22:250-256.
[38]顾泽茂.鱼类锥虫分类与系统发育研究.湖北武汉:中科院水产所博士学位论文,2007.
[39]Goldman N.Statistical tests of models of DNA substitution.Journal of Molecular Evolution.1993,36,182-198.
[40]Adachi J,Hasegawa M.MOLPHY version2.3:programs for molecular phylogenetics based on maximum likelihood.Comput.Sci.Monogr.1996,28,1-150.
[41]Yang Z,Kumar S.Approximate methods for estimating the pattern of nucleotide substitution and the variation of substitution rates among sites.Molecular Biology and Evolution 1996.13,650-659.
[42]Adachi J,Waddell P J,Martin W,Hasegawa M.Plastid genome phylogeny and a model of amino acid substitution for proteins encoded by chloroplast DNA.Journal of Molecular Evolution.2000.50,348-358.
[43]Yap V B,Speed T P.Modeling DNA base substitution in large genomic regions from two organisms.Journal of Molecular Evolution.2004.58,12-16.
[44]Huelsenbeck J P,Rannala B.Phylogenetic methods come of age:testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context.Science,1997,76,227-232.
[45]Whelan S,L(?)o P,Goldman N.Molecular phylogenetics:state-of-the-art methods for looking into the past.Trends in Genetics,2001,17:262-272.
[46]Sullivan J,Swofford D L.Are guinea pigs rodents? The importance of adequate models in molecular phylogenies.Journal of Mammalian Evolution,1997,4:77-86.
[47]Cunningham C W,Zhu H,Hillis D M.Best,fit maximum,Likelihood models for phylogenetic inference:Empirical tests with known phylogenies.Evolution,1998,52:978-987.
[48]Kelsey C R,Craandall K A,Voevodin A E Different models,different trees:the geographic origin of PTLV,I.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,1999,13:336-347.
[49]Buckley T R,Simon C,Chambers G K.Exploring among site rate variation models in a maximum likelihood framework using empirical data:the effects of model assumptions on estimates of topology,edge lengths,and bootstrap support.Systems biology,2001,50:67-86.
[50]Felsenstein J.Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences:a maximum likelihood approach.Journal of Molecular Evolution.,1981.17:368-376.
[51]Huelsenbeck J P,Ronquist F,Nielsen R,Bollback J P.Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology.Science,2001,294:2310-2314.
[52]彭作刚,张耀光,何舜平,陈宜瑜.从细胞色素b基因序列变异分析中国鲇形目鱼类的系统发育.遗传学报,2005,35(2):145-154.
[53]Rannala B,Yang Z.Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees:a new method of phylogenetic inference.Journal of Molecular Evolution.,1996.43:304-311.
[54]杨宝田.东北狍遗传多样性及性别基因鉴定研究.黑龙江哈尔滨:东北林业大学博士学位论文,2005.
[55]Huelsenbeck J P,Bollback J P.Empirical and hierarchical Bayesian estimation of ancestral states.Systems biology,2001,50:351-366.
[56]唐琼英.鳅超科鱼类分子系统发育研究.湖北武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文,2005.
[57]翟中和.细胞生物学.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[58]Gissi C,Gullberg A,Arnason U.The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the rabbit,Oryctolagus cuniculus.Genomics,1998,50(2):161-169.
[59]张亚平,施立明.动物线粒体DNA多态性的研究概况.动物学研究,1992,13(3):298-298.
[60]Bibb M J,Van Etten R A,Wright C T,Walberg M W,Clayton D A.Sequence and gene organization of mouse mitochondrial DNA.Cell,1981,26(2 Pt 2):167-180.
[61]Avise J C.Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolutionary Genetics of Higher Animals.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B,Biological Sciences,1986,312(1154):325-342.
[62]Gyllensten U,Wharton D,Wilson AC.Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA during backcrossing of two species of mice.Journal of Heredity,1985,76(5):321-324.
[63]Kaneda H,Hayashi J,Takaharna S,Taya C,Lindahl K F,Yonekawa H.Elimination of paternal mitochondrial DNA in intraspecific crosses during early mouse embryogenesis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1995,92(10):4542-4546.
[64]Brown W M,George M Jr,Wilson A C.Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1979,76(4):1967-1971.
[65]Kimura M.The neutral theory of molecular evolution.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[66]Deirdre A J,Xiao R F,Jian B M,et al.Early origin and recent expansion of plasmodium falciparum.Seience,2003,300:318-321.
[67]Yu N,Zheng C L,Zhang Y P.Molecular Systematics of Pikas(Genus Ochotona) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2000,16(1):85-95.
[68]Vawter L,Brown W M.Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons reveal extreme rate variation in the molecular clock.Science,1986,234(4773):194-196.
[69]Zardoya R,Meyer A.Phylogenetic performance of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in resolving relationships among vertebrates.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1996,13:933-942.
[70]张亚平.马来熊的DNA序列分析与遗传多样性研究.动物学研究,1996,17(4):459-468.
[71]宿兵,Kressirer P,Monda K,王文,蒋学龙,王应祥,Woodruff D S,张亚平.中国黑冠长臂猿的遗传多样性极其分子系统学研究.中国科学(C辑),1996,26(5):414-419.
[72]张亚平,Oliver A R.金丝猴属的DNA序列变异及进化与保护遗传学研究.遗传学报,1997,24(2):116-121.
[73]张亚平,Oliver A R.熊超科的分子系统发生研究.遗传学报,1997,24(1):15-22.
[74]李明,王小明,盛和林.马鹿四个亚种的起源和遗传分化研究.动物学研究,1998.19(3):177-183.
[75]李明,盛和林,玉手英利,增田隆一,永田纯子,大泰司纪之.麝、獐、麂和鹿间线粒体DNA的差异以及系统进化研究.兽类学报,1998,18(3):184-191.
[76]陈永久,张亚平,邹希明,董凤友,王进军.犬科的线粒体细胞色素b DNA序列及其分子系统学研究.遗传学报,2000,27(1):7-11.
[77]Guo S C,Savolainen P,Su J P,Zhang Q,Oi D L,Zhou J,Zhong Y,Zhao X Q,Liu J Q,.Origin of mitochondrial DNA diversity of domestic yaks.BMC Evolutionary Biology.BioMed Central Ltd, London,UK:2006,6:73.
[78]张晓梅,单祥年,施燕峰,张海军,李健,郑爱玲.小麂线粒体基因组全序列的测定和分析.遗传,2004,26(6):849-853.
[79]孟超,张洪海,陈玉才.中国狼(Canis lupus chanco)线粒体全基因组序列分析.中国生物化学与分子生物学报,2008,24(12):1170-1176.
[80]李庆伟,李爽,田春宇,王勇军,郭玉梅.雀形目10种鸟类线粒体的DNA变异及分子进化.动物学报,2002,48(5):625-632.
[81]李庆伟,林津,李爽,王勇军,李文正,曾养志.隼形目鹰科11种鸟类线粒体DNA分子进化的研究.动物学报,2000,46(2):209-220.
[82]李庆伟,林津,文伟,李文正,曾养志.鹗形目8种鸟类线粒体DNA多态性研究.动物学报,1998,44(1):94-101.
[83]孙毅,马飞,肖冰,郑俊杰,袁晓东,汤敏谦,王黎,于业飞,李庆伟.鸮形目两种鸟类线粒体基因组全序列测定与比较研究.中国科学C辑,2004,34(6):527-536.
[84]Zhan X J,Zhang Z W,Wu A P,Tao Y J.Phylogenetic Relationships Monal Pheasants Lophophorus Infered from Sequences Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene.Zoological Research,2003,24(5):337-342.
