氯酚类物质在零价铁强化还原/氧化体系中的降解研究
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摘要
零价铁是近年来迅速发展并且广泛研究应用的地下水修复技术,它能够被有效地用于处理许多难降解污染物如有机氯代溶剂、重金属和硝酸盐等,然而对于氯酚这一类难降解有机氯代物,使用单纯的零价铁技术却很难达到降解的目的。因此强化零价铁的处理能力来提高对氯酚的处理效果有着非常重要的研究意义。
本文以氯酚类物质(CPs)作为主要目标污染物,研究了CPs在零价铁的强化还原或氧化体系中的降解行为。主要内容为:(1)考察了纳米Pd/Fe催化剂对氯酚的强化还原脱氯降解;(2)考察了非均相ZVI/H_2O_2类Fenton氧化体系,对4CP在该体系中的降解动力学行为、反应机理及降解路径进行了系统的研究;(3)将超声辐射(US)引入到一个新型的类Fenton体系(Fe/EDTA)中组成了超声/类Fenton体系,对体系反应机理、超声强化机理进行了讨论;(4)对偶氮染料废水和重金属污染土壤解吸废液在新型类Fenton体系(Fe/EDTA)中的处理进行了探索性的实验研究。本文的主要结论有:
1.CPs在纳米级Pd/Fe体系中的强化还原脱氯降解:
①实验制备得平均粒径为80nm,比表面积为26±3 m~2/g的纳米双金属Pd/Fe催化剂;
②考察了三种CPs类物质被纳米Pd/Fe催化剂还原脱氯的降解过程。实验结果表明,纳米Pd/Fe对三种CPs的脱氯降解速率快慢顺序为TCP＜DCP＜MCP。在三个体系里,由目标母体化合物直接完全还原脱氯转化为苯酚是主要的还原降解路径;
③分别考察了催化剂用量、Pd负载比、反应温度、初始pH、其它负载金属等影响因素对246TCP还原脱氯降解的影响;
④考察了还原体系中氢气的产生变迁过程,并探讨了纳米Pd/Fe催化还原脱氯降解CPs的机理。ZVI的作用主要是通过腐蚀过程产氢,而Pd的功能是将H_2或H~+催化为原子态氢。CPs是通过在Pd表面的加氢反应而被脱氯。
2.4CP在零价铁/H_2O_2类Fenton氧化体系中的降解:
①pH对4CP在ZVI/H_2O_2体系中的降解具有重要的影响,当pH≥5时,4CP在体系中几乎没有降解效果。当pH值在3—4之间,pH值越低,4CP降解速度越快。
②在ZVI/H_2O_2体系中,4CP的降解过程可以用一个二阶段的一阶降解动力学行为来表示。这个两阶段降解动力学行为是由一个初始的缓慢降解阶段(第一阶段)和随后的快速降解阶段(第二阶段)所组成,第二阶段的降解动力学常数要比第一阶段的大一个数量级。
③提出了4CP在ZVI/H_2O_2体系中的可能降解路径。在该体系中,4CP首先与·OH结合生成ClHP·自由基。然后降解路径可分为两条子路径—4CC路径和ClPP·路径。这两个子路径产生的中间产物都能在·OH的持续攻击下氧化成低分子脂肪酸,如马来酸等。
3.氯酚在超声辅助类Fenton(US/Fe/EDTA)体系中的降解:
①考察了24DCP在US/类Fenton体系中的降解,对照实验表明,24DCP在各体系中的降解次序为US/Fe/EDTA＞Fe/EDTA＞US/Fe＞US。超声辐射对于DCP在该类Fenton体系中的降解具有很强的协同作用。DCP的降解过程符合一级反应动力学行为。考察了初始工艺参数如DCP浓度、铁投加量、EDTA浓度及反应温度等对DCP降解的影响;
②以4CP为目标污染物,考察了4CP和EDTA在US/类Fenton体系中的共同降解关系。两种物质在体系中的降解都能的符合一阶反应动力学行为。EDTA和ZVI是体系中的关键性物质,它们的初始浓度变化对于4CP和EDTA的降解具有重大的影响。超声不仅对4CP的降解有协同作用,对EDTA亦然。体系中的DO浓度对两种污染物的降解具有至关重要的影响,当体系中DO过低时,降解反应会完全被抑制住。反应温度对k_(obs)(4CP)和k_(obs)(EDTA)有着正影响关系,计算得到反应活化能(Ea)分别为38.6(4CP)和24.8 kJ mol~(-1)(EDTA),提出了在US辅助类Fenton体系中主要的氧化剂应该为四价铁离子(Ferryl ion,[Fe~ⅣO]~(2+))而不是羟基自由基。
③考察了五种CPs在US/类Fenton体系中的降解,得到了CPs的一阶降解动力学常数。用PM3 Hamilitonian算法计算得出CPs的19个量子化学描述符。通过采用PLS方法对5个动力学常数的对数值和CPs的量子化学描述符进行计算分析得到了一个最优化的QSPR模型。最优模型结果表明,当一种氯酚物质具有越高的E_(lumo)-E_(homo)、(E_(lumo)-E_(homo))~2、Mw、~1X~Ⅴ和CCR值,它在US/类Fenton体系中就降解得越慢,而当氯酚有更高的E_(homo)、μ、TE、EE和HOF值时就降解得越快。CPs在US/类Fenton体系中可以归结于溶液中的均相Fenton氧化。超声的作用应该体现在对Fenton反应的协同影响上而并非直接的空穴氧化降解。
4.染料废水和重金属污染土壤解吸废液在新型类Fenton(Fe/EDTA)体系中的降解:
