乡村旅游中的生态系统服务与生态占用研究
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摘要
发展乡村旅游对促进农民增收,调整农村产业结构具有重要意义,也可以满足城市居民休闲的需要。目前的研究已经关注到有关于乡村旅游的生态系统服务与生态占用,但深度有所欠缺。研究乡村旅游对生态系统服务的要求和引致的资源消耗和环境影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。
研究发现,乡村旅游系统包含的生态要素类型多样,农村地区的自然生态系统和半自然生态系统所提供的多种生态系统服务对乡村旅游具有重要的支持作用,其中对生态系统影响较大的是物质消耗和废弃物消纳。通过对北京市延庆县的案例研究,证实了良好的生态系统服务可以促进乡村旅游的发展,但旅游发展也给当地生态系统带来双重影响。
采用问卷调查的方法研究了延庆县乡村旅游中的生态系统服务。首先研究了作为主要客源的北京市城镇居民的对生态产品的需求与支付意愿。调查发现,在1054个有效样本中,75.6%的受访者曾经有过乡村旅游经历,家庭收入、身体状况和时间因素是影响居民是否进行乡村旅游的主要原因；城镇居民去乡村进行旅游主要看重目的地的森林覆盖率、清洁空气、清洁水以及绿色食品和农村环境整洁,看重体验乡村文化的市民在一半以下,说明到乡村地区享受良好生态系统服务是进行乡村旅游的主要原因。通过意愿调查法调查北京市民的对乡村环境的支付意愿,66.3%的人初步同意支付,用probit模型得到中值为62.482元。在此基础上,又在延庆县对310名游客进行现场调查。结果表明,游客对乡村地区的生态系统服务更为重视,支付意愿也高于北京市,初步同意支付的人为70%,支付意愿中值为65.70元；游客每年进行乡村旅游的次数中值为4,均值为7.62,游客之间差异较大；每次花费均值为249.86,食宿花费是主要部分；95.1%的人专门去乡村进行旅游活动,停留天数均值为1.5天。通过个人旅行成本法,使用计数模型计算出一次乡村旅游的游憩价值为1338.69元,影响因素主要是家庭收入、旅行成本以及年龄和性别。
通过测算延庆县乡村旅游的旅游者和接待设施的生态占用揭示了旅游对生态系统的影响。发现旅游者人均生态占用为0.003778chm2(中国公顷),大部分生态占用来自本地,食宿所占比例较大,但总体来说是一种消耗较小的旅游方式。对比社区经营和外来资本经营的两种乡村旅游接待设施的生态占用,人均分别是0.000799hm2和0.011hm2,发现社区经营更有利于农业和旅游业的结合,对生态系统的负面影响较小。
Developing rural tourism is great important for promoting the farmers' income and readjusting the structure of industries in rural area. Moreover, it could meet the leisure needs of urban residents. The present study has paid attention to ecosystem service and ecological footprint about rural tourism, but it is not enough in depth. It is of great importance in both theory and reality to study rural tourism's need for ecosystem service and resource exhaustion and environmental influence inducing by rural tourism. This research show that rural tourism system involves much various kinds of ecological elements and that ecosystem service from the natural and half-natural ecosystem of the rural area is a crucial support for rural tourism. The case study about Yanqing County in Beijing City also proves that good ecosystem service can help the development of rural tourism, but development of rural tourism also has positive and negative impact on the local ecosystem.
By investigating of urban and town residents in Beijing City, taking1077samples, shows that75.6%of the residents have had the experience of rural tourism and that the decisive main reasons for such a choice are family income, condition of the body and time. These residents travel to rural areas mainly prefer the higher forest coverage rate, fresh air, clean water, green food and quiet environment in the rural area. In contrast, less than half of them are for the countryside culture. Therefore, the main reason for urban residents to tour in the rural areas is to enjoy a good ecosystem service. By Contingent Valuation Method we learn about the willingness to pay of Bejing's urban and town residents. Almost66.3%of them are willing to pay. We got the Median￥62.482by using Probit model. A field survey of the tourists in Yanqing County is carried out. This research investigated310rural tourist.The result shows these tourists attach more importance and more willingness to pay than the urban residents in Beijing City. About70%of them are willing to pay. The corresponding Median is￥65.70. That the Median of the times for tourists to tour there every year is4and the mean is7.62; and there is a great difference among different tourists. It also shows that the mean of costs is￥249.86each time, of which food and lodging expenses cover the main part. In addition,95.1%of people go there for the only aim to travel and the Median of the days they stay there is1.5days. We get to know the cost of room and food is￥1485.88for a rural tour by Count Model and Individual Travel Cost Method, and the influencing factors mainly include family income, state of the body, age and time and gender.