[85]朱世华,郑文娟,邹记兴,杨迎春,沈锡权.鲹科鱼类线粒体DNA控制区结构及系统发育关系.动物学研究,2007,28(6):606-614.
[86]张雄飞,周开亚,常青.中国大陆黑斑侧褶蛙基于mtDNA控制区序列的种群遗传结构.遗传学报,2004,31(11):1232-1240.
[87]陈贵英,江建平,谢锋,刘炯宇,郑中华.两栖动物线粒体基因组结构特征分析.动物分类学报,2008,33(2):307-311.
[88]Janke A,Arnason U.The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria(birds and crocodiles).Molecular Biology and Evolution,1997,14:1266-1272.
[89]Janke A,Erpenbeck D,Nielsson M,Arnason U.The mitochondrial genomes of a lizard,(Iguana iguana),and the caiman,(Caiman crocodylus):implications for amniotes phylogeny.Proceedings of the Royal Society B,2001,268:623-631.
[90]吴孝兵,王义权,周开亚,朱伟铨,聂继山,王朝林.扬子鳄的线粒体全基因组与鳄类系统发生.科学通报,2003,48(18):1954-195.
[91]Li Y,Wu X B,Ji X F,Yan P,George Amato.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Salt-water Crocodile(Crocodylus porosus) and phylogeny of crocodiles.Journal of Genetics and Genomics,2007,34(2):119-128.
[92]Janke A,Gullberg A,Hughes S,Aggarwal R K,Arnason U.Mitogenomic Analyses Place the Gharial(Gavialis gangeticus) on the Crocodile Tree and Provide Pre-K/T Divergence Times for Most Crocodilians.Journal of Molecular Evolution.,2005,61:620-626.
[93]季学峰,吴孝兵,李艳,晏鹏,George Amato.尼罗鳄线粒体基因组全序列分析及鳄类系统发生关系的探讨.动物学报,2006,52(4):810-818.
[94]周继亮,张亚平,黄美华,陈永久,陈小青,姚耿东.蝮亚科蛇线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析及其系统发育.动物学报,2001,47(4):361-366.
[95]马逸清,吴家炎.我国紫貂种下分类的研究--包括一新亚种.动物学报,1981,27(2):189-196.
[96]#12
[97]寿振黄.中国经济动物志.北京:科学出版社,1962.
[98]盛和林,大泰司纪之,陆厚基.中国野生哺乳动物.北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
[99]#12
[100]晁玉庆,赖双英,国向东,巴勇舸.紫貂染色体核型研究.内蒙古畜牧科学,1993,1:35-36.
[101]陈志平,刘瑞清,王应祥.青鼬Martes flavigula的核型研究.兽类学报,1990,10(1):19-22.
[102]马文忠.野生紫貂的生物学特性(一).国土与自然资源研究,1985,4:73-80.
[103]刘福元.大兴安岭紫貂分布区的变迁.国土与自然资源研究,1989,4:61-62.
[104]马逸清,李晓民,金爱莲,徐利,姜兆文,程岭.俄罗斯紫貂人工移放事业.国土与自然资源研究,1995,3:77-80.
[105]程继臻.黑龙江省珍惜兽类资源及动态分析.林业勘查设计,1996,4:68-69.
[106]张洪海,马建章.紫貂春季和夏季生境选择的初步研究.动物学报,2000,46(4):399-406.
[107]张洪海,马建章.紫貂冬季生境的偏好.动物学研究,1999,20(5):355-359.
[108]张洪海,马建章.紫貂冬季生境选择的初步研究.东北林业大学学报,1999,27(6):49-52.
[109]张洪海,马建章.紫貂秋季生境选择的初步研究.生态学报,2000,20(1):150-154.
[110]姜兆文,徐利,马逸清,王永庆,李永琪,Buskirk Steven W.大兴安岭地区紫貂冬季生境选择的研究.兽类学报,1998,18(2):112-119.
[111]解伏菊,肖笃宁,李秀珍,胡远满,史宝东.大兴安岭北坡火后紫貂冬季生境适宜性与景观格局的恢复.动物学杂志,2006,41(1):60-68.
[112]李月辉,胡志斌,冷文芳,常禹,胡远满.大兴安岭呼中区紫貂生境格局变化及采伐的影响.生物多样性,2007,15(3):232-240.
[113]谷海军,佟煜人,郑荣光.阿尔泰紫貂生活习性及活捕方法.特产研究,1993,2:34.
[114]吴家炎.大兴安岭的紫貂.经济动物学报,1980,2:46-48.
[115]徐利,姜兆文,马逸清,金爱莲,王永庆,Steve W Buskirk.紫貂冬季食性的分析.兽类学报,1996,16(4):272-277.
[116]包新康,马建章,张迎梅.2003.大兴安岭紫貂食物组成分析.兽类学报,23(3):203-207.
[117]金爱莲.紫貂的驯养与繁殖.国土与自然资源研究,1980,3:68-73.
[118]佟煜人,郭永佳.紫貂的驯养和繁殖--紫貂笼养繁殖试验二十年总结.特产研究,1980,2:45-53.
[119]佟煜人,郭永佳.紫貂的驯养与繁殖(二)--紫貂笼养繁殖试验二十年总结.特产研究,1980,4:57-63.
[120]门陶岩,宋建华,李春义,王国森.紫貂胚泡滞育期血清性激素结合蛋白的测定.特产研究,1991,1:3-4.
[121]佟煜人,宋建华,门陶岩,王国森,李春义,肖永军,郭永佳,谷海军,焦淑贤.紫貂妊娠期血清孕酮水平的变化.兽类学报,1993,13(1):221-224.
[122]佟煜人,郭永佳,王淑文.利用促黄体素释放激素(LRH)提高紫貂繁殖力的试验报告.特产研究,1979,1:28-30.
[123]王庆奎,张云,王兰如,吴杨生.紫貂作为EHF宿主动物的血清流行病学研究.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1992,3(3):170-172.
[124]宋建华,佟煜人,肖永军.光因子对紫貂繁殖及换毛的影响.生态学杂志,1988,7(6):27-29.
[125]佟煜人,郭永佳,宋建华,华树芳.提高紫貂繁殖力研究简报.中国农业科学,1986,4:93-94.
[126]马文忠.介绍调节笼养紫貂繁殖机能的方法.野生动物,1985,5:25-28.
[127]#12
[128]佟煜人,郭永佳.紫貂的驯养与繁殖(三)--紫貂笼养繁殖试验二十年总结.特产研究,1981,2:58-65.
[129]张丽梅.繁殖期紫貂的饲养管理.野生动物,1999,5:28-29.
[130]靳玉文,邵伟庚,孙红瑜,杨娇.紫貂的饲养管理.动物科学与动物医学,2003,20(1):53-54.
[131]文士心.紫貂的饲养管理.农村养殖技术,2007,13:27-28.
[132]文士心.紫貂的繁殖技术.农村养殖技术,2007,11:27-28.
[133]王应祥.中国哺乳动物种和亚种分类名录与分布大全.中国林业出版社,2003.
[134]Anderson E.Quaternary evolution of the genus Mattes(Carnivora,Mustelidae).Acta Zoologica Fennica,1970,130,1-132.
[135]Anderson E.Evolution,Prehistoric Distribution,and Systematics of Mattes.In Buskirk S W,Harestad A S,Raphael M G,Powell R A eds.Martens,sables,and fishers:biology and conservation.Cornell University Press,Ithaca,N.Y.1994,13-25.
[136]Grayson D K.The mammals.In Thomas D H,ed.,The archaeology of Hidden Cave,Nevada.Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History,1985,61(1):125-161.
[137]Youngman P M,Schueler F W.Martes nobilis is a synonym of Martes americana,not an extinct Pleistocene-Holocene species.Journal of Mammalogy,1991,72:567-577.
