开式冷水型转轮除湿空调理论与实验研究
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摘要
转轮式除湿空调是进行生产和生活环境湿度调节、实现温湿度独立控制的有效方式。如何提高能量转换利用效率、增强热湿处理能力是转轮式除湿空调研究的重要方向。本文针对传统转轮式除湿空调性能系数受限以及显热处理能力不足的问题，提出了“开式冷水型转轮除湿空调”，结合了等温除湿可以最小化干燥除湿过程的不可逆损失和再生式蒸发冷却理想情况下趋于可逆的特性，在干燥除湿的同时，输出较低温度冷水，不仅可以改善显热处理能力，而且利于实现由低品位热能驱动的温湿度独立控制。本文具体工作如下：
首先，对典型通风式转轮除湿空调循环进行热力学分析，形成了适用于转轮式除湿空调的热力学分析方法和评价指标。在此基础上，针对传统转轮式除湿空调热力性能受限以及显热处理能力不足的问题，提出了基于等温除湿和再生式蒸发冷却的开式冷水型转轮除湿空调循环。其空调方式是通过两级转轮除湿过程对空气进行潜热负荷处理，显热负荷的处理则是利用修正的再生式蒸发冷却过程制取冷冻水实现。从循环形式上讲，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调与传统两级转轮混合式除湿空调具有相似性，都是先通过两级转轮除湿过程对空气进行潜热负荷处理，再对空气进行显热负荷处理；主要区别在于显热负荷的处理方式，两级转轮混合式除湿空调是引入空气源热泵等传统空调设备，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调则采用以低品位热能驱动所制取的低温冷水。与传统转轮式除湿空调相比，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的制冷空调能力和能量利用效率均得以大幅提升。能量利用效率相当的情况下，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调较之两级转轮除湿空调，送风比火用增大约10%。与两级转轮混合式除湿空调相比，相同送风状态和制冷量条件下，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的热力性能系数和火用效率提高约30%。
其次，对开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的近似空调系统——基于两级转轮除湿和空气源热泵的混合式空调进行研究，通过典型工况下的实验测试、季节性热力性能分析以及适用性讨论，探明了该类型空调系统的运行特性，为后续开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的研究奠定了可行性基础和参照，同时也为两级转轮混合式除湿空调在太阳能等低品位热能利用方面提供了支持。高湿气候条件下，独立的太阳能两级转轮除湿空调通常只能进行潜热负荷处理，难以实现显热负荷处理，需要引入辅助冷却设备，组成太阳能两级转轮混合式除湿空调。两级转轮混合式除湿空调以太阳能驱动时，不仅能量利用效率高，而且具有良好的适用性。典型气候条件下，混合式除湿空调系统的夏季平均热力性能系数在0.9左右，相应太阳能贡献率和节电率在30%左右。
第三，搭建了开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的实验装置，对基于两级转轮除湿和再生式蒸发冷却的冷冻水制取过程进行实验测试，并比较分析新型开式冷水型转轮除湿空调与传统两级转轮除湿空调的热力性能，完成了对开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的可行性实验验证。测试结果表明，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调所制取的冷水能有效地实现显热负荷处理，可以成为两级转轮混合式除湿空调的一种替代。独立冷冻水制取系统的热力性能系数为0.3～0.6，平均供水温度为15.1～20.7oC。开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的热力性能系数为0.8～0.9，送风含湿量相同的情况下，其送风温度较之传统两级转轮除湿空调大大降低，特别是在湿润和高湿工况下，传统系统显热处理能力不足，有效制冷量较小，需要更高品位的热能驱动才能实现独立运行，而新型系统则克服了这一问题，更加有利于低品位热能的利用。
最后，在理论分析和实验研究的基础上，建立了开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的数学模型，并对开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的热质传递特性、可及处理区域和热湿处理能力进行了分析，比较了开式冷水型转轮除湿空调和传统两级转轮除湿空调热湿处理能力的差异，明确了新型空调方式在热湿处理能力（特别是显热处理能力）方面的改善程度。可及处理区域分析表明，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调具有良好的适用性，50～90oC热源基本可以满足温和、湿润和高湿气候下的驱动要求。与传统转轮式除湿空调相比，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调在显热负荷处理方面具有极大的优势，有利于突破传统系统所固有的（尤其是高湿工况下）显热处理能力不足的限制。
Rotary desiccant air conditioning is advantageous in being free from CFCs, using lowgrade thermal energy and controlling humidity and temperature separately. Thus, it hasbeen recognized as a viable alternative to vapor compression refrigeration for spacecooling. Ongoing research and development works suggest that the optimization of cycleconfiguration and the reduction of adsorption effect have significant potential forimproving the resource utilization rate and enhancing the sensible and latent handlingability of rotary desiccant dehumidification and air conditioning cycle. Up to now, varioustypes of cycles have been proposed and investigated, which have contributed greatly to theimprovement and the promotion of the technology. For the purpose of breaking theobstacle of limited temperature reduction encountered by conventional desiccant coolingcycle, a novel rotary desiccant cooling cycle is proposed in this paper. Especially, thetechnologies of isothermal dehumidification and regenerative evaporative cooling areincorporated by this cycle. In addition to dehumidification, the cycle is capable ofproducing chilled water, thereby realizing independent temperature and humidity controlwith low grade heat source.