Using the of ecological footprint method, we get to know impact on the ecosystem inducing by tourists and reception facilities of rural tourism in Yanqing County. Field research shows that the ecological footprint for each tourist to Liugou Village is0.003778chm2, in which for food and lodging covers a larger part. On the whole, it is a way of tourism which impact less than others. Comparing ecological footprint two kinds of the reception facilities managed by local community and foreign capital respectively, they are respectively0.000799hm2and0.011hm2. Therefore, community management is more helpful for the combination of agriculture and tourism, and can reduce negative impact on ecosystem in rural area.
研究发现,乡村旅游系统包含的生态要素类型多样,农村地区的自然生态系统和半自然生态系统所提供的多种生态系统服务对乡村旅游具有重要的支持作用,其中对生态系统影响较大的是物质消耗和废弃物消纳。通过对北京市延庆县的案例研究,证实了良好的生态系统服务可以促进乡村旅游的发展,但旅游发展也给当地生态系统带来双重影响。
采用问卷调查的方法研究了延庆县乡村旅游中的生态系统服务。首先研究了作为主要客源的北京市城镇居民的对生态产品的需求与支付意愿。调查发现,在1054个有效样本中,75.6%的受访者曾经有过乡村旅游经历,家庭收入、身体状况和时间因素是影响居民是否进行乡村旅游的主要原因；城镇居民去乡村进行旅游主要看重目的地的森林覆盖率、清洁空气、清洁水以及绿色食品和农村环境整洁,看重体验乡村文化的市民在一半以下,说明到乡村地区享受良好生态系统服务是进行乡村旅游的主要原因。通过意愿调查法调查北京市民的对乡村环境的支付意愿,66.3%的人初步同意支付,用probit模型得到中值为62.482元。在此基础上,又在延庆县对310名游客进行现场调查。结果表明,游客对乡村地区的生态系统服务更为重视,支付意愿也高于北京市,初步同意支付的人为70%,支付意愿中值为65.70元；游客每年进行乡村旅游的次数中值为4,均值为7.62,游客之间差异较大；每次花费均值为249.86,食宿花费是主要部分；95.1%的人专门去乡村进行旅游活动,停留天数均值为1.5天。通过个人旅行成本法,使用计数模型计算出一次乡村旅游的游憩价值为1338.69元,影响因素主要是家庭收入、旅行成本以及年龄和性别。
通过测算延庆县乡村旅游的旅游者和接待设施的生态占用揭示了旅游对生态系统的影响。发现旅游者人均生态占用为0.003778chm2(中国公顷),大部分生态占用来自本地,食宿所占比例较大,但总体来说是一种消耗较小的旅游方式。对比社区经营和外来资本经营的两种乡村旅游接待设施的生态占用,人均分别是0.000799hm2和0.011hm2,发现社区经营更有利于农业和旅游业的结合,对生态系统的负面影响较小。
Developing rural tourism is great important for promoting the farmers' income and readjusting the structure of industries in rural area. Moreover, it could meet the leisure needs of urban residents. The present study has paid attention to ecosystem service and ecological footprint about rural tourism, but it is not enough in depth. It is of great importance in both theory and reality to study rural tourism's need for ecosystem service and resource exhaustion and environmental influence inducing by rural tourism. This research show that rural tourism system involves much various kinds of ecological elements and that ecosystem service from the natural and half-natural ecosystem of the rural area is a crucial support for rural tourism. The case study about Yanqing County in Beijing City also proves that good ecosystem service can help the development of rural tourism, but development of rural tourism also has positive and negative impact on the local ecosystem.
By investigating of urban and town residents in Beijing City, taking1077samples, shows that75.6%of the residents have had the experience of rural tourism and that the decisive main reasons for such a choice are family income, condition of the body and time. These residents travel to rural areas mainly prefer the higher forest coverage rate, fresh air, clean water, green food and quiet environment in the rural area. In contrast, less than half of them are for the countryside culture. Therefore, the main reason for urban residents to tour in the rural areas is to enjoy a good ecosystem service. By Contingent Valuation Method we learn about the willingness to pay of Bejing's urban and town residents. Almost66.3%of them are willing to pay. We got the Median￥62.482by using Probit model. A field survey of the tourists in Yanqing County is carried out. This research investigated310rural tourist.The result shows these tourists attach more importance and more willingness to pay than the urban residents in Beijing City. About70%of them are willing to pay. The corresponding Median is￥65.70. That the Median of the times for tourists to tour there every year is4and the mean is7.62; and there is a great difference among different tourists. It also shows that the mean of costs is￥249.86each time, of which food and lodging expenses cover the main part. In addition,95.1%of people go there for the only aim to travel and the Median of the days they stay there is1.5days. We get to know the cost of room and food is￥1485.88for a rural tour by Count Model and Individual Travel Cost Method, and the influencing factors mainly include family income, state of the body, age and time and gender.
