泰安市岩溶水系统地下水防污性能研究
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摘要
水资源与能源、人口、生态环境等已成为世界各国普遍关注的重大问题,这一问题作为人类社会生存发展的制约条件之一,越来越引起人们的重视。地下水资源在我国水资源中占有举足轻重的地位,而岩溶地下水在我国地下水开采利用中的的作用更是不可忽略,特别是在中国北方地区具有战略性重要作用。近年来,随着我国经济的迅速发展及人民生活水平的不断提高,农药、化肥、生活污水及工业“三废”的排放量日益增大,北方岩溶水系统地下水的防污性能和敏感性特征日益显著,并表现出多重因素作用的变化行迹。受水文地质条件和人类活动双重作用的影响,岩溶水系统地下水在一定程度上逐步改变了初始形态,出现了岩溶水资源的过度开采与不合理开发利用、岩溶塌陷、岩溶水质量下降等一系列环境地质问题。对于岩溶水系统地下水的负向演化,如果不采取措施加以控制,岩溶地区岩溶水环境质量持续下降,岩溶水环境地质问题将会加剧。因此,研究岩溶水系统地下水在水文地质条件和人类活动影响下的防污性能,划分防污性能等级并进行评价分区,对我国北方岩溶水系统地下水资源保护具有重要意义。
本文选择中国北方岩溶地区的典型代表泰安市岩溶区作为实例,基于水文地质学、地质学、中国岩溶、模糊数学、层次分析法等基础理论,利用从地质部门获取的钻孔数据资料,系统地研究了泰安地区岩溶水含水系统的动态特征和化学演化规律,分析了岩溶水系统水动力场、水化学场与外部环境诸因素间的相互关系,确立了岩溶水系统地下水防污性能评价指标体系与评价方法,归纳了影响岩溶地下水潜水区防污性能的7个评价因子和影响岩溶地下水承压水区防污性能的4个评价因子,采用模糊理论与层次分析法及改进的DRASTIC模型相结合的研究方法,对研究区岩溶水系统地下水防污性能进行了系统的研究。
首先,根据国内外学者在地下水防污性能评价方面的研究现状,总结和分析了目前地下水防污性能研究中存在的问题和发展趋势,界定了地下水防污性能的定义,并分析了地下水防污性能的影响因素与防污性能评价中常用的五种方法,在此基础上确立了研究岩溶水系统地下水防污性能的评价方法——基于模糊理论与层次分析法的改进的DRASTIC耦合评价方法。
其次,在收集和整理研究区相关资料的基础上,分析了研究区的自然地理概况、区域地质背景、水文地质条件及岩溶水水化学特征,明确了研究区边界的透水性、岩溶含水岩组的划分及富水性分布、岩溶水的补给、径流和排泄条件、岩溶水水质现状、岩溶水动态特征及水化学演化趋势等。该基础资料的收集为研究区岩溶水防污性能评价因子的选取和评价结果的检验奠定了基础。
最后,根据研究区钻孔资料,将岩溶水系统地下水划分为潜水区和承压水区,选取地下水埋深、地形坡度、含水层富水性、包气带影响、土壤介质、包气带中粘土层厚度、人口密度与土地利用类型作为岩溶水系统地下水潜水区防污性能评价指标;选取隔水顶板埋深、隔水层厚度、隔水层岩性、含水层水力传导系数作为岩溶水系统地下水承压水区防污性能评价指标;将模糊理论引入到岩溶水防污性能评价中,确定各监测点位中各评价因子对岩溶水系统地下水防污性能的相对隶属度;通过层次分析法确定各评价因子的权重;同时在地理信息系统(Arcview GIS)的支持下,绘制影响研究区岩溶水系统地下水潜水区防污性能和承压水区防污性能各主控因素量化专题图层,并进行空间复合叠加分析,做出岩溶水系统地下水防污性能分区图,提出了岩溶水环境保护措施,为泰安地区的经济可持续发展和地下水资源保护奠定了坚实的基础。
Water resource, energy, population and ecological environment have become major issues of common concern to all countries, the problem is one of the restraint conditions in the survival and development of human society, arouses more and more attention. Groundwater resource occupies decisive position in our country water resource, but, the karst groundwater exploitation can not be ignored in our country's role, especially in northern china, it has a strategic important role. In recent years, with the rapid development of china's economy and people's living standard continues to improve, the pesticide, fertilizer, sewage and industrial "three wastes" blowoff amount enhance gradually, the antifouling performance and sensitive characteristic of groundwater are day by day remarkable in the northern karst groundwater system, and show the change track effected by multiple factors. Affect by the hydrogeological condition and human activity, the karst groundwater system to some extent changes the initial form, emerge a series of environmental geological problems, such as: overexploitation, unreasonable exploitation, karst collapse and karst water quality degradation, and so on. For the negative evolution of the karst groundwater system, if you do not take measures to control, karst groundwater quality declining, karst water environmental geology problem will intensify. Therefore, studying on anti-fouling performance of karst groundwater system under the influence of hydrological condition and human activities contaminant, dividing the antifouling function grade and carrying out valuation, have importance to our country north karst water resources protection.