Firstly, the thermodynamic characteristics of the basic ventilation cycle are analyzed.Appropriate methodology and thermodynamic indexes for evaluating the performance ofthe rotary desiccant cooling cycle are developed. Based on this, a novel rotary desiccantcooling cycle incorporating isothermal dehumidification and regenerative evaporativecooling is proposed. It can provide dry air and chilled water simultaneously and overcomesthe problem of limited sensible handling ability encountered by conventional cycles.Furthermore, the cycle can also be designed as a standalone chilled water plant. As a rotarydesiccant dehumidification-based chilled water producing technology, it would expanddesiccant cooling to a boarder niche application. In view of air conditioning, the novelcycle remove latent heat load by two-stage dehumidification, and sensible heat load by the produced chilled water. Hence, it is similar to the conventional hybrid two-stage rotarydesiccant cooling cycle in system configuration. The main difference lies in the treatmentof sensible heat load. The hybrid two-stage cycle usually adopts conventional coolingequipment like air-source heat pump, and the novel cycle uses the produced chilled water.Both the air conditioning ability and the energy utilization rate of the novel cycle are muchhigher than those of the conventional cycles. With similar energy utilization rate, thesupply air specific exergy of the novel cycle is about10%higher than the conventionaltwo-stage cycle. Compared with hybrid two-stage rotary desiccant cooling cycle, both thethermal coefficient of performance and the exergy efficiency of the novel cycle areincreased by about30%.
Secondly, hybrid two-stage rotary desiccant cooling cycle, which is similar to theproposed cycle, is studied. The operating characteristics, the seasonal performance and thesuitability of the hybrid cycle are investigated and discussed. It is found that, standalonesolar driven two-stage rotary desiccant cooling cycle can’t accomplish the treatment ofsensible heat under high humid conditions. Auxiliary cooler must be incorporated. Thehybrid cycle not only has favorable cooling capacity and energy utilization rate, but alsocan be applied to a wide range of operating conditions. Based on the typical meteorologicalyear data of Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, the seasonal average thermal coefficientperformance of the cycle is around0.9, with a solar fraction and electric power saving ratearound30%. Being similar to the hybrid cycle in principle, the prospect of the proposedcycle is suggested to be favorable.
Thirdly, the experimental setup of the novel cycle is configured. The isothermaldehumidification and regenerative evaporative cooling-based chilled water producingprocess is tested. The operating characteristics of the novel cycle are analyzed incomparison with those of the conventional cycle. The results demonstrate that theproduced chilled water of the novel cycle can remove the sensible heat effectively. It istherefore proved to be a promising alternative to the hybrid two-stage rotary desiccantcooling cycle. The supply chilled water temperature of the chilled water producing processis around15.1-20.7oC, with a thermal coefficient performance of about0.3-0.6. Thethermal coefficient of performance of the novel isothermal dehumidification andregenerative evaporative cooling-based cycle is about0.8-0.9. With the same moistureremoval, the temperature of the supply air is lowered greatly in comparison with the conventional cycle. Especially, under the conditions of humid and high humid, theeffective cooling capacity of the conventional cycle becomes much low due to limitedtemperature reduction ability. In these cases, relatively higher grade heat source is neededto realize standalone operations. Nevertheless, the novel cycle overcomes this problem andis more promising for low grade heat sources utilization.
Finally, on the basis of the thermodynamic analysis and experimental investigation,the model of the novel isothermal dehumidification and regenerative evaporativecooling-based rotary desiccant cooling cycle is established. The characteristics of heat andmass transfer, the attainable handling region and the sensible and latent heat handlingability of the cycle are analyzed. Investigations on attainable handling region suggest thatthe cycle is applicable to a wide range of weather conditions. Favorable supply chilledwater and qualified supply air can be provided by the cycle with heat source of50-90oC inmost cases under the climates of temperate, humid and even high humid. Moreover,compared with the conventional desiccant cooling cycle, the novel cycle can handle air to amuch lower temperature without diminishing in thermal performance. This is of greatbenefit to breaking the obstacle of limited temperate reduction encountered byconventional desiccant cooling cycle.
