空气源热泵常规除霜与蓄能除霜特性实验研究
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摘要
本课题为国家自然科学基金资助项目(项目号:50606007)。空气源热泵(Air Source Heat Pump,ASHP)是环保型高效节能的供热装置,其低位热源是环境空气,具有无污染物排放的特点,符合生态供暖的理想模式。目前,我国空气源热泵应用日趋广泛,在建筑节能,替代燃煤供热等工程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是,空气源热泵在低温高湿环境运行时室外换热器结霜而引起供热性能下降,需要周期性除霜来保证其正常运行。除霜的稳定性是保证空气源热泵全区域、全气象条件可靠运行的关键问题。
本文全面分析了空气源热泵常规除霜特性,从理论上指出低位热源不足是导致常规除霜综合性能差的根本原因。基于能量时空合理利用理念提出了相变蓄能除霜新系统。新系统以CaCl_2·6H_2O作为相变材料(PCM),利用余热或正常供热蓄热,除霜时蓄热器充当系统主要低位热源,从而彻底解决了除霜热量来源不足问题,从全新的角度为空气源热泵除霜问题提出了可靠的解决方案。为了考察空气源热泵常规除霜与蓄能除霜新系统的特性,本文搭建了空气源热泵结、除霜实验台,对一台小型的分体式热泵型房间空调器进行改造,将研制的相变蓄能装置耦合到热泵系统中,完成了常规与蓄能两种模式下的多工况除霜实验。
实验中对两种除霜模式时系统的温度、压力、功率、结、除霜量、过程变化时间等除霜参数进行了详细的测定与记录。通过对大量实验数据的整理与分析,得到了系统各部件在常规除霜与蓄能除霜时的特性变化规律。
中度结霜工况常规除霜效果较好,但压缩机吸气压力低是其最大缺点。除霜时压缩机排气压力、功率均较低,室内换热器翅片管表面温度通常要下降30℃以上,并从供热环境中吸收大量的热量。室外换热器翅片管升温过程较慢,除霜时间长达8min。重度结霜工况时系统除霜性能参数指标全面下降,常规除霜系统应对恶劣结霜工况的能力不足。
相变蓄能除霜具有速度快,除霜干净,对供热环境影响小等特点。蓄热器流程选择与蓄热、放热特性实验表明,蓄放热后PCM相变完全,蓄热效果好,放热速度快且充分。相变蓄热器与热泵系统耦合性很好,蓄热时对供热影响小。相变蓄能除霜可以显著提高压缩机吸气压力,使系统制冷剂质量流量明显增加,室内换热器从供热环境吸热量少,室外换热器翅片管表面温度上升速度快,总压缩机耗功比常规除霜少。
本文从除霜热源与热汇两方面详细分析并计算了两种除霜模式的能耗,对各部分能耗进行了对比。指出常规除霜能量主要来自压缩机与室内换热器自然对流换热,蓄能除霜可优化除霜能量来源构成。
本文还建立了基于实验参数的室外换热器表面水蒸发动态模型,通过模型求解,观察除霜时表面水蒸发和翅片管干热的动态特性。
最后对空气源热泵误除霜问题进行了研究,分析了误除霜机理、特点及危害,并讨论其成因,提出了解决误除霜问题的策略。
This project is sponsored by national natural science foundation (Project No.: 50606007). Air source heat pump (ASHP) is a high efficiency energy saving environmental protection type heat supply unit, whose low position heat source is air and no pollutant discharging, which is in accordance with the ideal ecological heating mode. Now ASHP units are applied more and more extensive in China and playing important roles in architecture energy saving, coal-fired heating substitution etc. projects. But ASHP’s outdoor heat exchanger will frost in low temperature high humidity conditions, which decreases its performance and need periodical defrosting to ensure its normal running. So the stability of defrosting is the key to ASHP reliable running in all regions and all meteorological condition.
In this paper ASHP conventional defrosting characteristics are analyzed comprehensively, pointing out that the energy lack of low position heat source is the basic reason of poor defrosting synthesis performance. Based on time and space reasonable energy utilize theory, a new phase change energy storage defrosting system is proposed. The new system adopt CaCl_2·6H_2O as phase change material(PCM), and stored energy through residual heat or normal heating. The heat accumulator served as the main low position heat source when defrosting, which thoroughly solved the problem of lacking defrosting energy.