①考察了模拟偶氮染料废水在类Fenton体系中的快速脱色和降解行为。结果表明,模拟染料废水能在15min内被迅速脱色,而EDTA也可在反应3h后完全被去除。对初始的工艺参数如活性染料浓度、EDTA投加量、铁粉投加量、pH和通气条件等进行了详细的考察;考察了超声波、紫外光辐射对类Fenton体系降解染料废水的协同作用。结果表明,超声波有很强的协同作用,外加紫外光则没有协同作用;
②对EDTA强化解吸模拟重金属污染土壤和解吸废液在类Fenton体系中的处理进行了实验研究。结果表明,反应24h后,所有重金属离子和94.8%的EDTA得到去除。
Zero-valent iron(ZVI) has been successfully used in the remediation of various groundwater and soil contaminants including a large variety of organic(e.g.,chlorinated organic solvent,PCBs) and inorganic(e.g.,heavy metal ion,arsenic,nitrate) compound. However,with respect to chlorophenols(CPs),treated by sole ZVI technology was reported inefficient.Therefore,it is essential to develop new ZVI technologies for the treatment of CPs.
In this dissertation,CPs was chosen as the main model pollutant.Enhanced ZVI reductive/oxidative systems were established to evaluate the degradation of CPs.Firstly, enhanced ZVI reductive catalyst—nanoscale Pd/Fe was synthesized and dechlorination of 3 CPs in this reductive system was investigated.Secondly,a ZVI/H_2O_2 Fenton like oxidative system was established.The degradation kinetics,pathways and effect factors were further studied.Thirdly,degradation of CPs in a novel ultrasound(US) enhanced Fenton like system(Fe/EDTA/air) was investigated.The reaction mechanism and enhanced role of US were studied.Lastly,treatment of simulated textile wastewater and desoprtion waste from heavy metal contaminated soil in the Fenton like(Fe/EDTA/air) was investigated.The main results of this dissertation are as follows:
1.Results of reductively dechlorination of CPs by nanoscale Pd/Fe:
①Nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetal catalyst with mean particle size of 80 nm and BET specific area of 26±3 m~2/g was synthesized.
②The reductive dechlorination of three CPs by nano scale Pd/Fe was investigated respectively.The sequence of dechlorinated rate of CPs is TCP＜DCP＜MCP.In the degradation of CPs,direct transformation from model parent CPs compound to phenol are all identified as the main dechlorinated degradation pathway.
③The effect of some experiment parameters such as catalyst loading,Pd ratio, reaction temperature and initial pH etc on the reductive dechlorination of 246TCP were investigated.