首先，对典型通风式转轮除湿空调循环进行热力学分析，形成了适用于转轮式除湿空调的热力学分析方法和评价指标。在此基础上，针对传统转轮式除湿空调热力性能受限以及显热处理能力不足的问题，提出了基于等温除湿和再生式蒸发冷却的开式冷水型转轮除湿空调循环。其空调方式是通过两级转轮除湿过程对空气进行潜热负荷处理，显热负荷的处理则是利用修正的再生式蒸发冷却过程制取冷冻水实现。从循环形式上讲，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调与传统两级转轮混合式除湿空调具有相似性，都是先通过两级转轮除湿过程对空气进行潜热负荷处理，再对空气进行显热负荷处理；主要区别在于显热负荷的处理方式，两级转轮混合式除湿空调是引入空气源热泵等传统空调设备，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调则采用以低品位热能驱动所制取的低温冷水。与传统转轮式除湿空调相比，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的制冷空调能力和能量利用效率均得以大幅提升。能量利用效率相当的情况下，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调较之两级转轮除湿空调，送风比火用增大约10%。与两级转轮混合式除湿空调相比，相同送风状态和制冷量条件下，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的热力性能系数和火用效率提高约30%。
其次，对开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的近似空调系统——基于两级转轮除湿和空气源热泵的混合式空调进行研究，通过典型工况下的实验测试、季节性热力性能分析以及适用性讨论，探明了该类型空调系统的运行特性，为后续开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的研究奠定了可行性基础和参照，同时也为两级转轮混合式除湿空调在太阳能等低品位热能利用方面提供了支持。高湿气候条件下，独立的太阳能两级转轮除湿空调通常只能进行潜热负荷处理，难以实现显热负荷处理，需要引入辅助冷却设备，组成太阳能两级转轮混合式除湿空调。两级转轮混合式除湿空调以太阳能驱动时，不仅能量利用效率高，而且具有良好的适用性。典型气候条件下，混合式除湿空调系统的夏季平均热力性能系数在0.9左右，相应太阳能贡献率和节电率在30%左右。
第三，搭建了开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的实验装置，对基于两级转轮除湿和再生式蒸发冷却的冷冻水制取过程进行实验测试，并比较分析新型开式冷水型转轮除湿空调与传统两级转轮除湿空调的热力性能，完成了对开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的可行性实验验证。测试结果表明，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调所制取的冷水能有效地实现显热负荷处理，可以成为两级转轮混合式除湿空调的一种替代。独立冷冻水制取系统的热力性能系数为0.3～0.6，平均供水温度为15.1～20.7oC。开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的热力性能系数为0.8～0.9，送风含湿量相同的情况下，其送风温度较之传统两级转轮除湿空调大大降低，特别是在湿润和高湿工况下，传统系统显热处理能力不足，有效制冷量较小，需要更高品位的热能驱动才能实现独立运行，而新型系统则克服了这一问题，更加有利于低品位热能的利用。
最后，在理论分析和实验研究的基础上，建立了开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的数学模型，并对开式冷水型转轮除湿空调的热质传递特性、可及处理区域和热湿处理能力进行了分析，比较了开式冷水型转轮除湿空调和传统两级转轮除湿空调热湿处理能力的差异，明确了新型空调方式在热湿处理能力（特别是显热处理能力）方面的改善程度。可及处理区域分析表明，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调具有良好的适用性，50～90oC热源基本可以满足温和、湿润和高湿气候下的驱动要求。与传统转轮式除湿空调相比，开式冷水型转轮除湿空调在显热负荷处理方面具有极大的优势，有利于突破传统系统所固有的（尤其是高湿工况下）显热处理能力不足的限制。
Rotary desiccant air conditioning is advantageous in being free from CFCs, using lowgrade thermal energy and controlling humidity and temperature separately. Thus, it hasbeen recognized as a viable alternative to vapor compression refrigeration for spacecooling. Ongoing research and development works suggest that the optimization of cycleconfiguration and the reduction of adsorption effect have significant potential forimproving the resource utilization rate and enhancing the sensible and latent handlingability of rotary desiccant dehumidification and air conditioning cycle. Up to now, varioustypes of cycles have been proposed and investigated, which have contributed greatly to theimprovement and the promotion of the technology. For the purpose of breaking theobstacle of limited temperature reduction encountered by conventional desiccant coolingcycle, a novel rotary desiccant cooling cycle is proposed in this paper. Especially, thetechnologies of isothermal dehumidification and regenerative evaporative cooling areincorporated by this cycle. In addition to dehumidification, the cycle is capable ofproducing chilled water, thereby realizing independent temperature and humidity controlwith low grade heat source.
