物流库存/配送一体化优化研究与应用
摘要
目前，随着国外发达国家供应链管理的升温，国外对物流配送／库存集成优化问题(Inventory Routing Problem，简称IRP)研究较热。IRP的典型应用体现于两方面，一是国外兴起的供应商管理客户库存(Vendor Managed Inventory Replenishment，简称VMI)方式，二是大型连锁商业企业的配送中心对各连锁店的配送。尽管目前对于物流配送优化、库存分布优化问题的研究很多，但基本上都集中于单个问题的研究上，未考虑到二者之间的相互联系与相互影响，与实际问题有很大距离。所以，本文将着眼点放在库存／配送优化的集成一体化研究上，将分别研究零售商和供应商的库存／配送一体化优化问题。
而国内由于物流业较晚开展，对IRP问题的研究较少，实际上也只是类似存在于集团企业内部的小规模应用中。随着我国物流业的迅速发展，库存／配送集成优化方面的理论研究将有着巨大的实际应用价值。
本文阐述了物流库存／配送一体化的概念、由来、作用，国内外物流库存／配送业发展现状和前景，物流库存／配送一体化问题研究现状，通过分析对库存／配送一体化的合理的表现形式和不合理的表现形式，提出合理化措施。
本文分别从零售商和生产商的角度研究库存／配送一体化优化问题，并对问题描述和建立相应数学模型，通过计算实例验证其数学解法。
零售商库存／配送一体化优化模型主要依据零售商仓库库存和用户库存来解决用户的配送数量和配送车辆配送路线安排，由此得到零售商仓库的补给数量和补给频率，以及对用户的配送数量和配送路线。零售商和用户的补给决策之间有一定的相互关联性，同时零售商仓库的补给决策与产品如何配送给用户密切相关，而这两者之间的相互协调可以使总成本减少。
生产商库存／配送一体化优化模型主要通过分别求解周期检查补给仓库的库存控制问题和配送问题来求解库存／配送一体化问题，并得到长期平均总成本的最小值。这成本包括定货成本、库存持有成本、缺货成本、车辆中转成本、车辆配送成本等。同时求解计算实例，对结果进行分析。
Recently there are more researches on Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) in developed countries, since they are paying much attention to Supply Chain Management. The main application of IRP includes Vendor Managed Inventory Replenishment and the distribution among different multiple shops. Although there is much research on inventory and distribution respectively, less is concerned on their relationship and interdependence. Therefore this paper focuses on the integration of inventory and distribution, namely IRP, from the respective point of the retailer and producer.
However there is less research on IRP in our country, in fact only some application on a small scale. With the development of logistics in our country, the research on IRP is really a matter of great significance.
This paper firstly introduces the concept, origin and effect of IRP, then proposes the rationalization measure of IRP after analyzing it in detail.
From the point of view of retailer, this paper addresses a multi-period integrated model that plans deliveries to customers based upon inventories (at warehouse and customer locations) and vehicle routes. The model determines replenishment quantities and intervals at the warehouse, and distribution lots and delivery routes at customer locations. The author investigates coordination of customer and warehouse replenishment decisions and illustrates their interdependence. Computational experience on randomly generated problems is reported. The author shows that ordering policy at the warehouse is a function of how goods are distributed to lower echelons and that coordination leads to cost reduction.
Efficient management of a distribution system requires an integrated approach towards various logistical functions. In particular, the fundamental areas of inventory control and transportation planning need to be closely coordinated. From the point of view of producer, the model in this paper deals with an inbound material-collection problem. An integrated inventory-transportation system is developed with a modified periodic-review inventory policy and a traveling-salesman component. This is a multi-item joint replenishment problem, in stochastic setting, with simultaneous decisions made on inventory and transportation policies. The author proposes a heuristic decomposition method to
solve the problem, minimizing the long-run total average costs (major-and minor-ordering, holding, backlogging, stopover and travel). The decomposition algorithm works by using separate calculations for inventory and routing decisions, and then coordinating them appropriately. A lower bound is constructed and computational experience is reported.
