非对称组织间交易关系专用性投资与治理机制研究
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摘要
迈入全球知识经济时代，新原物料、微电子科技、信息科技、电脑数码、生物医疗科技等高端科技的急速进步，打破了企业原有的经营模式。要在不确定的动态环境中维持长期的竞争力，并在激烈的价格战下获利，使得企业的外部关系管理，特别是客户合作关系的管理成为成功的关键要素。
台湾代工企业成长快速的原动力源自专业分工体系中委托代工生产（OEM）的合作方式。这类代工业务虽然成就了许多台湾企业，然而对采购企业依赖的背后，隐含着代工企业对外部环境的依赖及不确定性；在实务上，处于强大竞争市场中，对资源相对弱势的代工企业来说，如果想得到强势采购企业的青睐，势必得先做出一些单边承诺（例如：进行关系专用性投资），以建立和发展代工企业与采购企业的合作关系。一些台湾专业代工企业甚至在没有任何防护治理机制的情况下，仍为特定采购客户投入关系专用性投资，以争取得到订单。
本研究认为在非对称的垂直组织关系的下，弱势的代工企业也可以创造非市场的治理机制来防护其关系专用性投资。稳固采购企业代工企业的合作关系，并进而形成战略联盟的伙伴。
本研究以台湾传统制造业及高科技产业的代工企业为研究对象，探讨在非对称关系交易中，代工企业善用治理机制来防护其关系专用性投资。验证实体资产专用性投资、区位专用性投资、程序专用性投资与知识专用性投资对于准一体化、制定契约与关系资本的影响关系。
本研究整合交易成本理论、资源依赖理论、资源基础理论、社会网络理论等理论，根据个案研究和量表发展结果，推导关系专用性投资与防护治理机制之间的关系。研究证实，治理机制各个构面的决定因素不同，知识专用性与程序专用性投资对准一体化有显著的影响效果，知识专用性投资和区位专用性投资对关系资本有显著的正向影响。而关系专用性投资的实体资产专用性、区位专用性、程序专用性与知识专用性投资对契约制定的影响均不显著。对台湾供应商而言，知识专用性投资对治理机制的影响最大。供应商的绩效（新产品发展、新产品开发速度、产品质量、价格与交期绩效）愈佳，参与制定契约与关系资本的程度也愈高。代工企业对采购企业的依赖（买方的可替代性）会影响准一体化的程度。契约是代工企业应对采购企业投机行为的最后防护底限，是应该鼓励台湾代工企业运用的防护治理机制，并且关系资本是代工企业防护治理机制的重要选择。
In the era of global knowledge economy, the rapid progress ofhigh-end technology, new materials, micro-electronics technology,information technology, computer digitalization, biomedical technology,have been breaking up the traditional business models of companies. Itis critical for corporations to maintain long-term competitiveness in theuncertain but dynamic business environment to gain profits even if thereis fierce price competition between rival companies. The answer is tosuccessfully deal with its external relationships, especially customerpartnerships.
The driving force of Taiwan's fast-growing manufacturingbusinesses is are the principles derived from the OEM （“OriginalEquipment Manufacturing”） model of the professional division of labor.Bigger companies are outsourcing to smaller manufacturing companies in Asia to lower the cost of their products. Taiwan has many of these smallbut highly efficient manufacturing companies. Although this type ofoutsourcing strategy builds up many Taiwanese companies, it also resultsin their dependence to these purchasing companies （externalenvironment） thereby making the future of these companies andunstable. In practice, in a fiercely competitive market, because of therelative weakness in bargaining power, Taiwanese enterprises need toengage in certain unilateral commitments （such as relation-specificinvestments） in order to obtain procurement orders and to advancecooperative relationships. Some of Taiwan's OEM companies stillinvest in relation-specific investments to get orders from customers evenin the absence of any protective governance mechanism.
This study suggests that under asymmetric vertical organizationalrelationships, OEM companies with weak bargaining power can stillcreate non-market governance mechanisms to protect their relationship-specific investments. These mechanisms will make thecooperative relations between procurement enterprise and OEM businessmore stable, thereby facilitating the formation of strategic alliancepartnership.
This research uses the Taiwan's traditional manufacturing andhigh-tech industry of the OEM business as subjects. It seeks to discernthe importance of the governance mechanisms to safeguard thecompanies’ relationship-specific investments in asymmetric relationshiptransactions. Furthermore, it seeks to find out the factors that affect thegovernance mechanisms. It also studies the impact ofphysical-asset-specific investments, location-specific investments,program-specific investments and domain-knowledge-specificinvestments on quasi-integration, development of contracts and relationalcapital.
This study integrates transaction cost theory, resource dependence theory, resource-based view, social network theory, etc, based on theresults of case studies and research questionnaire design, to infer therelationship between relationship-specific investment and protectiongovernance mechanisms. The study confirms that the determinants ofthe various dimensions of governance mechanisms are different.Knowledge-specific and procedure-specific investments have significanteffects on quasi-integration. Knowledge-specific investments andlocation-specific investments have significant impacts on relationalcapital. However, the impacts of physical-asset-specific,location-specific, program-specific, and knowledge-specific investmentson the development of contract are not significant. For Taiwansuppliers, knowledge-specific investments have the greatest impact ongovernance mechanism. The better the supplier performance （newproduct development, new product development speed, product qualityprice, and delivery performance） is, the higher the degree of involvement in the development of contracts and relational capital. Thedegree of reliance of the OEM suppliers（the buyer substitutability）willaffect the degree of quasi-integration. The contract is the last safeguard ofthe OEM enterprises against the speculative behavior of the procurementcustomers. Taiwan's OEM companies need to be encouraged to use thecontract as an important choice of protective governance mechanismsand to determine the relationship capital for their OEM businesses.