[138]Bakeyev N N,Sinitsyn A A.Status and Conservation of Sables in the Commonwealth of Independent States.In Buskirk S W,Harestad A S,Raphael M G,Powell R A.Martens,sables,and fishers:biology and conservation.Cornell University Press,Ithaca,N.Y.1994,246-254.
[139]马建章,邹红菲,贾竞波.野生动物管理学.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2004.
[140]Zhang D X,Hewitt G M.Nuclear DNA analyses in genetic studies of populations:practice,problems and prospects.Molecular Ecology,2003,12:563-584.
[141]Thompson J D,Gibson T J,Plewniak F,Jeanmougin F,Higgins D G.The clustal X windows in terrace:flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.Nucleic Acids Research,1997,25:4876-4882.
[142]Kumar S,Tamura K,Jakobsen I B,Nei M.MEGA:Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software.Bioinformatics,2001,17(12):1244-1245.
[143]Rozas J,Rozas R.Dna SP version 3:an integrated programfor molecular population genetics and molecular evolution analysis.Bioinformatics,1999,15:174.
[144]Nei M.Moleeular Evolutionary Geneties.NewYork:Columbia University Press,1987.
[145]Excoffier L,Smouse P E.Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distance among DNA restriction data.Genetics,1992,131:479-491.
[146]Slatkin M.Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations.Seience,1987,236:787-792.
[147]Baker C S,Slade R W,Bannister J L.Hierarchical structure of mitochondrial DNA gene flow among humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae,world-wide.Molecular Ecology,1994,3:313-327.
[148]Slatkin M,Hudson R R.Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations.Genetics,1991,129:555-562.
[149]Rogers A R,Harpending H.Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1992,9:552-569.
[150]Swofford D L.PAUP:Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony(and other methods).Version 4.Sunderland,Massachusetts:Sinauer Associates.1998.
[151]阮向东.藏羚羊保护遗传学研究.浙江杭州:浙江大学博士论文,2007.
[152]McCracken K G,Sorenson M D.Is homoplasy or lineage sorting the source of incongruent mtDNA and nuclear gene trees in the stiff-tailed ducks(Nomonyx -Oxyura)?.Systematic Biology,2005,54(1):35-55.
[153]兰宏,王文,施立明.麂属动物陈旧皮张标本的DNA提取及PCR扩增.动物学研究,1995,16(2):146-152.
[154]赖松家,王玲,刘益平,李学伟.中国部分牦牛品种线粒体DNA遗传多态性研究.遗传学报,2005,32(5):463-470.
[155]罗玉柱,成述儒,Batsuuri Lkhagva,等.用mtDNAD-环序列探讨蒙古和中国绵羊的起源及遗传多样性.遗传学报,2005,32(12):1256-1265.
[156]Kulikova I V,Drovetski S V,Gibson D D,et al.Phylogeography of the mallard(Arias platyrhynchos):Hybridization,dispersal,and lineage sorting contribute to complex geographic structure.Auk,2005,122:949-965.
[157]张汤杰,李慧芳,常洪,张晶鑫,汤青萍,高玉时,徐文娟.江淮流域9个家鸭品种的分子生物地理演化过程分析.畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(2):133-138.
[158]吴华,胡杰,方盛国,孔令禄,贾放.中国圈养梅花鹿遗传多样性和遗传结构.动物学杂志,2006,41(4):41-47.
[159]Malcolm L,Hunter Jo Fundamentals of Conservation Biology.Blackwell Science Inc,London,1996,79.
[160]Bruno B,Schmid B.Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic diversity within species.In:Kevin J. Gaston ed.Biodiversity:A Biology of Numbers and Difference.Blackwell Science Institute,London,1996,169.
[161]Buskirk S W,Harestad A S,Raphael M G.,Powell R A.Martens,Sables,and Fishers:Biology and Conservation.Cornell Univ Press,New York,1994.
[162]Wright S.1943.Isolation by distance.Genetics,28:114-138.
[163]魏万红,王权业,周文扬,樊乃昌.灭鼠干扰后高原鼢鼠的种群动态与扩散.兽类学报,1997,17(1):53-61.
[164]Grimm E C,Jacobson G L,Watts W A,Hansen B C S,Maasch K A.A 50,000 year record of climatic oscillations from Florida and its temperal correlation with the Heinrich events.Science,1993,261:198-200.
[165]Hewitt G M.Some genetic consequences of ice ages and their role in divergence and speciation.Botanical journal of the Linnean Society,1996,58:247-276.
[166]Bames I,Matheus P,Shapiro B,Jensen D,Cooper A.Dynamics of pleistocene Population extinctions in Beringian brown bears.Science,2002,295:2267-2270.
[167]Lessa E P,Cook J A,Patton J L.Genetic footprints of demographic expansion in North America,but not Amazonia,during the late Quaternary.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2003,100:10331-10334.
[168]Nei M,Maruyama T,Chakraborty R.The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations.Evolution,1975,29:1-10.
[169]Frankham R,Ballou J D,Briscoe D A.Introduction to Conservation Genetics.Cambridge university press,2002.
[170]Curole J P,Kocher T D.Mitogenomics:digging deeper with complete mitochondrial genomes.Tree,1999,14:394-398.
[171]赫崇波,高祥刚,王效敏,刘卫东,周遵春,木云雷,葛陇利.圆斑星鲽线粒体基因组全序列结构及其进化.中国水产科学,2007,14(4):584-592.
[172]Stone K D,Cook J A.Molecular evolution of Holarctic martens(genus Martes,Mammalia:Carnivora:Mustelidae).Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2002,24:169-179.
[173]Boore J L.Animal mitochondrial genomes.Nucleic Acids Research,1999,27:1767-1780.
[174]王 峰,佟煜人.紫貂泌乳期饲粮适宜能量浓度与蛋白质水平的研究.动物营养学报,1996,8(3):38-43.
[175]Kashtanov S N,Lazebny O E,Gracheva S V.Fitness Characteristics and Allozyme Heterozygosity in an Artificial Population of the Sable Martes zibellina L.Russian Journal of Genetics,2003,39(12):1438-1441.
[176]Petrovskaya A V.Genetic Structure of the Sable Mattes zibellina L.Populations from Magadan Oblast As Inferred from Mitochondfial DNA Variation.Russian Journal of Genetics,2007,43(4):424-429.
[177]Sambrook J,Russel D W.Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,3rd edn.Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.2001.
[178]Buroker N E,Brown J R,Gilbert T A,O'Hara P J,Beckenbach A T,Thomas W K,Smith M J.Length heteroplasmy of sturgeon mitochondrial DNA:An illegitimate elongation model.Genetics,1990,124(1):157-163.
[179]Faber J E,Stepien C A.Tandemly repeated sequences in the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogeography of the pikeperches Stizostedion.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,1998,10:310-322.
[180]蒲友光,彭巧玲,王志方,聂刘旺.乌龟线粒体全基因组序列和结构分析.动物学报,2005,51(4):691-696.
[181]Clary D O,Wolstenholme D R.The mitochondrial DNA molecular of Drosophila yakuba:nucleotide sequence,gene organization,and genetic code.Journal of Molecular Evolution,1985,22(3):252-271.
[182]Nowak R M.Walker's Mammals of the World.6th ed.Johns Hopkins,Baltimore and London.University Press,1999,2015.
[183]Wyss A R,Flynn J J.A phylogenetic anaysis and definition of the Carnivore.in Szalay F S,Novacek M,McKenna M.Mammal Phylogeny.New York:Springer-Verlag,1993.
[184]Dragoo J W,Honeycutt R L.Systematics of mustelid-like carnivores.Journal of Mammalogy,1997,78(2):426-443.