Yang Ping (Transportation Planning and Management) Directed by Hou Ronahua. Zonq Beihua
而国内由于物流业较晚开展，对IRP问题的研究较少，实际上也只是类似存在于集团企业内部的小规模应用中。随着我国物流业的迅速发展，库存／配送集成优化方面的理论研究将有着巨大的实际应用价值。
本文阐述了物流库存／配送一体化的概念、由来、作用，国内外物流库存／配送业发展现状和前景，物流库存／配送一体化问题研究现状，通过分析对库存／配送一体化的合理的表现形式和不合理的表现形式，提出合理化措施。
本文分别从零售商和生产商的角度研究库存／配送一体化优化问题，并对问题描述和建立相应数学模型，通过计算实例验证其数学解法。
零售商库存／配送一体化优化模型主要依据零售商仓库库存和用户库存来解决用户的配送数量和配送车辆配送路线安排，由此得到零售商仓库的补给数量和补给频率，以及对用户的配送数量和配送路线。零售商和用户的补给决策之间有一定的相互关联性，同时零售商仓库的补给决策与产品如何配送给用户密切相关，而这两者之间的相互协调可以使总成本减少。
生产商库存／配送一体化优化模型主要通过分别求解周期检查补给仓库的库存控制问题和配送问题来求解库存／配送一体化问题，并得到长期平均总成本的最小值。这成本包括定货成本、库存持有成本、缺货成本、车辆中转成本、车辆配送成本等。同时求解计算实例，对结果进行分析。
Recently there are more researches on Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) in developed countries, since they are paying much attention to Supply Chain Management. The main application of IRP includes Vendor Managed Inventory Replenishment and the distribution among different multiple shops. Although there is much research on inventory and distribution respectively, less is concerned on their relationship and interdependence. Therefore this paper focuses on the integration of inventory and distribution, namely IRP, from the respective point of the retailer and producer.
However there is less research on IRP in our country, in fact only some application on a small scale. With the development of logistics in our country, the research on IRP is really a matter of great significance.
This paper firstly introduces the concept, origin and effect of IRP, then proposes the rationalization measure of IRP after analyzing it in detail.
From the point of view of retailer, this paper addresses a multi-period integrated model that plans deliveries to customers based upon inventories (at warehouse and customer locations) and vehicle routes. The model determines replenishment quantities and intervals at the warehouse, and distribution lots and delivery routes at customer locations. The author investigates coordination of customer and warehouse replenishment decisions and illustrates their interdependence. Computational experience on randomly generated problems is reported. The author shows that ordering policy at the warehouse is a function of how goods are distributed to lower echelons and that coordination leads to cost reduction.
Efficient management of a distribution system requires an integrated approach towards various logistical functions. In particular, the fundamental areas of inventory control and transportation planning need to be closely coordinated. From the point of view of producer, the model in this paper deals with an inbound material-collection problem. An integrated inventory-transportation system is developed with a modified periodic-review inventory policy and a traveling-salesman component. This is a multi-item joint replenishment problem, in stochastic setting, with simultaneous decisions made on inventory and transportation policies. The author proposes a heuristic decomposition method to
solve the problem, minimizing the long-run total average costs (major-and minor-ordering, holding, backlogging, stopover and travel). The decomposition algorithm works by using separate calculations for inventory and routing decisions, and then coordinating them appropriately. A lower bound is constructed and computational experience is reported.
Yang Ping (Transportation Planning and Management) Directed by Hou Ronahua. Zonq Beihua
引文
1. James G. Hutzel, Donald P. Belmont, Mark K. Nichols. VMI and supplier scheduling: A natural supply chain optimization-a case study. Materials Handling and Distribution. November December 2000. 32-36
2. Chris Garschagen. Shared Delivery-Part Ⅰ. Materials Handling and Distribution. January February. 2000. 53-55
3. Chris Garschagen. Shared Delivery-Part Ⅱ. Materials Handling and Distribution. March April. 2000. 43-45