④Evolution of hydrogen gas in the system was observed.Catalytic reductive dechlorination mechanism of CPs by nanoscale Pd/Fe was proposed.Within the system,the role of ZVI is to produce hydrogen through metal corrosion reaction.Hydrogen gas can be associated on the Pd surface and transformed to atomic hydrogen with strong reductive ability.The degradation of CPs can be ascribed to catalytic hydrogendechlorination on Pd surface.
2.Results of oxidative degradation of 4CP in a heterogeneous ZVI/H_2O_2 Fenton like system:
①Initial pH was proven to have significant effect on the degradation of 4CP and lower pH brought faster degradation rate.
②When initial pH was 4,two-stage first order degradation kinetic of 4CP could be applied very well in all experiments.The two-stage kinetic is composed of an initial slow degradation stage(first-stage) and a followed rapid degradation stage(second-stage),where kinetic constant(k_(obs)) of the latter stage was one magnitude larger than that of the former stage.
③A scheme of 4CP degradation pathways in ZVI/H_2O_2 system was proposed and two pathways--4CC pathway(attacking by hydroxyl radical(·OH)) and orthoparachlorophenolperoxyl radicals(ClPP·) pathway(participating by O_2) were expected to happen in the system.Both pathways would finally lead to the production of low molecule aliphatic organic acid.
3.Results of Degradation of CPs in a novel ultrasound assisted Fenton like system:
①The sequence of the degradation rate of 24DCP in different system is US/Fe/EDTA＞Fe/EDTA＞US/Fe＞US.It showed that ultrasound presented synergistic effect on the Fenton like system.Pseudo-first-order kinetics could be well applied in degradation of DCP.
②Both 4CP and EDTA were found to follow pseudo-first-order degradation kinetic in the novel US/Fenton like system at neutral pH.A non-radical degradation pathway was proposed for the neutral US/Fenton like system.The competitive degradation relationship between 4CP and EDTA is very weak.EDTA and ZVI play important roles in the system and variation of their initial concentration showed significant effect on the degradation rate of both 4CP and EDTA.Ultrasound presented significant positive effect on the degradation of 4CP and EDTA.By ultrasonic cavitation effect,kinetic barrier of O-O band was overcome,which eventually improve H_2O_2 production rate.Sufficient DO is indispensable to the neutral US/Fenton like system and degradation of 4CP and EDTA was almost inhibited at low DO concentrations.Reaction temperature also had positive effect on the degradation rate of 4CP and EDTA.Activation energy(Ea) of 4CP and EDTA was calculated as 38.6 and 24.8 kJ mol~(-1) respectively.A non-radical degradation pathway was proposed for the neutral US/Fenton like system.Ferryl-EDTA complex([Fe~ⅣO]EDTA) instead of OH·was identified as the dominant oxidant in the system.
③By the use of PLS method and 19 quanchemical descriptors computed by PM3 Hamilitonian,an optimized QSPR model was developed for degradation rate constants of 5 CPs in a US irradiated Fenton-like system.The model can be used to explain the degradation mechanism and enhancement role of ultrasound.CPs with greater, E_(lumo)-E_(homo),(E_(lumo)-E_(homo))~2,Mw,~1X~V and CCR values tend to be degraded slower, whereas CPs with higher values of E_(homo),μ,TE,EE and HOF values tend to be degraded faster.The degradation of CPs in the US/Fenton-like system can be ascribed to homogeneous Fenton oxidation in the bulk solution.Ultrasound irradiation is expected to enhance Fenton reaction instead of directly decompose CPs in the system.
4.Results of degradation of textile wastewater and desorption wastewater from heavy metal contaminated soil in the Fenton like system:
①The degradation of simulated textile wastewater was investigated.It indicated that decolorization of the wastewater and degradation of EDTA could be completely achieved at 15min and 3h respectively.Effect of some experiment parameters was also investigated. Two types of external energy--ultrasound(US) and ultraviolet(UV) was introduced into the Fenton like system respectively and the effect of the external energies on the degradation of the wastewater was assessed.Ultrasound presented significant synergistic improvement on both the decolorization rate of the wastewater and degradation rate of EDTA.In contrast, ultraviolet light presented slight inhibition on degradation of the wastewater in the Fenton like system.