[185]Marmi J,L(?)pez-Gir(?)ldez J F,Domingo-Roura X.Phylogeny,evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Mustelidae based on sequences of the cytochrome B gene and a complex repetitive flanking region.Zoologica Scripta,2004,33:481-499.
[186]Koepfli K P,Wayne R K.Type I STS markers are more informative than cytochrome b in phylogenetic reconstruction of the Mustelidae(Mammalia:Carnivora).Systematic Biology,2003,52(5):571-593.
[187]Fulton T L,Strobeck C.Molecular phylogeny of the Arctoidea(Carnivora):EVect of missing data on supertree and supermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets.Molecular Phytogenetics and Evolution,2006,41:165-181.
[188]Buskirk S W,Harestad A S,Raphael M G,Powell R A.Martens,sables,and fishers:biology and conservation.New York:Cornell University Press,1994.
[189]Kumazawa Y,Ota H,Nishida M,Ozawa T.The complete nucleotide sequence of a snake(Dinodon semicarinatus) mitochondrial genome with two identical control regions.Genetics,1999,150(1):313-329.
[190]张海军,李健,施燕蜂,张晓梅,徐春宏,单祥年.黑麂线粒体基因组序列分析.中国生物化学与分子生物学报,2004,20(4):513-518.
[191]Koepfli K P,Deere K A,Slater G J,et al.Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae:Resolving relationships,tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation.BMC Biology,2008,6:10.
[192]Saccone S,Giorgi C D,Gissi C,Pesole G,Reyes A.Evolutionary genomics in Metazoa:the mitochondrial DNA as a model system.Gene,1999,238(1):195-209.
[193]吴宪明,吴松锋,任大明,朱云平,贺福初.密码子偏性的分析方法及相关研究进展.遗传,2007,29(4):420-426.
[194]Pokras,E M;Ruddiman,W F.Evolution of south Saharan/Sahelian aridity based on freshwater diatoms(genus Melosira) and opal phytoliths:sites 662 and 664.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results,.1989;108:143-148.
[195]Sbisa'E,Tanzariello F,Reyes A,Pesole G,Saccone C.Mammalian mitochondrial D-loop region structural analysis:identification of new conserveds equencesand their functional and evolutionary implications.Gene,1997,205:125-140.
[196]Larizza A,Pesole G.,Reyes A,Sbisa'E,Saccone C.Lineage specificity of the evolutionary dynamics of the mt DNA D-Loop region in rodents.Journal of Molecular Evolution,2002,54:145-155.
[197]Ketmaier V,Bernardini C.Structure of the mitochondrial control region of the Eurasia notter(Lutra lutra,Carnivora,Mustelidae):patterns of genetic heterogeneity and implications for conservation of the species in Italy.Journal of Heredity,2005,96:318-328.
[198]颜亮,张雁,汪宁,张莉,聂刘旺.鳄龟科和平胸龟科线粒体控制区序列分析和结构比较.动物学研究,2008,29(2):127-133.
[199]Sun K P,Feng J,Jin L R,Liu Y,Shi L M,Jiang T L.Structure,DNA sequence variation and phylogenetic implications of the mitochonddal control region in horseshoe bats.Mammlian biology,2009,74:130-144.
[200]Reyes A,Nevo E,Saccone C.DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region of subterranean mole rats,Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies,in Israel.Molecular Biology and Evolution,2003,20:622-632.
[201]Dragoo J W.,Honeycutt R L.,Schmidly D J.Taxonomic status of white-backed hog-nosed skunks,Genus conepatus(Carnivora:Mephitidae).Journal of Mammalogy,2003,84(1):159-176.
[202]Rozhnov V V,Meschersky I G,Abramov A V.Geographical variation of the marbled polecat Vormela peregusna(Carnivora:Mustelidae):molecular genetic study.Doklady Biological Sciences,2008,418:27-29.
[203]Flynn J J,Finarelli J A,Zehr S,Hsu J,Nedbal M A.Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia):assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships.Systematic Biology,2005,54(2):317-337.
[204]Randi E,Lucchini V.Organization and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the avian genus Alectoris.Journal of Molecular Evolution,1998,47(4):449-462.
[205]Douzery E,Randi E.The mitochondrial control region of Cervidae:evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic content.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1997,14,1154-1166.
[206]Iyengar A,Diniz F M,Gilbert T,Woodfine T,Knowles J,Maclean N.Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region in oryx.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2006,40(1):305-314.
[207]Gemmell N J,Western P S,Watson J M,Graves J A.Evolution of the mammalian mitochondrial control region-comparisons of control region sequences between monotreme and therian mammals.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1996,13(6):798-808.
[208]Broughton R E,Dowling T E.Evolutionary dynamics of tandem repeats in the mitochondrial DNA control Region of the minnow Cyprinella spiloptera.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1997,14(12):1187-1196.
[209]Simpson G G.The principles of classification and a classification of mammals.Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,1945,85:1-350.
[210]Arnason U,Gullberg A,Janke A,Kullberg M.Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2007,45(3):863-874.
[2]高耀亭等.中国动物志 兽纲 第八卷 食肉目.北京:科学出版社,1987.
[3]汪松.中国濒危动物红皮书 兽类.北京:科学出版社,1998.
[4]Yonezawa T,Nikaido M,Kohno N,Fukumoto Y,Okada N,Hasegawa M.Molecular phylogenetic study on the origin and evolution of Mustelidae.Gene,2007,396:1-12.
[5]Sato J J,Hosoda T,Wolsan M,Suzuki H.Molecular phylogeny of Arctoids(Mammalia:Carnivora) with emphasis on phylogenetic and taxonomic positions of the ferret-badgers and skunks.Zoological Science,2004,21(1):111-118.
[6]马建章,高忠信,罗泽珣,高继宏.貂类研究途径的探讨.野生动物,1994,3:13-16.
[7]施立明.遗传多样性及其保护.生物科学信息,1990,2(4):158-164.
[8]葛颂,洪德元.遗传多样性及其检测方法.见:钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的原理与方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994,123-140.
[9]施立明,贾旭,胡志昂.遗传多样性.见:陈灵芝主编.中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策.北京:科学出版社,1993,31-113.
[10]Merrell D J.1981.黄瑞复等 译.生态遗传学.北京:科学出版社,1991.
[11]邱芳,伏健民,金德敏,王斌.遗传多样性的分子检测.生物多样性,1998,2:143-150.
[12]Moritz C,Hillis D M.Molecular systematics:context and controversies.In Hillis D M,Moritz C(eds).Molecular Systematics.Sunderland:Sinauer,1990,1-11.
[13]Hamrick J L,Linhart Y B,Mitton J B.Relationships between life history characteristics and electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in plant.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1979,10:173-200.
[14]Grant V.The Evolutionary Process:A Critical Study of Evolutionary Theory.(2nd ed.).New York:Columbia University Press,1991.
[15]Millar Cl,Libby W J.Strategies for conserving clinal,ccotypic,and disjunct population diversity in widespread species.In Falk D A,Holsinger K E(eds.).Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants.New York:Oxford University Press,1991,149-170.
[16]葛颂.遗传多样性.见:蒋志刚、马克平、韩兴国(主编).保护生物学.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1997,11-19.
[17]Park P,Moran P.Developments in molecular genetic techniques,《Moleculargenetics in Fisheries》.Chapman&Hall(England,London),1995,1-28.
[18]陈省平.赤点石斑鱼种群遗传多样性研究.山东青岛:中国海洋大学博士学位论文,2007.
[19]刁英.染色体核型研究的方法及应用.渝西学院学报,2004,3(2):55-58.