4. S. Lin and B. Kernighan. An effective heuristic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem. Operations Research 21, 498-516, 1973
5. Atkins, D., Iyogun, P. Periodic versus 'Can-order' policies for coordinated multi-item inventory systems. Management Science 34, 791-796, 1988
6. S. Anily and A. Federgruen. One warehouse multiple retailer systems with vehicle routing costs. Management Science, 36(1): 92-114,1990
7. S. Anily and A. Federgruen. Rejoinder to 'one warehouse multiple retailer systems with vehicle routing costs' Management Science, 37(11): 1497-1499,1991
8. Anily, S., Federgruen, A., 1993. Two-echelon distribution systems with vehicle routing costs and central inventories. Operations Research 41, 37-47
9. W. Bell, L. Dalberto, M. Fisher, A. Greenfield, R. Jaikumar, P. Kedia, R. Mack, and P. Prutzman. Improving the distribution of industrial gases with an on-line computerized routing and scheduling optimizer. Interfaces, 13(6): 4-23,1983
10. Blumenfield, D. E., Burns, L. D., Daganzo, C. F., Frick, M. C., Hall, R. W. Reducing logistics cost at General Motors. Interfaces 17(1), 26-47, 1987
11. B. Gillet and L. Miller. A heuristic algorithm for the vehicle dispatch problem. Operations Research 22, 340-349, 1974
12. M. Florian, I.K. Lenstra and A. H. C. Rinnooy Kan. Deterministic production planning: algorithm and complexity. Management Science 26, 669-679, 1980
13. J. Bramel and D. Simchi-Levi. A location based heuristic for general
routing problems. Operation Research, 43(4):649-660, 1995
14. L.D. Burns. R.W. Hall, D.E. Blumenfeld and C.F. Daganzo. Distribution strategies that minimize transportation and inventory costs. Operations Research. 33, 469-490, 1985
15. T. Chien, A. Balakrishnan, and R. Wong. An integrated inventory allocation and vehicle routing problem. Transportation Science, 23(2):67-76,1989
16. T.W. Chie, A. Balakrishnan and R.T. Wong. An integrated inventory allocation and vehicle routing problem. Transportation Science 23, 67-76, 1987
17. M. Dror and M. Ball. Inventory/routing: Reduction from an annual to a short period problem. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 34(6):891-905,1987
18. M. Dror, M. Ball, and B. Golden. Computational comparison of algorithms for the inventory routing problem. Annals of Operations Research, 4(1-4):3-23,1985
19. M. Dror and L.Levy. Vehicle routing improvement algorithms: Comparison of a 'greedy' and a matching implementation for inventory routing. Computers and Operations Research, 13(1): 33-45, 1986
20. A. Federgrle, G. Prastacos and P. Zipkin. An allocation and distribution model for perishable products. Operations Research. 34, 75-82, 1986
21. A. Federgruen and P. Zipkin. A combined vehicle routing and inventory allocation problem. Operations Research, 32(5): 1019-1036, 1984
22. B. Golden, A. Assad, and R. Dahl. Analysis of a large scale vehicle routing problem with an inventory component. Large Scale Systems, 7(2-3): 181-190, 1984
23. G. Gallego and D. Simchi-Levi. On the effectiveness of direct shipping strategy for the one-warehouse multi-retailer r-systems. Management Science, 36(2): 240-243, 1990
24. S. K. Goyal. Optimum ordering policy for a multi-item single supplier system, Operations Research, 25, 293-298, 1974
25. R. Webb and R. Larson. Period and phase of customer and replenishment: A new approach to the strategic inventory/routing problem. European Journal of Operations Research, 85(1): 132-148, 1995
26. Hall, R.W. A note on bounds for direct shipping cost. Management Science
38(8), 1212-1214, 1992
27. Higginson, J. K., Bookbinder. J. H. Policy recommendations for a shipment-consolidation program. Journal of Business Logistics 15(1), 87-112, 1994
28. Iyogun, P., Arkins, D. A lower bound and an efficient heuristic for multistage multiproduct systems. Management Science 39(2), 204-217, 1993
