黔东南六洞地区侗寨乡土聚落建筑空间文化表达研究
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摘要
文化遗产是全人类共同的宝贵财富。随着人们对文化遗产的认识不断加深，文化遗产的概念从建筑遗产扩展至文化过程，更加关注遗产建构的过程以及遗产所表达的地方与族文化。活态遗产保护理论与实践正是在这样的时代背景中产生的，本文引入活态遗产理论体系，结合乡土建筑与聚落的概念，提出活态乡土聚落保护的议题。
侗族是我国西南少数民族的一支。相比同一地区的其他民族，侗民族具备较高的文化发展程度，拥有丰富的建筑遗产。然而，较之其他少数民族已有的相关研究成果，侗族研究较少，缺乏深入的田野考察与实时跟踪记录。本论文以实地调研与文献研究相结合，借鉴社会科学研究方法，深入分析六洞地区侗寨乡土聚落及其遗产价值，为建筑学、遗产保护学与民族学等相关学科知识系统的构建贡献力量。
六洞地区处于侗族传统文化核心区域，本论文以聚落群的形式考查该地区的典型侗寨，分析该地区侗寨的建筑空间所表达的民族文化。建筑空间是侗族文化体系中的构成元素，是当地自然环境与社区居民相互作用的产物，同时也受到文化体系中其他元素的影响，如生产方式、建造技术、社会组织与精神信仰等等。本研究将侗族聚落分为功能性空间与仪式性空间两类，前者与当地寨民的日常生活需求相关，建筑形式与功能的改变成为民族文化发展的历史见证；后者更多地与遗产社区的精神需求相联系，建筑空间及相关活动体现寨民的文化认同。
作为一处乡土聚落遗产，六洞侗寨具有实用、历史、艺术与文化等内在价值。在这些不同的价值类型中，功能实用价值是六洞遗产延续与发展的基础，文化认同是核心价值。作为活态遗产，六洞侗寨的延续性十分重要。遗产与文化的延续必然包含着变化，受现代文明影响，六洞地区发生了显著的文化变迁，导致了建筑空间的改变。然而与我国多数乡土聚落不同，六洞传统社会组织在传统文化延续中发挥着积极作用，居民保持着对民族文化的自信与认同，积极参与到遗产保护与社区建设中。这种社区的文化自觉奠定了六洞民族文化复兴的发展方向，也是我国乡土聚落保护的最终目标。
Cultural heritage is the treasure of all human beings. As the understandingdeepens,the concept of cultural heritage extends to cultural process from built heritage,and more attentions are paying to the local and ethnic culture expressed by theheritage-making process, which sets the background for the concept of Living Heritage.This research advances the theory of Living Rural Settlement, based on the livingheritage theory.
Dong is one of the ethnic groups in Southwest of China, which has a more maturedculture and enriched built heritage compared with other groups, but with fewerresearches on it, especially in the area of fieldwork and timely recording. This researchwould focus on the typical villages in Six Dong, based on the in-site investigation andliterature work, which would contribute to the knowledge system of architecture,ethnology, cultural heritage conservation and other related studies.
Six Dong is located in the core of Dong habitation area and the typical villageswould well express the Dong culture. The architectural space is an element of the Dongcultural system, which is the result of interation between the environment and thecommunity, and influented by other cultural elements, like the production mode, theconstruction technology, the community organizing and spiritual belief. The space couldbe divided into the functional and ceremonial, in which the former has a strong link withthe community’s daily life and witnesses the cultural history, and the latter relates morewith their spiritual need and expresses their cultural identity.
As rural settlements, the Dong villages have the use, historic, aesthetic and culturalvalues, in which the use value is the basic and the cultural value is the core. Thecontinuity is vital as it is a living heritage, in which change is inevitable. The spacechanges with the cultural change by modernization. The life and thinking of the localcommunity is changing, which turns to a new demand and chanllenge to the heritage.However, different from other cases, the community organization in Six Dong areahelps in the continuity of cultural confidence, and the community participates in theheritage conservation and social development. The cultural consciousness, which isthe final aim of rural settlements conservation, directs them to the renaissance.
侗族是我国西南少数民族的一支。相比同一地区的其他民族，侗民族具备较高的文化发展程度，拥有丰富的建筑遗产。然而，较之其他少数民族已有的相关研究成果，侗族研究较少，缺乏深入的田野考察与实时跟踪记录。本论文以实地调研与文献研究相结合，借鉴社会科学研究方法，深入分析六洞地区侗寨乡土聚落及其遗产价值，为建筑学、遗产保护学与民族学等相关学科知识系统的构建贡献力量。
六洞地区处于侗族传统文化核心区域，本论文以聚落群的形式考查该地区的典型侗寨，分析该地区侗寨的建筑空间所表达的民族文化。建筑空间是侗族文化体系中的构成元素，是当地自然环境与社区居民相互作用的产物，同时也受到文化体系中其他元素的影响，如生产方式、建造技术、社会组织与精神信仰等等。本研究将侗族聚落分为功能性空间与仪式性空间两类，前者与当地寨民的日常生活需求相关，建筑形式与功能的改变成为民族文化发展的历史见证；后者更多地与遗产社区的精神需求相联系，建筑空间及相关活动体现寨民的文化认同。
作为一处乡土聚落遗产，六洞侗寨具有实用、历史、艺术与文化等内在价值。在这些不同的价值类型中，功能实用价值是六洞遗产延续与发展的基础，文化认同是核心价值。作为活态遗产，六洞侗寨的延续性十分重要。遗产与文化的延续必然包含着变化，受现代文明影响，六洞地区发生了显著的文化变迁，导致了建筑空间的改变。然而与我国多数乡土聚落不同，六洞传统社会组织在传统文化延续中发挥着积极作用，居民保持着对民族文化的自信与认同，积极参与到遗产保护与社区建设中。这种社区的文化自觉奠定了六洞民族文化复兴的发展方向，也是我国乡土聚落保护的最终目标。
Cultural heritage is the treasure of all human beings. As the understandingdeepens,the concept of cultural heritage extends to cultural process from built heritage,and more attentions are paying to the local and ethnic culture expressed by theheritage-making process, which sets the background for the concept of Living Heritage.This research advances the theory of Living Rural Settlement, based on the livingheritage theory.
Dong is one of the ethnic groups in Southwest of China, which has a more maturedculture and enriched built heritage compared with other groups, but with fewerresearches on it, especially in the area of fieldwork and timely recording. This researchwould focus on the typical villages in Six Dong, based on the in-site investigation andliterature work, which would contribute to the knowledge system of architecture,ethnology, cultural heritage conservation and other related studies.
Six Dong is located in the core of Dong habitation area and the typical villageswould well express the Dong culture. The architectural space is an element of the Dongcultural system, which is the result of interation between the environment and thecommunity, and influented by other cultural elements, like the production mode, theconstruction technology, the community organizing and spiritual belief. The space couldbe divided into the functional and ceremonial, in which the former has a strong link withthe community’s daily life and witnesses the cultural history, and the latter relates morewith their spiritual need and expresses their cultural identity.
As rural settlements, the Dong villages have the use, historic, aesthetic and culturalvalues, in which the use value is the basic and the cultural value is the core. Thecontinuity is vital as it is a living heritage, in which change is inevitable. The spacechanges with the cultural change by modernization. The life and thinking of the localcommunity is changing, which turns to a new demand and chanllenge to the heritage.However, different from other cases, the community organization in Six Dong areahelps in the continuity of cultural confidence, and the community participates in theheritage conservation and social development. The cultural consciousness, which isthe final aim of rural settlements conservation, directs them to the renaissance.
引文
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