[20]陈宜峰,郭健民.哺乳动物染色体研究.动物学研究,1984,5(1):52-63.
[21]Pasteur N,Pasteur G,Bonhomme F,Catalan J,Britton-Davidian J.Practical isozyme genetics.Ellis Horwood Limited.Chichester,1988,61-150.
[22]Botstein D,White R L,Skolnick M,Davis R W.Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphism.The American Journal of Human Genetics,1980,32:314-331.
[23]张亚平,Ryder O A,范志勇等.大熊猫DNA序列变异及其遗传多样性研究.中国科学(C辑),1997,27(2):139-144.
[24]王义权,朱伟铨,王朝林.扬子鳄饲养种群线粒体DNA控制区的序列多态性.遗传学报,2003,30(5):425-430.
[25]李明,蒙世杰,魏辅文,王静,雍严格.羚牛的遗传多样性及其种群遗传结构分析.兽类学报,2003,23(1):10-16.
[26]吕晓平,魏辅文,李明,杨光,刘海.中国梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)遗传多样性及与日本梅花鹿间的系统关系.科学通报,2006,51(3):292-298.
[27]蔡振媛,张同作,慈海鑫,唐利洲,连新明,刘建全,苏建平.高原鼢鼠线粒体谱系地理学和遗传多样性.兽类学报,2007,27(2):130-137.
[28]程宏毅,鲍毅新,陈良,周襄武,胡知渊,葛宝明.黑麂皖-浙分布中心种群遗传多样性.动物学报,2008,54(1):96-103.
[29]刘文娟,刘遁发.基于线粒体Cyt b基因的雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构.动物学报,2008,54(2):225-232.
[30]Brown W M.The mitochondrial genome of animals.In:Maclntyre R J,(eds.).Molecular Evolutionary Genetics.Plenum,New York,1985,95-130.
[31]Nei M,Kumar S.吕宝忠等译.分子进化与系统发育.北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[32]Nei M,Li W H.Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restrication endoncleases.Prodeedings of the National Academyof Sciences,1979,76(10):5269-5273.
[33]Nei M.Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided population.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1973,70:3321-3323.
[34]Kimura M.A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.Journal of Molecular Evolution,1980,16:111-120.
[35]何大乾.中国主要地方鸭种线粒体DNA部分序列的遗传多样性及其起源进化研究.四川雅安:四川农业大学博士学位论文,2007.
[36]杨金权.鮈亚科鱼类分子系统发育、演化过程及生物地理学研究.湖北武汉:中科院水产所博士学位论文,2005.
[37]Farris J S.Aprobability model for inferring evolutionary trees.Systematic Zoology,1973,22:250-256.
[38]顾泽茂.鱼类锥虫分类与系统发育研究.湖北武汉:中科院水产所博士学位论文,2007.
[39]Goldman N.Statistical tests of models of DNA substitution.Journal of Molecular Evolution.1993,36,182-198.
[40]Adachi J,Hasegawa M.MOLPHY version2.3:programs for molecular phylogenetics based on maximum likelihood.Comput.Sci.Monogr.1996,28,1-150.
[41]Yang Z,Kumar S.Approximate methods for estimating the pattern of nucleotide substitution and the variation of substitution rates among sites.Molecular Biology and Evolution 1996.13,650-659.
[42]Adachi J,Waddell P J,Martin W,Hasegawa M.Plastid genome phylogeny and a model of amino acid substitution for proteins encoded by chloroplast DNA.Journal of Molecular Evolution.2000.50,348-358.
[43]Yap V B,Speed T P.Modeling DNA base substitution in large genomic regions from two organisms.Journal of Molecular Evolution.2004.58,12-16.
[44]Huelsenbeck J P,Rannala B.Phylogenetic methods come of age:testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context.Science,1997,76,227-232.
[45]Whelan S,L(?)o P,Goldman N.Molecular phylogenetics:state-of-the-art methods for looking into the past.Trends in Genetics,2001,17:262-272.
[46]Sullivan J,Swofford D L.Are guinea pigs rodents? The importance of adequate models in molecular phylogenies.Journal of Mammalian Evolution,1997,4:77-86.
[47]Cunningham C W,Zhu H,Hillis D M.Best,fit maximum,Likelihood models for phylogenetic inference:Empirical tests with known phylogenies.Evolution,1998,52:978-987.
[48]Kelsey C R,Craandall K A,Voevodin A E Different models,different trees:the geographic origin of PTLV,I.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,1999,13:336-347.
[49]Buckley T R,Simon C,Chambers G K.Exploring among site rate variation models in a maximum likelihood framework using empirical data:the effects of model assumptions on estimates of topology,edge lengths,and bootstrap support.Systems biology,2001,50:67-86.
[50]Felsenstein J.Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences:a maximum likelihood approach.Journal of Molecular Evolution.,1981.17:368-376.
[51]Huelsenbeck J P,Ronquist F,Nielsen R,Bollback J P.Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology.Science,2001,294:2310-2314.
[52]彭作刚,张耀光,何舜平,陈宜瑜.从细胞色素b基因序列变异分析中国鲇形目鱼类的系统发育.遗传学报,2005,35(2):145-154.
[53]Rannala B,Yang Z.Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees:a new method of phylogenetic inference.Journal of Molecular Evolution.,1996.43:304-311.
[54]杨宝田.东北狍遗传多样性及性别基因鉴定研究.黑龙江哈尔滨:东北林业大学博士学位论文,2005.
[55]Huelsenbeck J P,Bollback J P.Empirical and hierarchical Bayesian estimation of ancestral states.Systems biology,2001,50:351-366.
[56]唐琼英.鳅超科鱼类分子系统发育研究.湖北武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文,2005.
[57]翟中和.细胞生物学.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[58]Gissi C,Gullberg A,Arnason U.The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the rabbit,Oryctolagus cuniculus.Genomics,1998,50(2):161-169.
[59]张亚平,施立明.动物线粒体DNA多态性的研究概况.动物学研究,1992,13(3):298-298.
[60]Bibb M J,Van Etten R A,Wright C T,Walberg M W,Clayton D A.Sequence and gene organization of mouse mitochondrial DNA.Cell,1981,26(2 Pt 2):167-180.
[61]Avise J C.Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolutionary Genetics of Higher Animals.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B,Biological Sciences,1986,312(1154):325-342.
[62]Gyllensten U,Wharton D,Wilson AC.Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA during backcrossing of two species of mice.Journal of Heredity,1985,76(5):321-324.
[63]Kaneda H,Hayashi J,Takaharna S,Taya C,Lindahl K F,Yonekawa H.Elimination of paternal mitochondrial DNA in intraspecific crosses during early mouse embryogenesis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1995,92(10):4542-4546.
[64]Brown W M,George M Jr,Wilson A C.Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1979,76(4):1967-1971.
[65]Kimura M.The neutral theory of molecular evolution.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[66]Deirdre A J,Xiao R F,Jian B M,et al.Early origin and recent expansion of plasmodium falciparum.Seience,2003,300:318-321.
[67]Yu N,Zheng C L,Zhang Y P.Molecular Systematics of Pikas(Genus Ochotona) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2000,16(1):85-95.
[68]Vawter L,Brown W M.Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons reveal extreme rate variation in the molecular clock.Science,1986,234(4773):194-196.
[69]Zardoya R,Meyer A.Phylogenetic performance of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in resolving relationships among vertebrates.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1996,13:933-942.
[70]张亚平.马来熊的DNA序列分析与遗传多样性研究.动物学研究,1996,17(4):459-468.
[71]宿兵,Kressirer P,Monda K,王文,蒋学龙,王应祥,Woodruff D S,张亚平.中国黑冠长臂猿的遗传多样性极其分子系统学研究.中国科学(C辑),1996,26(5):414-419.