This is a absolutely new way of doing with ASHP defrosting problem. To investigate the conventional and the new defrosting system’s characteristics, an experimental system was set up. A small heat pump type air condition is modified and the phase change energy storage was added into the heat pump system. A serial of conditional experiments were done in the two defrosting mode.
In experiments the temperature, pressure, power, frost mass, course time, etc. defrosting parameters were carefully measured and recorded. Through analyzing the large number of experimental data, the system components’characteristics were found out in both conventional and the energy storage defrosting mode. The effect of conventional defrosting is satisfied when frost is moderate, but the low level suction pressure is its main shortcoming. The compressor discharge pressure and power are relatively low and indoor heat exchanger surface temperature will decrease greatly and adopt much heat from heating space. On the other hand, outdoor heat exchanger surface temperature increases slowly, defrosting lasts 8 minutes. In heavy frost conditions, the conventional defrosting system has poor performance, which means it has no ability to do with heavy frost.
Energy storage defrosting has the feature of short time, cleanly defrosting, less affect to heat space. Heat accumulator working mode and its heat storage or release experiments show that the PCM phase change thoroughly and can storage much of heat. It releases heat rapidly and sufficiently. The accumulator worked well with heat pump system. The new defrosting way can evidently increase suction pressure and refrigerant mass flow rate, meanwhile, indoor heat exchanger absorbs little heat from heat space and outdoor heat exchanger fin-tube temperature increases rapidly and total compressor power consumption reduces comparing with the conventional system.
Defrosting energy consumption were calculated from heat sauce and heat sink and their values were contrasted each other. Results showed that the conventional defrosting system energy mainly comes from compressor and indoor heat exchanger nature convection, whereas energy storage system may optimize the components of heat source.
A dynamic model of outdoor heat exchanger surface water evaporation was set up, which was based on experimental parameters. Through solving the model, characteristics of surface water vaporizing, fin-tube dry heating can be acquired. The paper also investigated the problem of fault defrosting, analyzed its mechanism, feature, detriment and discussed the cause of it and proposed the method to avoid it.
本文全面分析了空气源热泵常规除霜特性,从理论上指出低位热源不足是导致常规除霜综合性能差的根本原因。基于能量时空合理利用理念提出了相变蓄能除霜新系统。新系统以CaCl_2·6H_2O作为相变材料(PCM),利用余热或正常供热蓄热,除霜时蓄热器充当系统主要低位热源,从而彻底解决了除霜热量来源不足问题,从全新的角度为空气源热泵除霜问题提出了可靠的解决方案。为了考察空气源热泵常规除霜与蓄能除霜新系统的特性,本文搭建了空气源热泵结、除霜实验台,对一台小型的分体式热泵型房间空调器进行改造,将研制的相变蓄能装置耦合到热泵系统中,完成了常规与蓄能两种模式下的多工况除霜实验。
实验中对两种除霜模式时系统的温度、压力、功率、结、除霜量、过程变化时间等除霜参数进行了详细的测定与记录。通过对大量实验数据的整理与分析,得到了系统各部件在常规除霜与蓄能除霜时的特性变化规律。
中度结霜工况常规除霜效果较好,但压缩机吸气压力低是其最大缺点。除霜时压缩机排气压力、功率均较低,室内换热器翅片管表面温度通常要下降30℃以上,并从供热环境中吸收大量的热量。室外换热器翅片管升温过程较慢,除霜时间长达8min。重度结霜工况时系统除霜性能参数指标全面下降,常规除霜系统应对恶劣结霜工况的能力不足。
相变蓄能除霜具有速度快,除霜干净,对供热环境影响小等特点。蓄热器流程选择与蓄热、放热特性实验表明,蓄放热后PCM相变完全,蓄热效果好,放热速度快且充分。相变蓄热器与热泵系统耦合性很好,蓄热时对供热影响小。相变蓄能除霜可以显著提高压缩机吸气压力,使系统制冷剂质量流量明显增加,室内换热器从供热环境吸热量少,室外换热器翅片管表面温度上升速度快,总压缩机耗功比常规除霜少。
本文从除霜热源与热汇两方面详细分析并计算了两种除霜模式的能耗,对各部分能耗进行了对比。指出常规除霜能量主要来自压缩机与室内换热器自然对流换热,蓄能除霜可优化除霜能量来源构成。
本文还建立了基于实验参数的室外换热器表面水蒸发动态模型,通过模型求解,观察除霜时表面水蒸发和翅片管干热的动态特性。
最后对空气源热泵误除霜问题进行了研究,分析了误除霜机理、特点及危害,并讨论其成因,提出了解决误除霜问题的策略。
This project is sponsored by national natural science foundation (Project No.: 50606007). Air source heat pump (ASHP) is a high efficiency energy saving environmental protection type heat supply unit, whose low position heat source is air and no pollutant discharging, which is in accordance with the ideal ecological heating mode. Now ASHP units are applied more and more extensive in China and playing important roles in architecture energy saving, coal-fired heating substitution etc. projects. But ASHP’s outdoor heat exchanger will frost in low temperature high humidity conditions, which decreases its performance and need periodical defrosting to ensure its normal running. So the stability of defrosting is the key to ASHP reliable running in all regions and all meteorological condition.