Firstly, the thermodynamic characteristics of the basic ventilation cycle are analyzed.Appropriate methodology and thermodynamic indexes for evaluating the performance ofthe rotary desiccant cooling cycle are developed. Based on this, a novel rotary desiccantcooling cycle incorporating isothermal dehumidification and regenerative evaporativecooling is proposed. It can provide dry air and chilled water simultaneously and overcomesthe problem of limited sensible handling ability encountered by conventional cycles.Furthermore, the cycle can also be designed as a standalone chilled water plant. As a rotarydesiccant dehumidification-based chilled water producing technology, it would expanddesiccant cooling to a boarder niche application. In view of air conditioning, the novelcycle remove latent heat load by two-stage dehumidification, and sensible heat load by the produced chilled water. Hence, it is similar to the conventional hybrid two-stage rotarydesiccant cooling cycle in system configuration. The main difference lies in the treatmentof sensible heat load. The hybrid two-stage cycle usually adopts conventional coolingequipment like air-source heat pump, and the novel cycle uses the produced chilled water.Both the air conditioning ability and the energy utilization rate of the novel cycle are muchhigher than those of the conventional cycles. With similar energy utilization rate, thesupply air specific exergy of the novel cycle is about10%higher than the conventionaltwo-stage cycle. Compared with hybrid two-stage rotary desiccant cooling cycle, both thethermal coefficient of performance and the exergy efficiency of the novel cycle areincreased by about30%.
Secondly, hybrid two-stage rotary desiccant cooling cycle, which is similar to theproposed cycle, is studied. The operating characteristics, the seasonal performance and thesuitability of the hybrid cycle are investigated and discussed. It is found that, standalonesolar driven two-stage rotary desiccant cooling cycle can’t accomplish the treatment ofsensible heat under high humid conditions. Auxiliary cooler must be incorporated. Thehybrid cycle not only has favorable cooling capacity and energy utilization rate, but alsocan be applied to a wide range of operating conditions. Based on the typical meteorologicalyear data of Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, the seasonal average thermal coefficientperformance of the cycle is around0.9, with a solar fraction and electric power saving ratearound30%. Being similar to the hybrid cycle in principle, the prospect of the proposedcycle is suggested to be favorable.
Thirdly, the experimental setup of the novel cycle is configured. The isothermaldehumidification and regenerative evaporative cooling-based chilled water producingprocess is tested. The operating characteristics of the novel cycle are analyzed incomparison with those of the conventional cycle. The results demonstrate that theproduced chilled water of the novel cycle can remove the sensible heat effectively. It istherefore proved to be a promising alternative to the hybrid two-stage rotary desiccantcooling cycle. The supply chilled water temperature of the chilled water producing processis around15.1-20.7oC, with a thermal coefficient performance of about0.3-0.6. Thethermal coefficient of performance of the novel isothermal dehumidification andregenerative evaporative cooling-based cycle is about0.8-0.9. With the same moistureremoval, the temperature of the supply air is lowered greatly in comparison with the conventional cycle. Especially, under the conditions of humid and high humid, theeffective cooling capacity of the conventional cycle becomes much low due to limitedtemperature reduction ability. In these cases, relatively higher grade heat source is neededto realize standalone operations. Nevertheless, the novel cycle overcomes this problem andis more promising for low grade heat sources utilization.
Finally, on the basis of the thermodynamic analysis and experimental investigation,the model of the novel isothermal dehumidification and regenerative evaporativecooling-based rotary desiccant cooling cycle is established. The characteristics of heat andmass transfer, the attainable handling region and the sensible and latent heat handlingability of the cycle are analyzed. Investigations on attainable handling region suggest thatthe cycle is applicable to a wide range of weather conditions. Favorable supply chilledwater and qualified supply air can be provided by the cycle with heat source of50-90oC inmost cases under the climates of temperate, humid and even high humid. Moreover,compared with the conventional desiccant cooling cycle, the novel cycle can handle air to amuch lower temperature without diminishing in thermal performance. This is of greatbenefit to breaking the obstacle of limited temperate reduction encountered byconventional desiccant cooling cycle.
引文
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