This paper selects Tai'an city as typical representative of karst area in northern China, based on hydrogeology, geology, china karst, fuzzy mathematics, analytic hierarchy process and other basic theory, using borehole data which obtained from the geological department, systematically study the karst water aquifer dynamic characteristics and chemical evolution law of the karst water system in Tai'an, analyse the relationship of karst water system, water chemistry field, hydrodynamic field and the external environmental condition, establish the evaluation index system and evaluation method of Karst water antifouling evaluation. Eight evaluation factors about shallow groundwater antifouling and four assessment indexs about confined water antifouling have been concluded, using fuzzy theory with the analytic hierarchy process and improved DRASTIC model research methods, study systematically groundwater antifouling function of the karst water system in study area.
First, according to the research status of groundwater antifouling valuation, analyse the problems and development trends of groundwater anti-fouling properties, further improve the definition of groundwater anti-fouling, and analyze the factors affecting groundwater anti-fouling and five commonly used methods, establish a karst water anti-fouling evaluation method which based on fuzzy theory with AHP and improved DRASTIC coupling appraises method.
Secondly, based on the relevant information of the study area, analyse the natural geographic profiles, geological setting, hydrogeological condition and karst water chemical characteristics, clarify the boundary permeability of study area, karst aquifer rock group division, rich water distribution, karst water recharge, runoff and excretion conditions, karst water quality status, dynamic characteristics and water chemical evolution, etc. The underlying data collection laid the foundation for the selection of evaluation factors and the test of evaluation results.
Finally, based on borehole data of the study area, karst groundwater is divided into diving areas and confined water area, choose groundwater depth, topography, water-rich aquifers, impact of the vadose zone media, soil media, vadose zone in clay layer thickness, population density and land use types as the evaluation indicators of karst groundwater diving zone; select the watertight roof depth, impermeable thickness, impermeable rock, aquifer hydraulic conductivity as the evaluation indexes of karst groundwater confined water area; introduce the fuzzy theory into karst water anti-fouling evaluation, make sure the relative membership degree of each evaluation factors on the karst water anti-fouling properties; through the analytic hierarchy process determining the weight of assessment factors; at the same time, in the support of geographic information system (Arcview GIS), overlaying various thematic layers of confined water area and diving area, make karst groundwater anti-fouling properties partition map, bring forward karst environment protection measure, it has laid a solid theoretical basis for the economic sustainable development of taian city and the protection of groundwater resources.
本文选择中国北方岩溶地区的典型代表泰安市岩溶区作为实例,基于水文地质学、地质学、中国岩溶、模糊数学、层次分析法等基础理论,利用从地质部门获取的钻孔数据资料,系统地研究了泰安地区岩溶水含水系统的动态特征和化学演化规律,分析了岩溶水系统水动力场、水化学场与外部环境诸因素间的相互关系,确立了岩溶水系统地下水防污性能评价指标体系与评价方法,归纳了影响岩溶地下水潜水区防污性能的7个评价因子和影响岩溶地下水承压水区防污性能的4个评价因子,采用模糊理论与层次分析法及改进的DRASTIC模型相结合的研究方法,对研究区岩溶水系统地下水防污性能进行了系统的研究。
首先,根据国内外学者在地下水防污性能评价方面的研究现状,总结和分析了目前地下水防污性能研究中存在的问题和发展趋势,界定了地下水防污性能的定义,并分析了地下水防污性能的影响因素与防污性能评价中常用的五种方法,在此基础上确立了研究岩溶水系统地下水防污性能的评价方法——基于模糊理论与层次分析法的改进的DRASTIC耦合评价方法。
其次,在收集和整理研究区相关资料的基础上,分析了研究区的自然地理概况、区域地质背景、水文地质条件及岩溶水水化学特征,明确了研究区边界的透水性、岩溶含水岩组的划分及富水性分布、岩溶水的补给、径流和排泄条件、岩溶水水质现状、岩溶水动态特征及水化学演化趋势等。该基础资料的收集为研究区岩溶水防污性能评价因子的选取和评价结果的检验奠定了基础。
最后,根据研究区钻孔资料,将岩溶水系统地下水划分为潜水区和承压水区,选取地下水埋深、地形坡度、含水层富水性、包气带影响、土壤介质、包气带中粘土层厚度、人口密度与土地利用类型作为岩溶水系统地下水潜水区防污性能评价指标;选取隔水顶板埋深、隔水层厚度、隔水层岩性、含水层水力传导系数作为岩溶水系统地下水承压水区防污性能评价指标;将模糊理论引入到岩溶水防污性能评价中,确定各监测点位中各评价因子对岩溶水系统地下水防污性能的相对隶属度;通过层次分析法确定各评价因子的权重;同时在地理信息系统(Arcview GIS)的支持下,绘制影响研究区岩溶水系统地下水潜水区防污性能和承压水区防污性能各主控因素量化专题图层,并进行空间复合叠加分析,做出岩溶水系统地下水防污性能分区图,提出了岩溶水环境保护措施,为泰安地区的经济可持续发展和地下水资源保护奠定了坚实的基础。