In this paper ASHP conventional defrosting characteristics are analyzed comprehensively, pointing out that the energy lack of low position heat source is the basic reason of poor defrosting synthesis performance. Based on time and space reasonable energy utilize theory, a new phase change energy storage defrosting system is proposed. The new system adopt CaCl_2·6H_2O as phase change material(PCM), and stored energy through residual heat or normal heating. The heat accumulator served as the main low position heat source when defrosting, which thoroughly solved the problem of lacking defrosting energy.
This is a absolutely new way of doing with ASHP defrosting problem. To investigate the conventional and the new defrosting system’s characteristics, an experimental system was set up. A small heat pump type air condition is modified and the phase change energy storage was added into the heat pump system. A serial of conditional experiments were done in the two defrosting mode.
In experiments the temperature, pressure, power, frost mass, course time, etc. defrosting parameters were carefully measured and recorded. Through analyzing the large number of experimental data, the system components’characteristics were found out in both conventional and the energy storage defrosting mode. The effect of conventional defrosting is satisfied when frost is moderate, but the low level suction pressure is its main shortcoming. The compressor discharge pressure and power are relatively low and indoor heat exchanger surface temperature will decrease greatly and adopt much heat from heating space. On the other hand, outdoor heat exchanger surface temperature increases slowly, defrosting lasts 8 minutes. In heavy frost conditions, the conventional defrosting system has poor performance, which means it has no ability to do with heavy frost.
Energy storage defrosting has the feature of short time, cleanly defrosting, less affect to heat space. Heat accumulator working mode and its heat storage or release experiments show that the PCM phase change thoroughly and can storage much of heat. It releases heat rapidly and sufficiently. The accumulator worked well with heat pump system. The new defrosting way can evidently increase suction pressure and refrigerant mass flow rate, meanwhile, indoor heat exchanger absorbs little heat from heat space and outdoor heat exchanger fin-tube temperature increases rapidly and total compressor power consumption reduces comparing with the conventional system.
Defrosting energy consumption were calculated from heat sauce and heat sink and their values were contrasted each other. Results showed that the conventional defrosting system energy mainly comes from compressor and indoor heat exchanger nature convection, whereas energy storage system may optimize the components of heat source.
A dynamic model of outdoor heat exchanger surface water evaporation was set up, which was based on experimental parameters. Through solving the model, characteristics of surface water vaporizing, fin-tube dry heating can be acquired. The paper also investigated the problem of fault defrosting, analyzed its mechanism, feature, detriment and discussed the cause of it and proposed the method to avoid it.
引文
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64 Thierry ARGAUD. Experimental Comparison of Two Method for Triggering The Defrosting of Reversible Air/Water Heat Pumps Time Delay & Air And Evaporator Temperature Difference. 20th International Congress pf Refrigeration, IIR/IIF, Sydney, 1999, (3): 201-208
65 罗鸣, 谢军龙, 沈国民. 风冷热泵冷热水机组除霜研究. 建筑热能通风空调, 2002, (6): 15-17
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