[72]张亚平,Oliver A R.金丝猴属的DNA序列变异及进化与保护遗传学研究.遗传学报,1997,24(2):116-121.
[73]张亚平,Oliver A R.熊超科的分子系统发生研究.遗传学报,1997,24(1):15-22.
[74]李明,王小明,盛和林.马鹿四个亚种的起源和遗传分化研究.动物学研究,1998.19(3):177-183.
[75]李明,盛和林,玉手英利,增田隆一,永田纯子,大泰司纪之.麝、獐、麂和鹿间线粒体DNA的差异以及系统进化研究.兽类学报,1998,18(3):184-191.
[76]陈永久,张亚平,邹希明,董凤友,王进军.犬科的线粒体细胞色素b DNA序列及其分子系统学研究.遗传学报,2000,27(1):7-11.
[77]Guo S C,Savolainen P,Su J P,Zhang Q,Oi D L,Zhou J,Zhong Y,Zhao X Q,Liu J Q,.Origin of mitochondrial DNA diversity of domestic yaks.BMC Evolutionary Biology.BioMed Central Ltd, London,UK:2006,6:73.
[78]张晓梅,单祥年,施燕峰,张海军,李健,郑爱玲.小麂线粒体基因组全序列的测定和分析.遗传,2004,26(6):849-853.
[79]孟超,张洪海,陈玉才.中国狼(Canis lupus chanco)线粒体全基因组序列分析.中国生物化学与分子生物学报,2008,24(12):1170-1176.
[80]李庆伟,李爽,田春宇,王勇军,郭玉梅.雀形目10种鸟类线粒体的DNA变异及分子进化.动物学报,2002,48(5):625-632.
[81]李庆伟,林津,李爽,王勇军,李文正,曾养志.隼形目鹰科11种鸟类线粒体DNA分子进化的研究.动物学报,2000,46(2):209-220.
[82]李庆伟,林津,文伟,李文正,曾养志.鹗形目8种鸟类线粒体DNA多态性研究.动物学报,1998,44(1):94-101.
[83]孙毅,马飞,肖冰,郑俊杰,袁晓东,汤敏谦,王黎,于业飞,李庆伟.鸮形目两种鸟类线粒体基因组全序列测定与比较研究.中国科学C辑,2004,34(6):527-536.
[84]Zhan X J,Zhang Z W,Wu A P,Tao Y J.Phylogenetic Relationships Monal Pheasants Lophophorus Infered from Sequences Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene.Zoological Research,2003,24(5):337-342.
[85]朱世华,郑文娟,邹记兴,杨迎春,沈锡权.鲹科鱼类线粒体DNA控制区结构及系统发育关系.动物学研究,2007,28(6):606-614.
[86]张雄飞,周开亚,常青.中国大陆黑斑侧褶蛙基于mtDNA控制区序列的种群遗传结构.遗传学报,2004,31(11):1232-1240.
[87]陈贵英,江建平,谢锋,刘炯宇,郑中华.两栖动物线粒体基因组结构特征分析.动物分类学报,2008,33(2):307-311.
[88]Janke A,Arnason U.The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria(birds and crocodiles).Molecular Biology and Evolution,1997,14:1266-1272.
[89]Janke A,Erpenbeck D,Nielsson M,Arnason U.The mitochondrial genomes of a lizard,(Iguana iguana),and the caiman,(Caiman crocodylus):implications for amniotes phylogeny.Proceedings of the Royal Society B,2001,268:623-631.
[90]吴孝兵,王义权,周开亚,朱伟铨,聂继山,王朝林.扬子鳄的线粒体全基因组与鳄类系统发生.科学通报,2003,48(18):1954-195.
[91]Li Y,Wu X B,Ji X F,Yan P,George Amato.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Salt-water Crocodile(Crocodylus porosus) and phylogeny of crocodiles.Journal of Genetics and Genomics,2007,34(2):119-128.
[92]Janke A,Gullberg A,Hughes S,Aggarwal R K,Arnason U.Mitogenomic Analyses Place the Gharial(Gavialis gangeticus) on the Crocodile Tree and Provide Pre-K/T Divergence Times for Most Crocodilians.Journal of Molecular Evolution.,2005,61:620-626.
[93]季学峰,吴孝兵,李艳,晏鹏,George Amato.尼罗鳄线粒体基因组全序列分析及鳄类系统发生关系的探讨.动物学报,2006,52(4):810-818.
[94]周继亮,张亚平,黄美华,陈永久,陈小青,姚耿东.蝮亚科蛇线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析及其系统发育.动物学报,2001,47(4):361-366.
[95]马逸清,吴家炎.我国紫貂种下分类的研究--包括一新亚种.动物学报,1981,27(2):189-196.
[96]#12
[97]寿振黄.中国经济动物志.北京:科学出版社,1962.
[98]盛和林,大泰司纪之,陆厚基.中国野生哺乳动物.北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
[99]#12
[100]晁玉庆,赖双英,国向东,巴勇舸.紫貂染色体核型研究.内蒙古畜牧科学,1993,1:35-36.
[101]陈志平,刘瑞清,王应祥.青鼬Martes flavigula的核型研究.兽类学报,1990,10(1):19-22.
[102]马文忠.野生紫貂的生物学特性(一).国土与自然资源研究,1985,4:73-80.
[103]刘福元.大兴安岭紫貂分布区的变迁.国土与自然资源研究,1989,4:61-62.
[104]马逸清,李晓民,金爱莲,徐利,姜兆文,程岭.俄罗斯紫貂人工移放事业.国土与自然资源研究,1995,3:77-80.
[105]程继臻.黑龙江省珍惜兽类资源及动态分析.林业勘查设计,1996,4:68-69.
[106]张洪海,马建章.紫貂春季和夏季生境选择的初步研究.动物学报,2000,46(4):399-406.
[107]张洪海,马建章.紫貂冬季生境的偏好.动物学研究,1999,20(5):355-359.
[108]张洪海,马建章.紫貂冬季生境选择的初步研究.东北林业大学学报,1999,27(6):49-52.
[109]张洪海,马建章.紫貂秋季生境选择的初步研究.生态学报,2000,20(1):150-154.
[110]姜兆文,徐利,马逸清,王永庆,李永琪,Buskirk Steven W.大兴安岭地区紫貂冬季生境选择的研究.兽类学报,1998,18(2):112-119.
[111]解伏菊,肖笃宁,李秀珍,胡远满,史宝东.大兴安岭北坡火后紫貂冬季生境适宜性与景观格局的恢复.动物学杂志,2006,41(1):60-68.
[112]李月辉,胡志斌,冷文芳,常禹,胡远满.大兴安岭呼中区紫貂生境格局变化及采伐的影响.生物多样性,2007,15(3):232-240.
[113]谷海军,佟煜人,郑荣光.阿尔泰紫貂生活习性及活捕方法.特产研究,1993,2:34.
[114]吴家炎.大兴安岭的紫貂.经济动物学报,1980,2:46-48.
[115]徐利,姜兆文,马逸清,金爱莲,王永庆,Steve W Buskirk.紫貂冬季食性的分析.兽类学报,1996,16(4):272-277.
[116]包新康,马建章,张迎梅.2003.大兴安岭紫貂食物组成分析.兽类学报,23(3):203-207.
[117]金爱莲.紫貂的驯养与繁殖.国土与自然资源研究,1980,3:68-73.
[118]佟煜人,郭永佳.紫貂的驯养和繁殖--紫貂笼养繁殖试验二十年总结.特产研究,1980,2:45-53.
[119]佟煜人,郭永佳.紫貂的驯养与繁殖(二)--紫貂笼养繁殖试验二十年总结.特产研究,1980,4:57-63.