②Desorption wastewater from heavy metal contaminated soil in the Fenton like system could be treated by Fenton like system.The result showed that heavy metal ions could be completely removed from the water after 24h's treatment and the removal rate of EDTA achieved 94.8%as well.
本文以氯酚类物质(CPs)作为主要目标污染物,研究了CPs在零价铁的强化还原或氧化体系中的降解行为。主要内容为:(1)考察了纳米Pd/Fe催化剂对氯酚的强化还原脱氯降解;(2)考察了非均相ZVI/H_2O_2类Fenton氧化体系,对4CP在该体系中的降解动力学行为、反应机理及降解路径进行了系统的研究;(3)将超声辐射(US)引入到一个新型的类Fenton体系(Fe/EDTA)中组成了超声/类Fenton体系,对体系反应机理、超声强化机理进行了讨论;(4)对偶氮染料废水和重金属污染土壤解吸废液在新型类Fenton体系(Fe/EDTA)中的处理进行了探索性的实验研究。本文的主要结论有:
1.CPs在纳米级Pd/Fe体系中的强化还原脱氯降解:
①实验制备得平均粒径为80nm,比表面积为26±3 m~2/g的纳米双金属Pd/Fe催化剂;
②考察了三种CPs类物质被纳米Pd/Fe催化剂还原脱氯的降解过程。实验结果表明,纳米Pd/Fe对三种CPs的脱氯降解速率快慢顺序为TCP＜DCP＜MCP。在三个体系里,由目标母体化合物直接完全还原脱氯转化为苯酚是主要的还原降解路径;
③分别考察了催化剂用量、Pd负载比、反应温度、初始pH、其它负载金属等影响因素对246TCP还原脱氯降解的影响;
④考察了还原体系中氢气的产生变迁过程,并探讨了纳米Pd/Fe催化还原脱氯降解CPs的机理。ZVI的作用主要是通过腐蚀过程产氢,而Pd的功能是将H_2或H~+催化为原子态氢。CPs是通过在Pd表面的加氢反应而被脱氯。
2.4CP在零价铁/H_2O_2类Fenton氧化体系中的降解:
①pH对4CP在ZVI/H_2O_2体系中的降解具有重要的影响,当pH≥5时,4CP在体系中几乎没有降解效果。当pH值在3—4之间,pH值越低,4CP降解速度越快。
②在ZVI/H_2O_2体系中,4CP的降解过程可以用一个二阶段的一阶降解动力学行为来表示。这个两阶段降解动力学行为是由一个初始的缓慢降解阶段(第一阶段)和随后的快速降解阶段(第二阶段)所组成,第二阶段的降解动力学常数要比第一阶段的大一个数量级。
③提出了4CP在ZVI/H_2O_2体系中的可能降解路径。在该体系中,4CP首先与·OH结合生成ClHP·自由基。然后降解路径可分为两条子路径—4CC路径和ClPP·路径。这两个子路径产生的中间产物都能在·OH的持续攻击下氧化成低分子脂肪酸,如马来酸等。
3.氯酚在超声辅助类Fenton(US/Fe/EDTA)体系中的降解:
①考察了24DCP在US/类Fenton体系中的降解,对照实验表明,24DCP在各体系中的降解次序为US/Fe/EDTA＞Fe/EDTA＞US/Fe＞US。超声辐射对于DCP在该类Fenton体系中的降解具有很强的协同作用。DCP的降解过程符合一级反应动力学行为。考察了初始工艺参数如DCP浓度、铁投加量、EDTA浓度及反应温度等对DCP降解的影响;
②以4CP为目标污染物,考察了4CP和EDTA在US/类Fenton体系中的共同降解关系。两种物质在体系中的降解都能的符合一阶反应动力学行为。EDTA和ZVI是体系中的关键性物质,它们的初始浓度变化对于4CP和EDTA的降解具有重大的影响。超声不仅对4CP的降解有协同作用,对EDTA亦然。体系中的DO浓度对两种污染物的降解具有至关重要的影响,当体系中DO过低时,降解反应会完全被抑制住。反应温度对k_(obs)(4CP)和k_(obs)(EDTA)有着正影响关系,计算得到反应活化能(Ea)分别为38.6(4CP)和24.8 kJ mol~(-1)(EDTA),提出了在US辅助类Fenton体系中主要的氧化剂应该为四价铁离子(Ferryl ion,[Fe~ⅣO]~(2+))而不是羟基自由基。
③考察了五种CPs在US/类Fenton体系中的降解,得到了CPs的一阶降解动力学常数。用PM3 Hamilitonian算法计算得出CPs的19个量子化学描述符。通过采用PLS方法对5个动力学常数的对数值和CPs的量子化学描述符进行计算分析得到了一个最优化的QSPR模型。最优模型结果表明,当一种氯酚物质具有越高的E_(lumo)-E_(homo)、(E_(lumo)-E_(homo))~2、Mw、~1X~Ⅴ和CCR值,它在US/类Fenton体系中就降解得越慢,而当氯酚有更高的E_(homo)、μ、TE、EE和HOF值时就降解得越快。CPs在US/类Fenton体系中可以归结于溶液中的均相Fenton氧化。超声的作用应该体现在对Fenton反应的协同影响上而并非直接的空穴氧化降解。
4.染料废水和重金属污染土壤解吸废液在新型类Fenton(Fe/EDTA)体系中的降解:
①考察了模拟偶氮染料废水在类Fenton体系中的快速脱色和降解行为。结果表明,模拟染料废水能在15min内被迅速脱色,而EDTA也可在反应3h后完全被去除。对初始的工艺参数如活性染料浓度、EDTA投加量、铁粉投加量、pH和通气条件等进行了详细的考察;考察了超声波、紫外光辐射对类Fenton体系降解染料废水的协同作用。结果表明,超声波有很强的协同作用,外加紫外光则没有协同作用;