29. Lee, H., Billington. C. Material management in decentralized supply chains. Operations Research 41(5), 853-847, 1993
30. Schneider, H. Effect of service-levels on order-points or order-levels in inventory models. International Journal of Production Research 19(6): 615-631, 1981
31. Viswanathan, S., Mathur, K. Integrating routing and inventory decisions in one warehouse multi-retailer muti-product distribution systems. Management Science 43(3), 294-312, 1997
32. Yano, C., Gerchak, Y. Transportation contracts and safety stocks for just-in-time deliveries, Journal of Manufacturing and Operations Management 2, 314-330, 1989
33. C. J. Langley Jr. and M. C. Iiolcomb. Creating logistics customer value. Journal of Business Logistics, 13(2), 1996
34. P. Trudeau and M. Dror. Stochastic inventory routing: Route design with stockouts and route failures. Transportation Science, 26(3): 171-184, 1992
35. R. Larson. Transporting sludge to the 106 mile site: An inventory/ routing model for the fleet sizing and logistics system design. Transportation Science, 22(3): 186-198, 1988
36. A. S. Minkoff. A markov decision model and decomposition heuristic for dynamic vehicle dispatching. Operations Research, 41(1): 77-90, 1993
37．朱道立，龚国华，罗齐．物流和供应链管理．复旦大学出版社．2001年4月
38．马士华，林勇，陈志祥．供应链管理．机械工业出版社．2000年5月
39．季建华，邵晓峰，王丰．供应链设计与管理-概念、战略与案例研究．2000年10月
40．范玉鹏．供应链管理中的不确定性．IT经理世界．2000年第18期
41．黄培清．供应链管理的本质．工业工程与管理．1997，2(6)．12-15
42．王峥，张列平，轩超亭．供应链与现代管理思想．企业管理．1999年第9期
43．罗上远，徐天亮，陈代芬．零售业库存分布模型及分区配送算法研究．实用物流
技术．2000年第5期．22-25
44．张铎，张成海．供应链管理及其面临的问题．物流技术．1998第6期．49-51
45．韩坚，昊澄．供应链建模与管理的技术现状和发展趋势．计算机集成制造系统．1998年第4期．8-13
46．凌大荣，刘素一，李道志等．集成供应链管理系统的研究发展趋势．物流技术．1999年第2期．23-24
47．彭志忠．一体化物流与供应链管理战略分析．物流技术．2000年第1期．36-38
48．齐二石．物流工程．天津大学出版社．2001年4月
49．李建华译，日本综合研究所供应链研究部著．供应链管理．中信出版社．2001年2月
50．董千里．高级物流学．人民交通出版社．1999年4月
51．丁立言，张铎．物流系统工程．清华大学出版社．2000年4月
2. Chris Garschagen. Shared Delivery-Part Ⅰ. Materials Handling and Distribution. January February. 2000. 53-55
3. Chris Garschagen. Shared Delivery-Part Ⅱ. Materials Handling and Distribution. March April. 2000. 43-45
4. S. Lin and B. Kernighan. An effective heuristic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem. Operations Research 21, 498-516, 1973
5. Atkins, D., Iyogun, P. Periodic versus 'Can-order' policies for coordinated multi-item inventory systems. Management Science 34, 791-796, 1988
6. S. Anily and A. Federgruen. One warehouse multiple retailer systems with vehicle routing costs. Management Science, 36(1): 92-114,1990
7. S. Anily and A. Federgruen. Rejoinder to 'one warehouse multiple retailer systems with vehicle routing costs' Management Science, 37(11): 1497-1499,1991
8. Anily, S., Federgruen, A., 1993. Two-echelon distribution systems with vehicle routing costs and central inventories. Operations Research 41, 37-47
9. W. Bell, L. Dalberto, M. Fisher, A. Greenfield, R. Jaikumar, P. Kedia, R. Mack, and P. Prutzman. Improving the distribution of industrial gases with an on-line computerized routing and scheduling optimizer. Interfaces, 13(6): 4-23,1983
10. Blumenfield, D. E., Burns, L. D., Daganzo, C. F., Frick, M. C., Hall, R. W. Reducing logistics cost at General Motors. Interfaces 17(1), 26-47, 1987
11. B. Gillet and L. Miller. A heuristic algorithm for the vehicle dispatch problem. Operations Research 22, 340-349, 1974
12. M. Florian, I.K. Lenstra and A. H. C. Rinnooy Kan. Deterministic production planning: algorithm and complexity. Management Science 26, 669-679, 1980
13. J. Bramel and D. Simchi-Levi. A location based heuristic for general
routing problems. Operation Research, 43(4):649-660, 1995
14. L.D. Burns. R.W. Hall, D.E. Blumenfeld and C.F. Daganzo. Distribution strategies that minimize transportation and inventory costs. Operations Research. 33, 469-490, 1985
15. T. Chien, A. Balakrishnan, and R. Wong. An integrated inventory allocation and vehicle routing problem. Transportation Science, 23(2):67-76,1989
