塔河油田西北部奥陶系古岩溶储集层控制因素讨论
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摘要
碳酸盐岩(包括石灰岩和白云岩)储层占据了世界上50%的油气储量。随着海相碳酸盐岩储集层重要性的不断增加,与之相关的研究新理论相继提出,为碳酸盐岩储集层的成因演化研究提供了新的思路。然而,由于碳酸盐岩中强烈非均质性的多种孔隙度体系使得其成为了研究碳酸盐岩储集层的难点之一。塔河油田作为我国重要的古岩溶型海相碳酸盐岩大油田,对其的研究可以作为海相碳酸盐岩储集层研究中的一个补充,同时通过研究不整合面附近的流体-岩石相互作用在储层成因及其演化中所体现出的特定意义而确定控制储集层发育的因素。
表生期的大气水作用能导致碳酸盐岩的溶解,这是形成古岩溶储集层的基础。然而现实证明总会在不整合面附近钻遇不具有储集性的部位,这就提出了新的思考,即什么情况下有利于岩溶储集层的发育。利用镜下薄片鉴定、阴极发光、常微量元素、碳氧锶同位素、流体包裹体及相应的分析数据整理等方法对塔河油田西北部奥陶系碳酸盐岩进行了分析测试,并在此基础上对不同类型的碳酸盐岩主要经历的流体-岩石相互作用进行了详细的讨论。研究认为,主要由石灰岩组成的奥陶系碳酸盐岩不发育优质白云岩储集层,明显不同于国内外其他古生代碳酸盐岩储集层。同时形成于整体海平面上升过程中的奥陶系碳酸盐岩在准同生-早成岩作用阶段的海底胶结作用使得形成于相对较高能环境下的颗粒灰岩中的原生粒间孔隙基本上被完全充填,并在早成岩阶段未遭受明显的大气水溶蚀作用而完整地保存下来,使得碳酸盐岩基质部分具有特低孔渗值,基本不具有储集性。同时这种特性同样影响到了表生期岩溶作用的发育及分布,不整合面附近的部分碳酸盐岩基质甚至可以未遭受大气水作用,因而深入认识到只有与断层等相关的构造薄弱部位有利于发育大气水溶蚀而形成岩溶孔洞缝储集体。通过对充填于孔洞缝中方解石的地球化学特征及相应的产状分析表明,在表生期岩溶的基础上,后期的埋藏过程中有来自深部热流体、地层水及表生期大气水的混合流体在构造裂缝及岩溶孔洞缝中发生方解石沉淀,而后期深部流体向上运移的路径基本上是沿表生期大气水作用的通道,由于地层埋藏深度的持续增加或环境的突变而发生沉淀,从而堵塞孔洞缝,降低储集空间。
Carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone) account for approximately 50% of oil and gas production around the world. As the increasing importance of marine carbonate rocks reservoirs, more new correlation theory are developed reciprocally. But the intensity heterogeneity with multiple-porosity systems is the one of difficulties about the research of the reservoirs in carbonate rocks. As the important paleokarst reservoirs of marine carbonate rocks in our country, the research of Tahe oilfield should to be a important addition to the marine carbonate reservoirs , and according to the research of fluid-rock interaction which show the specific significance about the carbonate rocks of the beneath unconformities to make sure the control factor of the reservoirs development.
The basic theory of the paleokarst reservoirs development is the dissolution of the meteoric of epigenesis for carbonate. But actuality, a large number of wells that were drilled into non-porous carbonate rocks beneath unconformities, and it raise a new question that which condition can develop superior quality karst pore-cavity- fracture reseviors. Take the analysis-examination technique of microscope thin section, cathodoluminescence, invariable-trace element, C-O-Sr stable isotope, fluid inclusion and correlation date handle and so on to Ordovician carbonate, the northwestern of Tahe oilfield. Base on these, we give a detail discussion about the fluid-rock interaction in different type carbonate rocks and get some conclusion. The main type is limestone in Ordovician carbonate rocks, it is different with the carbonate rocks reservoirs around the world which are mainly developed with superior quality dolomite reservoirs. Because of the whole average sea-level sustain increase of Ordovician, the sea-floor cementation during eodiagenesis to early-diagenesis, the origin intergranular pore basicly which were developed in high-energy environment had been infilled and proceted completely during the burial diagenesis process because carbonate rocks of Ordovician had not exposured into meteoric during early diagenesis, so the matrix of carboante rocks represent the lowest porosity and permeability which did not own the preserve ability, and this characters influce the development and distribution of karst in epigenesis. There are some matrix of carbonate rocks which proximity to the unconformities did not to be subjected to the meteoric, therefore, the fault and some weak part of structure are easiest to develop karst pore-cavity-fracture reseviors. According to the analysis about geochemistry and represent of calcite which was filled in the fissure show that the thermal fluid, straighary water and meteoric of epigenesis mixture fluid deposited into the karst pore-cavity-fracture which was formed base on the epigenesis during the burial process, at the same time, this mixture fluid migrate path was the just the pathway of meteoric flow which blonged to epigenesis, deposited because of sustained bury and enviroment mutation, and sealed the karst pore-cavity- fracture, level down the reservoirs space.