②对EDTA强化解吸模拟重金属污染土壤和解吸废液在类Fenton体系中的处理进行了实验研究。结果表明,反应24h后,所有重金属离子和94.8%的EDTA得到去除。
Zero-valent iron(ZVI) has been successfully used in the remediation of various groundwater and soil contaminants including a large variety of organic(e.g.,chlorinated organic solvent,PCBs) and inorganic(e.g.,heavy metal ion,arsenic,nitrate) compound. However,with respect to chlorophenols(CPs),treated by sole ZVI technology was reported inefficient.Therefore,it is essential to develop new ZVI technologies for the treatment of CPs.
In this dissertation,CPs was chosen as the main model pollutant.Enhanced ZVI reductive/oxidative systems were established to evaluate the degradation of CPs.Firstly, enhanced ZVI reductive catalyst—nanoscale Pd/Fe was synthesized and dechlorination of 3 CPs in this reductive system was investigated.Secondly,a ZVI/H_2O_2 Fenton like oxidative system was established.The degradation kinetics,pathways and effect factors were further studied.Thirdly,degradation of CPs in a novel ultrasound(US) enhanced Fenton like system(Fe/EDTA/air) was investigated.The reaction mechanism and enhanced role of US were studied.Lastly,treatment of simulated textile wastewater and desoprtion waste from heavy metal contaminated soil in the Fenton like(Fe/EDTA/air) was investigated.The main results of this dissertation are as follows:
1.Results of reductively dechlorination of CPs by nanoscale Pd/Fe:
①Nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetal catalyst with mean particle size of 80 nm and BET specific area of 26±3 m~2/g was synthesized.
②The reductive dechlorination of three CPs by nano scale Pd/Fe was investigated respectively.The sequence of dechlorinated rate of CPs is TCP＜DCP＜MCP.In the degradation of CPs,direct transformation from model parent CPs compound to phenol are all identified as the main dechlorinated degradation pathway.
③The effect of some experiment parameters such as catalyst loading,Pd ratio, reaction temperature and initial pH etc on the reductive dechlorination of 246TCP were investigated.
④Evolution of hydrogen gas in the system was observed.Catalytic reductive dechlorination mechanism of CPs by nanoscale Pd/Fe was proposed.Within the system,the role of ZVI is to produce hydrogen through metal corrosion reaction.Hydrogen gas can be associated on the Pd surface and transformed to atomic hydrogen with strong reductive ability.The degradation of CPs can be ascribed to catalytic hydrogendechlorination on Pd surface.