16. T.W. Chie, A. Balakrishnan and R.T. Wong. An integrated inventory allocation and vehicle routing problem. Transportation Science 23, 67-76, 1987
17. M. Dror and M. Ball. Inventory/routing: Reduction from an annual to a short period problem. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 34(6):891-905,1987
18. M. Dror, M. Ball, and B. Golden. Computational comparison of algorithms for the inventory routing problem. Annals of Operations Research, 4(1-4):3-23,1985
19. M. Dror and L.Levy. Vehicle routing improvement algorithms: Comparison of a 'greedy' and a matching implementation for inventory routing. Computers and Operations Research, 13(1): 33-45, 1986
20. A. Federgrle, G. Prastacos and P. Zipkin. An allocation and distribution model for perishable products. Operations Research. 34, 75-82, 1986
21. A. Federgruen and P. Zipkin. A combined vehicle routing and inventory allocation problem. Operations Research, 32(5): 1019-1036, 1984
22. B. Golden, A. Assad, and R. Dahl. Analysis of a large scale vehicle routing problem with an inventory component. Large Scale Systems, 7(2-3): 181-190, 1984
23. G. Gallego and D. Simchi-Levi. On the effectiveness of direct shipping strategy for the one-warehouse multi-retailer r-systems. Management Science, 36(2): 240-243, 1990
24. S. K. Goyal. Optimum ordering policy for a multi-item single supplier system, Operations Research, 25, 293-298, 1974
25. R. Webb and R. Larson. Period and phase of customer and replenishment: A new approach to the strategic inventory/routing problem. European Journal of Operations Research, 85(1): 132-148, 1995
26. Hall, R.W. A note on bounds for direct shipping cost. Management Science
38(8), 1212-1214, 1992
27. Higginson, J. K., Bookbinder. J. H. Policy recommendations for a shipment-consolidation program. Journal of Business Logistics 15(1), 87-112, 1994
28. Iyogun, P., Arkins, D. A lower bound and an efficient heuristic for multistage multiproduct systems. Management Science 39(2), 204-217, 1993
29. Lee, H., Billington. C. Material management in decentralized supply chains. Operations Research 41(5), 853-847, 1993
30. Schneider, H. Effect of service-levels on order-points or order-levels in inventory models. International Journal of Production Research 19(6): 615-631, 1981
31. Viswanathan, S., Mathur, K. Integrating routing and inventory decisions in one warehouse multi-retailer muti-product distribution systems. Management Science 43(3), 294-312, 1997
32. Yano, C., Gerchak, Y. Transportation contracts and safety stocks for just-in-time deliveries, Journal of Manufacturing and Operations Management 2, 314-330, 1989
33. C. J. Langley Jr. and M. C. Iiolcomb. Creating logistics customer value. Journal of Business Logistics, 13(2), 1996
34. P. Trudeau and M. Dror. Stochastic inventory routing: Route design with stockouts and route failures. Transportation Science, 26(3): 171-184, 1992
35. R. Larson. Transporting sludge to the 106 mile site: An inventory/ routing model for the fleet sizing and logistics system design. Transportation Science, 22(3): 186-198, 1988
36. A. S. Minkoff. A markov decision model and decomposition heuristic for dynamic vehicle dispatching. Operations Research, 41(1): 77-90, 1993
37．朱道立，龚国华，罗齐．物流和供应链管理．复旦大学出版社．2001年4月
38．马士华，林勇，陈志祥．供应链管理．机械工业出版社．2000年5月
39．季建华，邵晓峰，王丰．供应链设计与管理-概念、战略与案例研究．2000年10月
40．范玉鹏．供应链管理中的不确定性．IT经理世界．2000年第18期
41．黄培清．供应链管理的本质．工业工程与管理．1997，2(6)．12-15
42．王峥，张列平，轩超亭．供应链与现代管理思想．企业管理．1999年第9期
43．罗上远，徐天亮，陈代芬．零售业库存分布模型及分区配送算法研究．实用物流
技术．2000年第5期．22-25
44．张铎，张成海．供应链管理及其面临的问题．物流技术．1998第6期．49-51
45．韩坚，昊澄．供应链建模与管理的技术现状和发展趋势．计算机集成制造系统．1998年第4期．8-13
46．凌大荣，刘素一，李道志等．集成供应链管理系统的研究发展趋势．物流技术．1999年第2期．23-24
47．彭志忠．一体化物流与供应链管理战略分析．物流技术．2000年第1期．36-38
48．齐二石．物流工程．天津大学出版社．2001年4月
49．李建华译，日本综合研究所供应链研究部著．供应链管理．中信出版社．2001年2月
50．董千里．高级物流学．人民交通出版社．1999年4月
51．丁立言，张铎．物流系统工程．清华大学出版社．2000年4月