Water resource, energy, population and ecological environment have become major issues of common concern to all countries, the problem is one of the restraint conditions in the survival and development of human society, arouses more and more attention. Groundwater resource occupies decisive position in our country water resource, but, the karst groundwater exploitation can not be ignored in our country's role, especially in northern china, it has a strategic important role. In recent years, with the rapid development of china's economy and people's living standard continues to improve, the pesticide, fertilizer, sewage and industrial "three wastes" blowoff amount enhance gradually, the antifouling performance and sensitive characteristic of groundwater are day by day remarkable in the northern karst groundwater system, and show the change track effected by multiple factors. Affect by the hydrogeological condition and human activity, the karst groundwater system to some extent changes the initial form, emerge a series of environmental geological problems, such as: overexploitation, unreasonable exploitation, karst collapse and karst water quality degradation, and so on. For the negative evolution of the karst groundwater system, if you do not take measures to control, karst groundwater quality declining, karst water environmental geology problem will intensify. Therefore, studying on anti-fouling performance of karst groundwater system under the influence of hydrological condition and human activities contaminant, dividing the antifouling function grade and carrying out valuation, have importance to our country north karst water resources protection.
This paper selects Tai'an city as typical representative of karst area in northern China, based on hydrogeology, geology, china karst, fuzzy mathematics, analytic hierarchy process and other basic theory, using borehole data which obtained from the geological department, systematically study the karst water aquifer dynamic characteristics and chemical evolution law of the karst water system in Tai'an, analyse the relationship of karst water system, water chemistry field, hydrodynamic field and the external environmental condition, establish the evaluation index system and evaluation method of Karst water antifouling evaluation. Eight evaluation factors about shallow groundwater antifouling and four assessment indexs about confined water antifouling have been concluded, using fuzzy theory with the analytic hierarchy process and improved DRASTIC model research methods, study systematically groundwater antifouling function of the karst water system in study area.
First, according to the research status of groundwater antifouling valuation, analyse the problems and development trends of groundwater anti-fouling properties, further improve the definition of groundwater anti-fouling, and analyze the factors affecting groundwater anti-fouling and five commonly used methods, establish a karst water anti-fouling evaluation method which based on fuzzy theory with AHP and improved DRASTIC coupling appraises method.
Secondly, based on the relevant information of the study area, analyse the natural geographic profiles, geological setting, hydrogeological condition and karst water chemical characteristics, clarify the boundary permeability of study area, karst aquifer rock group division, rich water distribution, karst water recharge, runoff and excretion conditions, karst water quality status, dynamic characteristics and water chemical evolution, etc. The underlying data collection laid the foundation for the selection of evaluation factors and the test of evaluation results.
Finally, based on borehole data of the study area, karst groundwater is divided into diving areas and confined water area, choose groundwater depth, topography, water-rich aquifers, impact of the vadose zone media, soil media, vadose zone in clay layer thickness, population density and land use types as the evaluation indicators of karst groundwater diving zone; select the watertight roof depth, impermeable thickness, impermeable rock, aquifer hydraulic conductivity as the evaluation indexes of karst groundwater confined water area; introduce the fuzzy theory into karst water anti-fouling evaluation, make sure the relative membership degree of each evaluation factors on the karst water anti-fouling properties; through the analytic hierarchy process determining the weight of assessment factors; at the same time, in the support of geographic information system (Arcview GIS), overlaying various thematic layers of confined water area and diving area, make karst groundwater anti-fouling properties partition map, bring forward karst environment protection measure, it has laid a solid theoretical basis for the economic sustainable development of taian city and the protection of groundwater resources.
引文
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