台湾代工企业成长快速的原动力源自专业分工体系中委托代工生产（OEM）的合作方式。这类代工业务虽然成就了许多台湾企业，然而对采购企业依赖的背后，隐含着代工企业对外部环境的依赖及不确定性；在实务上，处于强大竞争市场中，对资源相对弱势的代工企业来说，如果想得到强势采购企业的青睐，势必得先做出一些单边承诺（例如：进行关系专用性投资），以建立和发展代工企业与采购企业的合作关系。一些台湾专业代工企业甚至在没有任何防护治理机制的情况下，仍为特定采购客户投入关系专用性投资，以争取得到订单。
本研究认为在非对称的垂直组织关系的下，弱势的代工企业也可以创造非市场的治理机制来防护其关系专用性投资。稳固采购企业代工企业的合作关系，并进而形成战略联盟的伙伴。
本研究以台湾传统制造业及高科技产业的代工企业为研究对象，探讨在非对称关系交易中，代工企业善用治理机制来防护其关系专用性投资。验证实体资产专用性投资、区位专用性投资、程序专用性投资与知识专用性投资对于准一体化、制定契约与关系资本的影响关系。
本研究整合交易成本理论、资源依赖理论、资源基础理论、社会网络理论等理论，根据个案研究和量表发展结果，推导关系专用性投资与防护治理机制之间的关系。研究证实，治理机制各个构面的决定因素不同，知识专用性与程序专用性投资对准一体化有显著的影响效果，知识专用性投资和区位专用性投资对关系资本有显著的正向影响。而关系专用性投资的实体资产专用性、区位专用性、程序专用性与知识专用性投资对契约制定的影响均不显著。对台湾供应商而言，知识专用性投资对治理机制的影响最大。供应商的绩效（新产品发展、新产品开发速度、产品质量、价格与交期绩效）愈佳，参与制定契约与关系资本的程度也愈高。代工企业对采购企业的依赖（买方的可替代性）会影响准一体化的程度。契约是代工企业应对采购企业投机行为的最后防护底限，是应该鼓励台湾代工企业运用的防护治理机制，并且关系资本是代工企业防护治理机制的重要选择。
In the era of global knowledge economy, the rapid progress ofhigh-end technology, new materials, micro-electronics technology,information technology, computer digitalization, biomedical technology,have been breaking up the traditional business models of companies. Itis critical for corporations to maintain long-term competitiveness in theuncertain but dynamic business environment to gain profits even if thereis fierce price competition between rival companies. The answer is tosuccessfully deal with its external relationships, especially customerpartnerships.
The driving force of Taiwan's fast-growing manufacturingbusinesses is are the principles derived from the OEM （“OriginalEquipment Manufacturing”） model of the professional division of labor.Bigger companies are outsourcing to smaller manufacturing companies in Asia to lower the cost of their products. Taiwan has many of these smallbut highly efficient manufacturing companies. Although this type ofoutsourcing strategy builds up many Taiwanese companies, it also resultsin their dependence to these purchasing companies （externalenvironment） thereby making the future of these companies andunstable. In practice, in a fiercely competitive market, because of therelative weakness in bargaining power, Taiwanese enterprises need toengage in certain unilateral commitments （such as relation-specificinvestments） in order to obtain procurement orders and to advancecooperative relationships. Some of Taiwan's OEM companies stillinvest in relation-specific investments to get orders from customers evenin the absence of any protective governance mechanism.
This study suggests that under asymmetric vertical organizationalrelationships, OEM companies with weak bargaining power can stillcreate non-market governance mechanisms to protect their relationship-specific investments. These mechanisms will make thecooperative relations between procurement enterprise and OEM businessmore stable, thereby facilitating the formation of strategic alliancepartnership.
This research uses the Taiwan's traditional manufacturing andhigh-tech industry of the OEM business as subjects. It seeks to discernthe importance of the governance mechanisms to safeguard thecompanies’ relationship-specific investments in asymmetric relationshiptransactions. Furthermore, it seeks to find out the factors that affect thegovernance mechanisms. It also studies the impact ofphysical-asset-specific investments, location-specific investments,program-specific investments and domain-knowledge-specificinvestments on quasi-integration, development of contracts and relationalcapital.
This study integrates transaction cost theory, resource dependence theory, resource-based view, social network theory, etc, based on theresults of case studies and research questionnaire design, to infer therelationship between relationship-specific investment and protectiongovernance mechanisms. The study confirms that the determinants ofthe various dimensions of governance mechanisms are different.Knowledge-specific and procedure-specific investments have significanteffects on quasi-integration. Knowledge-specific investments andlocation-specific investments have significant impacts on relationalcapital. However, the impacts of physical-asset-specific,location-specific, program-specific, and knowledge-specific investmentson the development of contract are not significant. For Taiwansuppliers, knowledge-specific investments have the greatest impact ongovernance mechanism. The better the supplier performance （newproduct development, new product development speed, product qualityprice, and delivery performance） is, the higher the degree of involvement in the development of contracts and relational capital. Thedegree of reliance of the OEM suppliers（the buyer substitutability）willaffect the degree of quasi-integration. The contract is the last safeguard ofthe OEM enterprises against the speculative behavior of the procurementcustomers. Taiwan's OEM companies need to be encouraged to use thecontract as an important choice of protective governance mechanismsand to determine the relationship capital for their OEM businesses.
引文
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