2.Results of oxidative degradation of 4CP in a heterogeneous ZVI/H_2O_2 Fenton like system:
①Initial pH was proven to have significant effect on the degradation of 4CP and lower pH brought faster degradation rate.
②When initial pH was 4,two-stage first order degradation kinetic of 4CP could be applied very well in all experiments.The two-stage kinetic is composed of an initial slow degradation stage(first-stage) and a followed rapid degradation stage(second-stage),where kinetic constant(k_(obs)) of the latter stage was one magnitude larger than that of the former stage.
③A scheme of 4CP degradation pathways in ZVI/H_2O_2 system was proposed and two pathways--4CC pathway(attacking by hydroxyl radical(·OH)) and orthoparachlorophenolperoxyl radicals(ClPP·) pathway(participating by O_2) were expected to happen in the system.Both pathways would finally lead to the production of low molecule aliphatic organic acid.
3.Results of Degradation of CPs in a novel ultrasound assisted Fenton like system:
①The sequence of the degradation rate of 24DCP in different system is US/Fe/EDTA＞Fe/EDTA＞US/Fe＞US.It showed that ultrasound presented synergistic effect on the Fenton like system.Pseudo-first-order kinetics could be well applied in degradation of DCP.
②Both 4CP and EDTA were found to follow pseudo-first-order degradation kinetic in the novel US/Fenton like system at neutral pH.A non-radical degradation pathway was proposed for the neutral US/Fenton like system.The competitive degradation relationship between 4CP and EDTA is very weak.EDTA and ZVI play important roles in the system and variation of their initial concentration showed significant effect on the degradation rate of both 4CP and EDTA.Ultrasound presented significant positive effect on the degradation of 4CP and EDTA.By ultrasonic cavitation effect,kinetic barrier of O-O band was overcome,which eventually improve H_2O_2 production rate.Sufficient DO is indispensable to the neutral US/Fenton like system and degradation of 4CP and EDTA was almost inhibited at low DO concentrations.Reaction temperature also had positive effect on the degradation rate of 4CP and EDTA.Activation energy(Ea) of 4CP and EDTA was calculated as 38.6 and 24.8 kJ mol~(-1) respectively.A non-radical degradation pathway was proposed for the neutral US/Fenton like system.Ferryl-EDTA complex([Fe~ⅣO]EDTA) instead of OH·was identified as the dominant oxidant in the system.
③By the use of PLS method and 19 quanchemical descriptors computed by PM3 Hamilitonian,an optimized QSPR model was developed for degradation rate constants of 5 CPs in a US irradiated Fenton-like system.The model can be used to explain the degradation mechanism and enhancement role of ultrasound.CPs with greater, E_(lumo)-E_(homo),(E_(lumo)-E_(homo))~2,Mw,~1X~V and CCR values tend to be degraded slower, whereas CPs with higher values of E_(homo),μ,TE,EE and HOF values tend to be degraded faster.The degradation of CPs in the US/Fenton-like system can be ascribed to homogeneous Fenton oxidation in the bulk solution.Ultrasound irradiation is expected to enhance Fenton reaction instead of directly decompose CPs in the system.
4.Results of degradation of textile wastewater and desorption wastewater from heavy metal contaminated soil in the Fenton like system:
①The degradation of simulated textile wastewater was investigated.It indicated that decolorization of the wastewater and degradation of EDTA could be completely achieved at 15min and 3h respectively.Effect of some experiment parameters was also investigated. Two types of external energy--ultrasound(US) and ultraviolet(UV) was introduced into the Fenton like system respectively and the effect of the external energies on the degradation of the wastewater was assessed.Ultrasound presented significant synergistic improvement on both the decolorization rate of the wastewater and degradation rate of EDTA.In contrast, ultraviolet light presented slight inhibition on degradation of the wastewater in the Fenton like system.
②Desorption wastewater from heavy metal contaminated soil in the Fenton like system could be treated by Fenton like system.The result showed that heavy metal ions could be completely removed from the water after 24h's treatment and the removal rate of EDTA achieved 94.8%as well.
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