[120]门陶岩,宋建华,李春义,王国森.紫貂胚泡滞育期血清性激素结合蛋白的测定.特产研究,1991,1:3-4.
[121]佟煜人,宋建华,门陶岩,王国森,李春义,肖永军,郭永佳,谷海军,焦淑贤.紫貂妊娠期血清孕酮水平的变化.兽类学报,1993,13(1):221-224.
[122]佟煜人,郭永佳,王淑文.利用促黄体素释放激素(LRH)提高紫貂繁殖力的试验报告.特产研究,1979,1:28-30.
[123]王庆奎,张云,王兰如,吴杨生.紫貂作为EHF宿主动物的血清流行病学研究.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1992,3(3):170-172.
[124]宋建华,佟煜人,肖永军.光因子对紫貂繁殖及换毛的影响.生态学杂志,1988,7(6):27-29.
[125]佟煜人,郭永佳,宋建华,华树芳.提高紫貂繁殖力研究简报.中国农业科学,1986,4:93-94.
[126]马文忠.介绍调节笼养紫貂繁殖机能的方法.野生动物,1985,5:25-28.
[127]#12
[128]佟煜人,郭永佳.紫貂的驯养与繁殖(三)--紫貂笼养繁殖试验二十年总结.特产研究,1981,2:58-65.
[129]张丽梅.繁殖期紫貂的饲养管理.野生动物,1999,5:28-29.
[130]靳玉文,邵伟庚,孙红瑜,杨娇.紫貂的饲养管理.动物科学与动物医学,2003,20(1):53-54.
[131]文士心.紫貂的饲养管理.农村养殖技术,2007,13:27-28.
[132]文士心.紫貂的繁殖技术.农村养殖技术,2007,11:27-28.
[133]王应祥.中国哺乳动物种和亚种分类名录与分布大全.中国林业出版社,2003.
[134]Anderson E.Quaternary evolution of the genus Mattes(Carnivora,Mustelidae).Acta Zoologica Fennica,1970,130,1-132.
[135]Anderson E.Evolution,Prehistoric Distribution,and Systematics of Mattes.In Buskirk S W,Harestad A S,Raphael M G,Powell R A eds.Martens,sables,and fishers:biology and conservation.Cornell University Press,Ithaca,N.Y.1994,13-25.
[136]Grayson D K.The mammals.In Thomas D H,ed.,The archaeology of Hidden Cave,Nevada.Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History,1985,61(1):125-161.
[137]Youngman P M,Schueler F W.Martes nobilis is a synonym of Martes americana,not an extinct Pleistocene-Holocene species.Journal of Mammalogy,1991,72:567-577.
[138]Bakeyev N N,Sinitsyn A A.Status and Conservation of Sables in the Commonwealth of Independent States.In Buskirk S W,Harestad A S,Raphael M G,Powell R A.Martens,sables,and fishers:biology and conservation.Cornell University Press,Ithaca,N.Y.1994,246-254.
[139]马建章,邹红菲,贾竞波.野生动物管理学.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2004.
[140]Zhang D X,Hewitt G M.Nuclear DNA analyses in genetic studies of populations:practice,problems and prospects.Molecular Ecology,2003,12:563-584.
[141]Thompson J D,Gibson T J,Plewniak F,Jeanmougin F,Higgins D G.The clustal X windows in terrace:flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.Nucleic Acids Research,1997,25:4876-4882.
[142]Kumar S,Tamura K,Jakobsen I B,Nei M.MEGA:Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software.Bioinformatics,2001,17(12):1244-1245.
[143]Rozas J,Rozas R.Dna SP version 3:an integrated programfor molecular population genetics and molecular evolution analysis.Bioinformatics,1999,15:174.
[144]Nei M.Moleeular Evolutionary Geneties.NewYork:Columbia University Press,1987.
[145]Excoffier L,Smouse P E.Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distance among DNA restriction data.Genetics,1992,131:479-491.
[146]Slatkin M.Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations.Seience,1987,236:787-792.
[147]Baker C S,Slade R W,Bannister J L.Hierarchical structure of mitochondrial DNA gene flow among humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae,world-wide.Molecular Ecology,1994,3:313-327.
[148]Slatkin M,Hudson R R.Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations.Genetics,1991,129:555-562.
[149]Rogers A R,Harpending H.Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1992,9:552-569.
[150]Swofford D L.PAUP:Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony(and other methods).Version 4.Sunderland,Massachusetts:Sinauer Associates.1998.
[151]阮向东.藏羚羊保护遗传学研究.浙江杭州:浙江大学博士论文,2007.
[152]McCracken K G,Sorenson M D.Is homoplasy or lineage sorting the source of incongruent mtDNA and nuclear gene trees in the stiff-tailed ducks(Nomonyx -Oxyura)?.Systematic Biology,2005,54(1):35-55.
[153]兰宏,王文,施立明.麂属动物陈旧皮张标本的DNA提取及PCR扩增.动物学研究,1995,16(2):146-152.
[154]赖松家,王玲,刘益平,李学伟.中国部分牦牛品种线粒体DNA遗传多态性研究.遗传学报,2005,32(5):463-470.
[155]罗玉柱,成述儒,Batsuuri Lkhagva,等.用mtDNAD-环序列探讨蒙古和中国绵羊的起源及遗传多样性.遗传学报,2005,32(12):1256-1265.
[156]Kulikova I V,Drovetski S V,Gibson D D,et al.Phylogeography of the mallard(Arias platyrhynchos):Hybridization,dispersal,and lineage sorting contribute to complex geographic structure.Auk,2005,122:949-965.
[157]张汤杰,李慧芳,常洪,张晶鑫,汤青萍,高玉时,徐文娟.江淮流域9个家鸭品种的分子生物地理演化过程分析.畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(2):133-138.
[158]吴华,胡杰,方盛国,孔令禄,贾放.中国圈养梅花鹿遗传多样性和遗传结构.动物学杂志,2006,41(4):41-47.
[159]Malcolm L,Hunter Jo Fundamentals of Conservation Biology.Blackwell Science Inc,London,1996,79.
[160]Bruno B,Schmid B.Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic diversity within species.In:Kevin J. Gaston ed.Biodiversity:A Biology of Numbers and Difference.Blackwell Science Institute,London,1996,169.
[161]Buskirk S W,Harestad A S,Raphael M G.,Powell R A.Martens,Sables,and Fishers:Biology and Conservation.Cornell Univ Press,New York,1994.
[162]Wright S.1943.Isolation by distance.Genetics,28:114-138.
[163]魏万红,王权业,周文扬,樊乃昌.灭鼠干扰后高原鼢鼠的种群动态与扩散.兽类学报,1997,17(1):53-61.
[164]Grimm E C,Jacobson G L,Watts W A,Hansen B C S,Maasch K A.A 50,000 year record of climatic oscillations from Florida and its temperal correlation with the Heinrich events.Science,1993,261:198-200.
[165]Hewitt G M.Some genetic consequences of ice ages and their role in divergence and speciation.Botanical journal of the Linnean Society,1996,58:247-276.
[166]Bames I,Matheus P,Shapiro B,Jensen D,Cooper A.Dynamics of pleistocene Population extinctions in Beringian brown bears.Science,2002,295:2267-2270.
[167]Lessa E P,Cook J A,Patton J L.Genetic footprints of demographic expansion in North America,but not Amazonia,during the late Quaternary.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2003,100:10331-10334.
[168]Nei M,Maruyama T,Chakraborty R.The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations.Evolution,1975,29:1-10.
[169]Frankham R,Ballou J D,Briscoe D A.Introduction to Conservation Genetics.Cambridge university press,2002.