表生期的大气水作用能导致碳酸盐岩的溶解,这是形成古岩溶储集层的基础。然而现实证明总会在不整合面附近钻遇不具有储集性的部位,这就提出了新的思考,即什么情况下有利于岩溶储集层的发育。利用镜下薄片鉴定、阴极发光、常微量元素、碳氧锶同位素、流体包裹体及相应的分析数据整理等方法对塔河油田西北部奥陶系碳酸盐岩进行了分析测试,并在此基础上对不同类型的碳酸盐岩主要经历的流体-岩石相互作用进行了详细的讨论。研究认为,主要由石灰岩组成的奥陶系碳酸盐岩不发育优质白云岩储集层,明显不同于国内外其他古生代碳酸盐岩储集层。同时形成于整体海平面上升过程中的奥陶系碳酸盐岩在准同生-早成岩作用阶段的海底胶结作用使得形成于相对较高能环境下的颗粒灰岩中的原生粒间孔隙基本上被完全充填,并在早成岩阶段未遭受明显的大气水溶蚀作用而完整地保存下来,使得碳酸盐岩基质部分具有特低孔渗值,基本不具有储集性。同时这种特性同样影响到了表生期岩溶作用的发育及分布,不整合面附近的部分碳酸盐岩基质甚至可以未遭受大气水作用,因而深入认识到只有与断层等相关的构造薄弱部位有利于发育大气水溶蚀而形成岩溶孔洞缝储集体。通过对充填于孔洞缝中方解石的地球化学特征及相应的产状分析表明,在表生期岩溶的基础上,后期的埋藏过程中有来自深部热流体、地层水及表生期大气水的混合流体在构造裂缝及岩溶孔洞缝中发生方解石沉淀,而后期深部流体向上运移的路径基本上是沿表生期大气水作用的通道,由于地层埋藏深度的持续增加或环境的突变而发生沉淀,从而堵塞孔洞缝,降低储集空间。
Carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone) account for approximately 50% of oil and gas production around the world. As the increasing importance of marine carbonate rocks reservoirs, more new correlation theory are developed reciprocally. But the intensity heterogeneity with multiple-porosity systems is the one of difficulties about the research of the reservoirs in carbonate rocks. As the important paleokarst reservoirs of marine carbonate rocks in our country, the research of Tahe oilfield should to be a important addition to the marine carbonate reservoirs , and according to the research of fluid-rock interaction which show the specific significance about the carbonate rocks of the beneath unconformities to make sure the control factor of the reservoirs development.
The basic theory of the paleokarst reservoirs development is the dissolution of the meteoric of epigenesis for carbonate. But actuality, a large number of wells that were drilled into non-porous carbonate rocks beneath unconformities, and it raise a new question that which condition can develop superior quality karst pore-cavity- fracture reseviors. Take the analysis-examination technique of microscope thin section, cathodoluminescence, invariable-trace element, C-O-Sr stable isotope, fluid inclusion and correlation date handle and so on to Ordovician carbonate, the northwestern of Tahe oilfield. Base on these, we give a detail discussion about the fluid-rock interaction in different type carbonate rocks and get some conclusion. The main type is limestone in Ordovician carbonate rocks, it is different with the carbonate rocks reservoirs around the world which are mainly developed with superior quality dolomite reservoirs. Because of the whole average sea-level sustain increase of Ordovician, the sea-floor cementation during eodiagenesis to early-diagenesis, the origin intergranular pore basicly which were developed in high-energy environment had been infilled and proceted completely during the burial diagenesis process because carbonate rocks of Ordovician had not exposured into meteoric during early diagenesis, so the matrix of carboante rocks represent the lowest porosity and permeability which did not own the preserve ability, and this characters influce the development and distribution of karst in epigenesis. There are some matrix of carbonate rocks which proximity to the unconformities did not to be subjected to the meteoric, therefore, the fault and some weak part of structure are easiest to develop karst pore-cavity-fracture reseviors. According to the analysis about geochemistry and represent of calcite which was filled in the fissure show that the thermal fluid, straighary water and meteoric of epigenesis mixture fluid deposited into the karst pore-cavity-fracture which was formed base on the epigenesis during the burial process, at the same time, this mixture fluid migrate path was the just the pathway of meteoric flow which blonged to epigenesis, deposited because of sustained bury and enviroment mutation, and sealed the karst pore-cavity- fracture, level down the reservoirs space.
引文
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