Using the of ecological footprint method, we get to know impact on the ecosystem inducing by tourists and reception facilities of rural tourism in Yanqing County. Field research shows that the ecological footprint for each tourist to Liugou Village is0.003778chm2, in which for food and lodging covers a larger part. On the whole, it is a way of tourism which impact less than others. Comparing ecological footprint two kinds of the reception facilities managed by local community and foreign capital respectively, they are respectively0.000799hm2and0.011hm2. Therefore, community management is more helpful for the combination of agriculture and tourism, and can reduce negative impact on ecosystem in rural area.
引文
3 引自新华网：新闻背景——乡村旅游,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004-10/23/content_2129454.htm
5 王玉庆,求是理论网,2010：http://www.qstheory.cn/st/stwm/201008/t20100812_42547.htm
8 主要数据来自于北京市旅游信息网2013年年度数据,http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/nj/main/2013-tjnj/index.htm.
10 参考自人民网“打造区域品牌,延庆评出十大特色文化遗产”,http://www.people.com.cn/h/2011/0913/c25408-1-844143570.html
11 本小节参考自延庆县统计局发布的《延庆县2012年国民经济与社会发展统计公报》,见延庆县统计信息网：http://yq.bjstats.gov.cn/sjjd/tjgb/ndgb/12621.htm
5 引自中新网“北京GDP已达中上等国家水平”,http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/01-22/4508527.shtml
17 2010年按新的统计方法调整后的数据为356557万元,在此基础上计算出增长率为17.5%。
18 由延庆县政府网有关宣传页面整理而成。
19 参考人民网新闻“京郊再添20个北京最美乡村”http://bj.people.com.cn/n/2012/0926/c233080-17527464.html.
20 引自2009年12月的《延庆县森林资源二类调查报告》。
21 延庆县政府及职能部门提供的内部资料。
22 参考自农业部魅力城乡网站“2013最有魅力休闲乡村”资料,http://www.365960.com/item-13831.html。
23 笔者曾在2013年8月份在延庆县南湾访谈“农家乐”经营业户访谈的结论。
24 引自中国水网,肖琼.污水处理厂节能减排进行时,1http://news.h2o-china.com/html/2012/04/1331334721012_1.shtml, 2012-04-18
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5 王玉庆,求是理论网,2010：http://www.qstheory.cn/st/stwm/201008/t20100812_42547.htm
8 主要数据来自于北京市旅游信息网2013年年度数据,http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/nj/main/2013-tjnj/index.htm.
10 参考自人民网“打造区域品牌,延庆评出十大特色文化遗产”,http://www.people.com.cn/h/2011/0913/c25408-1-844143570.html
11 本小节参考自延庆县统计局发布的《延庆县2012年国民经济与社会发展统计公报》,见延庆县统计信息网：http://yq.bjstats.gov.cn/sjjd/tjgb/ndgb/12621.htm
5 引自中新网“北京GDP已达中上等国家水平”,http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/01-22/4508527.shtml
17 2010年按新的统计方法调整后的数据为356557万元,在此基础上计算出增长率为17.5%。
18 由延庆县政府网有关宣传页面整理而成。
19 参考人民网新闻“京郊再添20个北京最美乡村”http://bj.people.com.cn/n/2012/0926/c233080-17527464.html.
20 引自2009年12月的《延庆县森林资源二类调查报告》。
21 延庆县政府及职能部门提供的内部资料。
22 参考自农业部魅力城乡网站“2013最有魅力休闲乡村”资料,http://www.365960.com/item-13831.html。
23 笔者曾在2013年8月份在延庆县南湾访谈“农家乐”经营业户访谈的结论。
24 引自中国水网,肖琼.污水处理厂节能减排进行时,1http://news.h2o-china.com/html/2012/04/1331334721012_1.shtml, 2012-04-18
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