[170]Curole J P,Kocher T D.Mitogenomics:digging deeper with complete mitochondrial genomes.Tree,1999,14:394-398.
[171]赫崇波,高祥刚,王效敏,刘卫东,周遵春,木云雷,葛陇利.圆斑星鲽线粒体基因组全序列结构及其进化.中国水产科学,2007,14(4):584-592.
[172]Stone K D,Cook J A.Molecular evolution of Holarctic martens(genus Martes,Mammalia:Carnivora:Mustelidae).Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2002,24:169-179.
[173]Boore J L.Animal mitochondrial genomes.Nucleic Acids Research,1999,27:1767-1780.
[174]王 峰,佟煜人.紫貂泌乳期饲粮适宜能量浓度与蛋白质水平的研究.动物营养学报,1996,8(3):38-43.
[175]Kashtanov S N,Lazebny O E,Gracheva S V.Fitness Characteristics and Allozyme Heterozygosity in an Artificial Population of the Sable Martes zibellina L.Russian Journal of Genetics,2003,39(12):1438-1441.
[176]Petrovskaya A V.Genetic Structure of the Sable Mattes zibellina L.Populations from Magadan Oblast As Inferred from Mitochondfial DNA Variation.Russian Journal of Genetics,2007,43(4):424-429.
[177]Sambrook J,Russel D W.Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,3rd edn.Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.2001.
[178]Buroker N E,Brown J R,Gilbert T A,O'Hara P J,Beckenbach A T,Thomas W K,Smith M J.Length heteroplasmy of sturgeon mitochondrial DNA:An illegitimate elongation model.Genetics,1990,124(1):157-163.
[179]Faber J E,Stepien C A.Tandemly repeated sequences in the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogeography of the pikeperches Stizostedion.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,1998,10:310-322.
[180]蒲友光,彭巧玲,王志方,聂刘旺.乌龟线粒体全基因组序列和结构分析.动物学报,2005,51(4):691-696.
[181]Clary D O,Wolstenholme D R.The mitochondrial DNA molecular of Drosophila yakuba:nucleotide sequence,gene organization,and genetic code.Journal of Molecular Evolution,1985,22(3):252-271.
[182]Nowak R M.Walker's Mammals of the World.6th ed.Johns Hopkins,Baltimore and London.University Press,1999,2015.
[183]Wyss A R,Flynn J J.A phylogenetic anaysis and definition of the Carnivore.in Szalay F S,Novacek M,McKenna M.Mammal Phylogeny.New York:Springer-Verlag,1993.
[184]Dragoo J W,Honeycutt R L.Systematics of mustelid-like carnivores.Journal of Mammalogy,1997,78(2):426-443.
[185]Marmi J,L(?)pez-Gir(?)ldez J F,Domingo-Roura X.Phylogeny,evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Mustelidae based on sequences of the cytochrome B gene and a complex repetitive flanking region.Zoologica Scripta,2004,33:481-499.
[186]Koepfli K P,Wayne R K.Type I STS markers are more informative than cytochrome b in phylogenetic reconstruction of the Mustelidae(Mammalia:Carnivora).Systematic Biology,2003,52(5):571-593.
[187]Fulton T L,Strobeck C.Molecular phylogeny of the Arctoidea(Carnivora):EVect of missing data on supertree and supermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets.Molecular Phytogenetics and Evolution,2006,41:165-181.
[188]Buskirk S W,Harestad A S,Raphael M G,Powell R A.Martens,sables,and fishers:biology and conservation.New York:Cornell University Press,1994.
[189]Kumazawa Y,Ota H,Nishida M,Ozawa T.The complete nucleotide sequence of a snake(Dinodon semicarinatus) mitochondrial genome with two identical control regions.Genetics,1999,150(1):313-329.
[190]张海军,李健,施燕蜂,张晓梅,徐春宏,单祥年.黑麂线粒体基因组序列分析.中国生物化学与分子生物学报,2004,20(4):513-518.
[191]Koepfli K P,Deere K A,Slater G J,et al.Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae:Resolving relationships,tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation.BMC Biology,2008,6:10.
[192]Saccone S,Giorgi C D,Gissi C,Pesole G,Reyes A.Evolutionary genomics in Metazoa:the mitochondrial DNA as a model system.Gene,1999,238(1):195-209.
[193]吴宪明,吴松锋,任大明,朱云平,贺福初.密码子偏性的分析方法及相关研究进展.遗传,2007,29(4):420-426.
[194]Pokras,E M;Ruddiman,W F.Evolution of south Saharan/Sahelian aridity based on freshwater diatoms(genus Melosira) and opal phytoliths:sites 662 and 664.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results,.1989;108:143-148.
[195]Sbisa'E,Tanzariello F,Reyes A,Pesole G,Saccone C.Mammalian mitochondrial D-loop region structural analysis:identification of new conserveds equencesand their functional and evolutionary implications.Gene,1997,205:125-140.
[196]Larizza A,Pesole G.,Reyes A,Sbisa'E,Saccone C.Lineage specificity of the evolutionary dynamics of the mt DNA D-Loop region in rodents.Journal of Molecular Evolution,2002,54:145-155.
[197]Ketmaier V,Bernardini C.Structure of the mitochondrial control region of the Eurasia notter(Lutra lutra,Carnivora,Mustelidae):patterns of genetic heterogeneity and implications for conservation of the species in Italy.Journal of Heredity,2005,96:318-328.
[198]颜亮,张雁,汪宁,张莉,聂刘旺.鳄龟科和平胸龟科线粒体控制区序列分析和结构比较.动物学研究,2008,29(2):127-133.
[199]Sun K P,Feng J,Jin L R,Liu Y,Shi L M,Jiang T L.Structure,DNA sequence variation and phylogenetic implications of the mitochonddal control region in horseshoe bats.Mammlian biology,2009,74:130-144.
[200]Reyes A,Nevo E,Saccone C.DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region of subterranean mole rats,Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies,in Israel.Molecular Biology and Evolution,2003,20:622-632.
[201]Dragoo J W.,Honeycutt R L.,Schmidly D J.Taxonomic status of white-backed hog-nosed skunks,Genus conepatus(Carnivora:Mephitidae).Journal of Mammalogy,2003,84(1):159-176.
[202]Rozhnov V V,Meschersky I G,Abramov A V.Geographical variation of the marbled polecat Vormela peregusna(Carnivora:Mustelidae):molecular genetic study.Doklady Biological Sciences,2008,418:27-29.
[203]Flynn J J,Finarelli J A,Zehr S,Hsu J,Nedbal M A.Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia):assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships.Systematic Biology,2005,54(2):317-337.
[204]Randi E,Lucchini V.Organization and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the avian genus Alectoris.Journal of Molecular Evolution,1998,47(4):449-462.
[205]Douzery E,Randi E.The mitochondrial control region of Cervidae:evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic content.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1997,14,1154-1166.
[206]Iyengar A,Diniz F M,Gilbert T,Woodfine T,Knowles J,Maclean N.Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region in oryx.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2006,40(1):305-314.
[207]Gemmell N J,Western P S,Watson J M,Graves J A.Evolution of the mammalian mitochondrial control region-comparisons of control region sequences between monotreme and therian mammals.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1996,13(6):798-808.
[208]Broughton R E,Dowling T E.Evolutionary dynamics of tandem repeats in the mitochondrial DNA control Region of the minnow Cyprinella spiloptera.Molecular Biology and Evolution,1997,14(12):1187-1196.
[209]Simpson G G.The principles of classification and a classification of mammals.Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,1945,85:1-350.
[210]Arnason U,Gullberg A,Janke A,Kullberg M.Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2007,45(3):863-874.